Familypedia
Register
Advertisement
Main Births etc

Coordinates: 40°N 100°W / 40, -100

United States of America
Flag of the United States Greater coat of arms of the United States
Motto: 
Anthem: 
"The Star-Spangled Banner"
Great Seal:
Great Seal of the United States (obverse) Great Seal of the United States (reverse)
Projection of North America with the United States in green
The United States and its territories
The United States, including its territories
Capital
Largest city
Official languages None at federal level[lower-alpha 1]
National language English
Ethnic groups (2018)
By race:
Ethnicity:
Demonym American[lower-alpha 2][5]
Government Federal presidential constitutional republic
 -  President Donald Trump (R)
 -  Vice President[lower-alpha 3] Mike Pence (R)
 -  House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D)
 -  Chief Justice John Roberts
Legislature Congress
 -  Upper house Senate
 -  Lower house House of Representatives
Independence from Great Britain
 -  Declaration July 4, 1776 
 -  Articles of Confederation March 1, 1781 
 -  Treaty of Paris September 3, 1783 
 -  Current constitution June 21, 1788 
 -  Bill of Rights September 25, 1789 
 -  Last state admitted August 21, 1959[lower-alpha 4] 
 -  Last amendment May 5, 1992 
 -  Water (%) 6.97
 -  Total land area 3,531,905 sq mi (9,147,590 km2)
Population
 -  2019 estimate increase 328,239,523[6] (3rd)
 -  2010 census 308,745,538[lower-alpha 5][7] (3rd)
GDP (PPP) 2020 estimate
 -  Total increase $22.321 trillion[8] (2nd)
 -  Per capita increase $67,426[8] (11th)
GDP (nominal) 2020 estimate
 -  Total increase $22.321 trillion[8] (1st)
 -  Per capita increase $67,426[8] (7th)
Gini (2017)positive decrease 39.0[9]
medium · 56th
HDI (2018)increase 0.920[10]
very high · 15th
Currency [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) (USD)
Time zone (UTC−4 to −12, +10, +11)
 -  Summer (DST)  (UTC−4 to −10[lower-alpha 6])
Date format
  • mm/dd/yyyy
  • yyyy-mm-dd
Drives on the right[lower-alpha 7]
Calling code +1
ISO 3166 code US
Internet TLD ; Generic top-level domain: .com, .org, .net, .edu, .gov, .mil
ccTLD (generally not used in the U.S.)
.us, .pr, .as, .gu, .mp, .vi and, formerly, .um (removed by ICANN in 2008, but still recognized by the U.S. government as a ccTLD)

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country mostly located in central North America, between Canada and Mexico. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.[lower-alpha 8] At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km2), it is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area.[lower-alpha 9] With a 2019 estimated population of over 328 million,[6] the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world. Americans are a racially and ethnically diverse population that has been shaped through centuries of immigration. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city is New York City.

Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago,[16] and European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783, leading to independence.[17] Beginning in the late 18th century, the United States vigorously expanded across North America, gradually acquiring new territories,[18] killing and displacing Native Americans, and admitting new states. By 1848, the United States spanned the continent.[18] Slavery was legal in much of the United States until the second half of the 19th century, when the American Civil War led to its abolition.[19][20]

The Spanish–American War and World War I entrenched the U.S. as a world power, a status confirmed by the outcome of World War II. It was the first country to develop nuclear weapons and is the only country to have used them in warfare. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race, culminating with the 1969 Apollo 11 mission, the spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. The end of the Cold War and collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower.[21]

The United States is a federal republic and a representative democracy. It is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States (OAS), NATO, and other international organizations. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

A highly developed country, the United States is the world's largest economy and accounts for approximately a quarter of global gross domestic product (GDP).[22] The United States is the world's largest importer and the second-largest exporter of goods, by value.[23][24] Although its population is only 4.3% of the world total,[25] it holds 29.4% of the total wealth in the world, the largest share held by any country.[26] Despite income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank very high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, median income, median wealth, human development, per capita GDP, and worker productivity.[27][28] It is the foremost military power in the world, making up more than a third of global military spending,[29] and is a leading political, cultural, and scientific force internationally.[30]

Etymology

The first known use of the name "America" dates back to 1507, when it appeared on a world map created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller. On this map, the name applied to South America in honor of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci.[31] After returning from his expeditions, Vespucci first postulated that the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern limit, as initially thought by Christopher Columbus, but instead were part of an entirely separate landmass thus far unknown to the Europeans.[32] In 1538, the Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator used the name "America" on his own world map, applying it to the entire Western Hemisphere.[33]

The first documentary evidence of the phrase "United States of America" dates from a January 2, 1776 letter written by Stephen Moylan, Esq., to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed, George Washington's aide-de-camp and Muster-Master General of the Continental Army. Moylan expressed his wish to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the revolutionary war effort.[34][35][36] The first known publication of the phrase "United States of America" was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 6, 1776.[37]

The second draft of the Articles of Confederation, prepared by John Dickinson and completed no later than June 17, 1776, declared "The name of this Confederation shall be the 'United States of America'".[38] The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence "The Stile of this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'".[39] In June 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in all capitalized letters in the headline of his "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence.[38] This draft of the document did not surface until June 21, 1776, and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation.[38]

The short form "United States" is also standard. Other common forms are the "U.S.," the "USA," and "America." Colloquial names are the "U.S. of A." and, internationally, the "States." "Columbia," a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 18th century, derives its origin from Christopher Columbus; it appears in the name "District of Columbia." Many landmarks and institutions in the Western Hemisphere bear his name, including the country of Colombia.[40]

The phrase "United States" was originally plural, a description of a collection of independent states—e.g., "the United States are"—including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865.[41] The singular form—e.g., "the United States is"—became popular after the end of the Civil War. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom "these United States." The difference is more significant than usage; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit.[42]

A citizen of the United States is an "American." "United States," "American" and "U.S." refer to the country adjectivally ("American values," "U.S. forces"). In English, the word "American" rarely refers to topics or subjects not directly connected with the United States.[43]

History

Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history

66000251-2CO

The Cliff Palace, built by ancient Native American Puebloans around 1190 AD

It has been generally accepted that the first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 12,000 years ago; however, increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival.[16][44][45] After crossing the land bridge, the Paleo-Indians moved southward along the Pacific coast[46] and through an interior ice-free corridor.[47] The Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BC, was initially believed to represent the first wave of human settlement of the Americas.[48][49] Increasing evidence has also been found for "pre-Clovis" cultures, including the recent discovery of tools dating back some 15,550 years. It is likely these represent the first of three major waves of migration into North America.[50]

Over time, indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex, and some, such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast, developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies.[51] The Mississippian culture flourished in the south from 800 to 1600 AD, extending from the Mexican border down through Florida.[52] Its city state Cahokia is the largest, most complex pre-Columbian archaeological site in the modern-day United States.[53] In the Four Corners region, Ancestral Puebloan culture developed from centuries of agricultural experimentation.[54]

Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the United States are credited to the Pueblos: Mesa Verde National Park, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, and Taos Pueblo.[55][56] The earthworks constructed by Native Americans of the Poverty Point culture have also been designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. In the southern Great Lakes region, the Iroquois Confederacy was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries.[57] Most prominent along the Atlantic coast were the Algonquian tribes, who practiced hunting and trapping, along with limited cultivation.

Effects on and interaction with native populations

AlutiiqDancer

Alaskan Alutiiq dancer in traditional festival garb

With the progress of European colonization in the territories of the contemporary United States, the Native Americans were often conquered and displaced.[58] The native population of America declined after European arrival for various reasons,[59][60] primarily diseases such as smallpox and measles.[61][62]

Estimating the native population of North America at the time of European contact is difficult.[63][64] Douglas H. Ubelaker of the Smithsonian Institution estimated that there was a population of 92,916 in the south Atlantic states and a population of 473,616 in the Gulf states,[65] but most academics regard this figure as too low.[63] Anthropologist Henry F. Dobyns believed the populations were much higher, suggesting 1,100,000 along the shores of the gulf of Mexico, 2,211,000 people living between Florida and Massachusetts, 5,250,000 in the Mississippi Valley and tributaries and 697,000 people in the Florida peninsula.[63][64]

In the early days of colonization, many European settlers were subject to food shortages, disease, and attacks from Native Americans. Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars. In many cases, however, natives and settlers came to depend on each other. Settlers traded for food and animal pelts; natives for guns, ammunition and other European goods.[66] Natives taught many settlers to cultivate corn, beans, and squash. European missionaries and others felt it was important to "civilize" the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles.[67][68]

European settlements

Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor, by William Halsall

Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall

With the advancement of European colonization in North America, the Native Americans were often conquered and displaced.[69] The first Europeans to arrive in the contiguous United States were Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de León, who made his first visit to Florida in 1513. Even earlier, Christopher Columbus landed in Puerto Rico on his 1493 voyage. The Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico such as Saint Augustine[70] and Santa Fe. The French established their own as well along the Mississippi River. Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown and with the Pilgrims' Plymouth Colony in 1620. Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking religious freedom. The continent's first elected legislative assembly, Virginia's House of Burgesses, was created in 1619. The Mayflower Compact, signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking, and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, established precedents for the pattern of representative self-government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies.[71][72]

Most settlers in every colony were small farmers, though other industries were formed. Cash crops included tobacco, rice, and wheat. Extraction industries grew up in furs, fishing and lumber. Manufacturers produced rum and ships, and by the late colonial period, Americans were producing one-seventh of the world's iron supply.[73] Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs. English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch-Irish immigrants and other groups. As coastal land grew more expensive, freed indentured servants claimed lands further west.[74]

File:North America 1748.PNG

European territorial claims during the mid-18th century

A large-scale slave trade with English privateers began.[75] Because of less disease and better food and treatment, the life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south, leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves.[76][77] Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery, and colonies passed acts for and against the practice.[78][79] But by the turn of the 18th century, African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor, especially in the South.[80]

With the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732, the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were administered by the British as overseas dependencies.[81] All nonetheless had local governments with elections open to most free men.[82] With extremely high birth rates, low death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly. Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed.[83] The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest both in religion and in religious liberty.[84]

During the Seven Years' War (known in the United States as the French and Indian War), British forces seized Canada from the French, but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. Excluding the Native Americans, who were being conquered and displaced, the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770, about a third that of Britain. Despite continuing, new arrivals, the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.[85] The colonies' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self-government, but their unprecedented success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority.[86]

In 1774, the Spanish Navy ship Santiago, under Juan Pérez, entered and anchored in an inlet of Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, in present-day British Columbia. Although the Spanish did not land, natives paddled to the ship to trade furs for abalone shells from California.[87] At the time, the Spanish were able to monopolize the trade between Asia and North America, granting limited licenses to the Portuguese. When the Russians began establishing a growing fur trading system in Alaska, the Spanish began to challenge the Russians, with Pérez's voyage being the first of many to the Pacific Northwest.[88][lower-alpha 10]

During his third and final voyage, Captain James Cook became the first European to begin formal contact with Hawaii.[90] Captain Cook's last voyage included sailing along the coast of North America and Alaska searching for a Northwest Passage for approximately nine months.[91]

Independence and expansion (1776–1865)

Declaration independence

Declaration of Independence, by John Trumbull (1819), depicts the Committee of Five presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Continental Congress

The American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power. Americans had developed an ideology of "republicanism" asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures. They demanded their rights as Englishmen and "no taxation without representation". The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament, and the conflict escalated into war.[92]

The Second Continental Congress unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence, which asserted that Great Britain was not protecting Americans' unalienable rights. July 4 is celebrated annually as Independence Day.[93] In 1777, the Articles of Confederation established a decentralized government that operated until 1789.[93]

U.S

Map of territorial acquisitions of the United States between 1783 and 1917

Following the decisive Franco-American victory at Yorktown in 1781,[94] Britain signed the peace treaty of 1783, and American sovereignty was internationally recognized and the country was granted all lands east of the Mississippi River. Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution, ratified in state conventions in 1788. The federal government was reorganized into three branches, on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances, in 1789. George Washington, who had led the Continental Army to victory, was the first president elected under the new constitution. The Bill of Rights, forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was adopted in 1791.[95]

Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South, and along with it, the slave population.[96][97][98] The Second Great Awakening, especially 1800–1840, converted millions to evangelical Protestantism. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including abolitionism;[99] in the South, Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations.[100]

Americans' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars.[101] The Louisiana Purchase of French-claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation's area.[102] The War of 1812, declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw, strengthened U.S. nationalism.[103] A series of military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819.[104] The expansion was aided by steam power, when steamboats began traveling along America's large water systems, many of which were connected by new canals, such as the Erie and the I&M; then, even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation's land.[105]

SanFranciscoharbor1851c sharp

San Francisco harbor during the California Gold Rush

From 1820 to 1850, Jacksonian democracy began a set of reforms which included wider white male suffrage; it led to the rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854. The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that forcibly resettled Indians into the west on Indian reservations. The U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845 during a period of expansionist Manifest destiny.[106] The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest.[107] Victory in the Mexican–American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present-day American Southwest.[108] The California Gold Rush of 1848–49 spurred migration to the Pacific coast, which led to the California Genocide[109][110][111][112] and the creation of additional western states.[113] After the Civil War, new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans.[114] In 1869, a new Peace Policy nominally promised to protect Native Americans from abuses, avoid further war, and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship. Nonetheless, large-scale conflicts continued throughout the West into the 1900s.

Civil War and Reconstruction era

Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, Gettysburg

President Abraham Lincoln in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, November 19, 1863

Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding the slavery of Africans and African Americans ultimately led to the American Civil War.[115] Initially, states entering the Union had alternated between slave and free states, keeping a sectional balance in the Senate, while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives. But with additional western territory and more free-soil states, tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories, as well as whether to expand or restrict slavery.[116]

With the 1860 election of Republican Abraham Lincoln, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America (the "South" or the "Confederacy"), while the federal government (the "Union") maintained that secession was illegal.[116] In order to bring about this secession, military action was initiated by the secessionists, and the Union responded in kind. The ensuing war would become the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.[117] The Union initially simply fought to keep the country united. Nevertheless, as casualties mounted after 1863 and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, the main purpose of the war from the Union's viewpoint became the abolition of slavery. Indeed, when the Union ultimately won the war in April 1865, each of the states in the defeated South was required to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which prohibited slavery.

The government enacted three constitutional amendments in the years after the war: the aforementioned Thirteenth as well as the Fourteenth Amendment providing citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves,[118] and the Fifteenth Amendment ensuring in theory that African Americans had the right to vote. The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power[119] aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the South while guaranteeing the rights of the newly freed slaves.

Reconstruction began in earnest following the war. While President Lincoln attempted to foster friendship and forgiveness between the Union and the former Confederacy, his assassination on April 14, 1865, drove a wedge between North and South again. Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to ensure the rights of African Americans. They persisted until the Compromise of 1877 when the Republicans agreed to cease protecting the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the presidential election of 1876.

Southern white Democrats, calling themselves "Redeemers," took control of the South after the end of Reconstruction. From 1890 to 1910 the Redeemers established so-called Jim Crow laws, disenfranchising most blacks and some poor whites throughout the region. Blacks faced racial segregation, especially in the South.[120] They also occasionally experienced vigilante violence, including lynching.[121]

Further immigration, expansion, and industrialization

Photograph of Immigrants on a Ferry Boat Near Ellis Island - NARA - 594479

Ellis Island, in New York Harbor, was a major entry point for European immigration into the U.S.[122]

In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization and transformed its culture.[123] National infrastructure including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West. The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life.[124]

The United States fought Indian Wars west of the Mississippi River from 1810 to at least 1890.[125] Most of these conflicts ended with the cession of Native American territory and their confinement to Indian reservations. This further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation, increasing surpluses for international markets.[126] Mainland expansion also included the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.[127] In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii, which the U.S. annexed in 1898. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the Spanish–American War.[128] American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War.[129] The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917.[130]

Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists. Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie led the nation's progress in railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J. P. Morgan playing a notable role. The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest, and the United States achieved great power status.[131] These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist, socialist, and anarchist movements.[132] This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which saw significant reforms including women's suffrage, alcohol prohibition, regulation of consumer goods, greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions.[133][134][135]

World War I, Great Depression, and World War II

Empire State Building (aerial view)

The Empire State Building was the tallest building in the world when completed in 1931, during the Great Depression.

The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I in 1914 until 1917, when it joined the war as an "associated power," alongside the formal Allies of World War I, helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations.[136]

In 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women's suffrage.[137] The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television.[138] The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. After his election as president in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal.[139] The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s;[140] whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.[141]

Normandyx

U.S. troops landing on Omaha Beach during the invasion of Normandy, June 6, 1944

At first effectively neutral during World War II, the United States began supplying materiel to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend-Lease program. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers.[142] Although Japan attacked the United States first, the U.S. nonetheless pursued a "Europe first" defense policy.[143] The United States thus left its vast Asian colony, the Philippines, isolated and fighting a losing struggle against Japanese invasion and occupation, as military resources were devoted to the European theater. During the war, the United States was referred to as one of the "Four Policemen"[144] of Allies power who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union and China.[145][146] Although the nation lost around 400,000 military personnel,[147] it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence.[148]

Nuclear explosion from the Trinity Test

Trinity test of the Manhattan Project's nuclear weapon

The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and other Allies, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an Allied victory was won in Europe, a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter, which became active after the war.[149] The United States and Japan then fought each other in the largest naval battle in history, the Battle of Leyte Gulf.[150][151] The United States eventually developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the Japanese surrendered on September 2, ending World War II.[152][153]

Cold War and civil rights era

Martin Luther King - March on Washington

Martin Luther King, Jr. gives his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington, 1963

After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for power, influence, and prestige during what became known as the Cold War, driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism.[154] They dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other. The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence. While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided direct military conflict.

The United States often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored, and occasionally pursued direct action for regime change against left-wing governments, even supporting right-wing authoritarian governments at times.[155] American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950–53.[156] The Soviet Union's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first manned spaceflight initiated a "Space Race" in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the moon in 1969.[156] A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation, as the Vietnam War.

At home, the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class. Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation's infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments.[157][158] In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country.[159] The growing Civil Rights Movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968, sought to end racial discrimination.[160][161][162] Meanwhile, a counterculture movement grew which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war, black nationalism, and the sexual revolution.

Reagan and Gorbachev hold discussions

U.S. president Ronald Reagan (left) and Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in Geneva, 1985

The launch of a "War on Poverty" expanded entitlements and welfare spending, including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor, respectively, and the means-tested Food Stamp Program and Aid to Families with Dependent Children.[163]

The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation. After his election in 1980, President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free-market oriented reforms. Following the collapse of détente, he abandoned "containment" and initiated the more aggressive "rollback" strategy towards the USSR.[164][165][166][167][168] After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade, by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed.[169]

The late 1980s brought a "thaw" in relations with the USSR, and its collapse in 1991 finally ended the Cold War.[170][171][172][173] This brought about unipolarity[174] with the U.S. unchallenged as the world's dominant superpower. The concept of Pax Americana, which had appeared in the post-World War II period, gained wide popularity as a term for the post-Cold War new world order.

Geography, climate, and environment

Satellite image of the contiguous United States

A satellite composite image of the conterminous United States.

The 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia occupy a combined area of 3,119,884.69 square miles (8,080,464.3 km2). Of this area, 2,959,064.44 square miles (7,663,941.7 km2) is contiguous land, composing 83.65% of total U.S. land area.[175][176] Hawaii, occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific, southwest of North America, is 10,931 square miles (28,311 km2) in area. The populated territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles (23,789 km2).[177] Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada.[178]

The United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and nearly equal to China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted, and how the total size of the United States is measured.[lower-alpha 9][179][180]

The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont.[181] The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest.[182] The MississippiMissouri River, the world's fourth longest river system, runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast.[182]

US 50 states Köppen with territories

Köppen climate classifications of U.S. states and territories

The Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking around 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado.[183] Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave.[184] The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast, both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m). The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California,[185] and only about 84 miles (135 km) apart.[186] At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali is the highest peak in the country and in North America.[187] Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent's largest volcanic feature.[188]

The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south.[189] The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid. Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical, as well as its territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific.[190] States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South.[191] Overall, the United States has the world's most violent weather, receiving more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country in the world.[192]

Wildlife and conservation

A bald eagle

The bald eagle has been the national bird of the United States since 1782.[193]

The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and more than 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[194] The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, and 295 amphibian species,[195] as well as about 91,000 insect species.[196]

There are 62 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas.[197] Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area,[198] mostly in the western states.[199] Most of this land is protected, though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching, and about .86% is used for military purposes.[200][201]

Environmental issues include debates on oil and nuclear energy, dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting wildlife, logging and deforestation,[202][203] and international responses to global warming.[204][205] The most prominent environmental agency is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.[206] The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act.[207] The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.[208]

Demographics

Population

Historical populations
Census Pop.
1790 3,929,214
1800 5,308,483 35.1%
1810 7,239,881 36.4%
1820 9,638,453 33.1%
1830 12,866,020 33.5%
1840 17,069,453 32.7%
1850 23,191,876 35.9%
1860 31,443,321 35.6%
1870 38,558,371 22.6%
1880 50,189,209 30.2%
1890 62,979,766 25.5%
1900 76,212,168 21.0%
1910 92,228,496 21.0%
1920 106,021,537 15.0%
1930 123,202,624 16.2%
1940 132,164,569 7.3%
1950 151,325,798 14.5%
1960 179,323,175 18.5%
1970 203,211,926 13.3%
1980 226,545,805 11.5%
1990 248,709,873 9.8%
2000 281,421,906 13.2%
2010 308,745,538 9.7%
Est. 2019[209] 328,239,523 16.6%
1610–1780 population data.[210]
Note that the census numbers do
not include Native Americans until 1860.[211]
United States Map of Population by State (2015)

Population by state (2015):

  580k–2.8M
  2.8M–5.28M
  5.28M–8.26M
  8.26M–11.6M
  11.6M–19.6M
  19.6M–26.5M
  26.5M–38.4M
  38.4M+

The U.S. Census Bureau officially estimated the country's population to be 328,239,523 as of July 1, 2019.[209] In addition, the Census Bureau provides a continuously updated U.S. Population Clock that approximates the latest population of the 50 states and District of Columbia based on the Bureau's most recent demographic trends.[212] According to the clock, on May 23, 2020, the U.S. population exceeded 329 million residents, with a net gain of one person every 19 seconds, or about 4,547 people per day. The United States is the third most populous nation in the world, after China and India. In 2018 the median age of the United States population was 38.1 years.[213]

In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and U.S.-born children of immigrants (second-generation Americans) in the United States, accounting for 28% of the overall U.S. population.[214] The United States has a very diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members.[215] German Americans are the largest ethnic group (more than 50 million)—followed by Irish Americans (circa 37 million), Mexican Americans (circa 31 million) and English Americans (circa 28 million).[216][217]

White Americans (mostly European ancestry) are the largest racial group at 73.1% of the population; African Americans are the nation's largest racial minority and third-largest ancestry group.[215] Asian Americans are the country's second-largest racial minority; the three largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans, Filipino Americans, and Indian Americans.[215] The largest American community with European ancestry is German Americans, which consists of more than 14% of the total population.[218] In 2010, the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry (2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry) and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry (0.5 million exclusively).[219] The census counted more than 19 million people of "Some Other Race" who were "unable to identify with any" of its five official race categories in 2010, more than 18.5 million (97%) of whom are of Hispanic ethnicity.[219]

Minorities, defined by the Census Bureau as all individuals aside from non-Hispanic, non-multiracial whites, constituted 37% of the population in 2012.[220] More than 50% of infants less than a year old are members of minority groups.[221][222] These groups are projected to collectively make up a majority of the population by 2044.[221]

In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents (including many eligible to become citizens), 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized immigrants.[223] Among current living immigrants to the U.S., the top five countries of birth are Mexico, China, India, the Philippines and El Salvador. Until 2017 and 2018, the United States led the word in refugee resettlement for decades, admitted more refugees than the rest of the world combined.[224] From fiscal year 1980 until 2017, 55% of refugees came from Asia, 27% from Europe, 13% from Africa, and 4% from Latin America.[224]

A 2017 Gallup poll concluded that 4.5% of adult Americans identified as LGBT with 5.1% of women identifying as LGBT, compared with 3.9% of men.[225] The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia (10%), while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7%.[226]

A 2017 United Nations report projected that the U.S. would be one of nine countries in which world population growth through 2050 would be concentrated.[227] A 2020 U.S. Census Bureau report projected the population of the country could be anywhere between 320 million and 447 million by 2060, depending on the rate of in-migration; in all projected scenarios, a lower fertility rate and increases in life expectancy would result in an aging population.[228]

The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans is a major demographic trend. The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent[219] are identified as sharing a distinct "ethnicity" by the Census Bureau; 64% of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent.[229] Between 2000 and 2010, the country's Hispanic population increased 43% while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9%.[230]

The United States has an annual birth rate of 13 per 1,000, which is five births per 1,000 below the world average.[231] Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7%, higher than that of many developed nations.[232] In fiscal year 2017, more than a million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence.[233] In absolute numbers, the number of foreign-born U.S. residents is at a record high (44.4 million in 2017); however as a proportion of the overall population, the current foreign-born share (13.6% of the total population) is lower than the share at the peak in 1890 (14.8% of the total population).[223]

About 82% of Americans live in urban areas (including suburbs);[180] about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.[234] In 2008, 273 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities had over two million (namely New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston).[235] Estimates for the year 2018 show that 53 metropolitan areas have populations greater than one million. Many metros in the South, Southwest and West grew significantly between 2010 and 2018. The Dallas and Houston metros increased by more than a million people, while the Washington, D.C., Miami, Atlanta, and Phoenix metros all grew by more than 500,000 people.

Language

English (specifically, American English) is the de facto national language of the United States. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2010, about 230 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. 12% of the population speaks Spanish at home, making it the second most common language. Spanish is also the most widely taught second language.[236][237]

Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii.[238] In addition to English, Alaska recognizes twenty official Native languages,[239][lower-alpha 11] and South Dakota recognizes Sioux.[240] While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.[241] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms.[242]

Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan[243] is officially recognized by American Samoa and Chamorro[244] is an official language of Guam. Both Carolinian and Chamorro have official recognition in the Northern Mariana Islands.[245] Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there.[246]

The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States, in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate education, are Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages include Latin, Japanese, ASL, Italian, and Chinese.[247][248] 18% of all Americans claim to speak both English and another language.[249]

Languages spoken at home by more than one million persons in the U.S. (2016)[250][251][lower-alpha 12]
Language Percent of
population
Number of
speakers
Number who
speak English
very well
Number who
speak English
less than
very well
English (only) ~80% 237,810,023 N/A N/A
Spanish
(including Spanish Creole but excluding residents of Puerto Rico)
13% 40,489,813 23,899,421 16,590,392
Chinese
(all varieties, including Mandarin and Cantonese)
1.0% 3,372,930 1,518,619 1,854,311
Tagalog
(including Filipino)
0.5% 1,701,960 1,159,211 542,749
Vietnamese 0.4% 1,509,993 634,273 875,720
Arabic
(all varieties)
0.3% 1,231,098 770,882 460,216
French
(including Patois and Cajun)
0.3% 1,216,668 965,584 251,087
Korean 0.2% 1,088,788 505,734 583,054

Religion


Circle frame

Religion in the United States (2017)[252]

  Protestantism (48.5%)
  Catholicism (22.7%)
  Mormonism (1.8%)
  No religion (21.3%)
  Judaism (2.1%)
  Islam (0.8%)
  Other non-Abrahamic religion (e.g. Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism) (2.9%)

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.

In a 2013 survey, 56% of Americans said religion played a "very important role in their lives," a far higher figure than that of any other Western nation.[253] In a 2009 Gallup poll, 42% of Americans said they attended church weekly or almost weekly; the figures ranged from a low of 23% in Vermont to a high of 63% in Mississippi.[254]

In a 2014 survey, 70.6% of adults in the United States identified themselves as Christians;[255] Protestants accounted for 46.5%, while Roman Catholics, at 20.8%, formed the largest single denomination.[256] In 2014, 5.9% of the U.S. adult population claimed a non-Christian religion.[257] These include Judaism (1.9%), Islam (0.9%), Hinduism (0.7%), and Buddhism (0.7%).[257] The survey also reported that 22.8% of Americans described themselves as agnostic, atheist or simply having no religion—up from 8.2% in 1990.[256][258][259] There are also Unitarian Universalist, Scientologist, Baha'i, Sikh, Jain, Shinto, Zoroastrian, Confucian, Satanist, Taoist, Druid, Native American, Afro-American, traditional African, Wiccan, Gnostic, humanist and deist communities.[260][261]

Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States, accounting for almost half of all Americans. Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism at 15.4%,[262] and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination at 5.3% of the U.S. population.[262] Apart from Baptists, other Protestant categories include nondenominational Protestants, Methodists, Pentecostals, unspecified Protestants, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, other Reformed, Episcopalians/Anglicans, Quakers, Adventists, Holiness, Christian fundamentalists, Anabaptists, Pietists, and multiple others.[262]

As with other Western countries, the U.S. is becoming less religious. Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30.[263] Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s,[264] and that younger Americans, in particular, are becoming increasingly irreligious.[257][265] In a 2012 study, the Protestant share of the U.S. population had dropped to 48%, thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time.[266][267] Americans with no religion have 1.7 children compared to 2.2 among Christians. The unaffiliated are less likely to marry with 37% marrying compared to 52% of Christians.[268]

The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average. By contrast, religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States.[254]

Family structure

As of 2018, 52% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 32% had never been married.[269] Women now work mostly outside the home and receive the majority of bachelor's degrees.[270]

The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000 women. The rate has declined by 57% since 1991.[271] Abortion is legal throughout the country. Abortion rates, currently 241 per 1,000 live births and 15 per 1,000 women aged 15–44, are falling but remain higher than most Western nations.[272] In 2013, the average age at first birth was 26 and 41% of births were to unmarried women.[273]

The total fertility rate in 2016 was 1820.5 births per 1000 women.[274] Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view (compared to other Western countries).[275] As of 2001, with more than 127,000 adoptions, the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide.Template:Update inline[276] Same-sex marriage is legal nationwide, and it is legal for same-sex couples to adopt. Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S.[277]

The U.S. has the world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households.[278]

Health

Texas medical center

The Texas Medical Center in downtown Houston is the largest medical complex in the world.

The United States had a life expectancy of 78.6 years at birth in 2017, which was the third year of declines in life expectancy following decades of continuous increase. The recent decline, primarily among the age group 25 to 64, is largely due to sharp increases in the drug overdose and suicide rates; the country has one of the highest suicide rates among wealthy countries.[279][280] Life expectancy was highest among Asians and Hispanics and lowest among blacks.[281][282] According to CDC and Census Bureau data, deaths from suicide, alcohol and drug overdoses hit record highs in 2017.[283]

Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987, to 42nd in 2007, and as of 2017 the country had the lowest life expectancy among Japan, Canada, Australia, the UK, and seven countries of western Europe.[284][285] Obesity rates have more than doubled in the last 30 years and are the highest in the industrialized world.[286][287] Approximately one-third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight.[288] Obesity-related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals.[289]

In 2010, coronary artery disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain, depression, musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability. The most harmful risk factors were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Alzheimer's disease, drug abuse, kidney disease, cancer, and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates.[290] U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations, especially among blacks and Hispanics.[291]

Health-care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal. In 2017, 12.2% of the population did not carry health insurance.[292] The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue.[293][294] Federal legislation, passed in early 2010, roughly halved the uninsured share of the population, though the bill and its ultimate effect are issues of controversy.[295][296] The U.S. health-care system far outspends any other nation, measured both in per capita spending and as percentage of GDP.[297] At the same time, the U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation.[298]

Education

University-of-Virginia-Rotunda

The University of Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819, is one of the many public universities in the United States. Universal government-funded education exists in the United States, while there are also many privately funded institutions.

American public education is operated by state and local governments, regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven (generally, kindergarten or first grade) until they turn 18 (generally bringing them through twelfth grade, the end of high school); some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17.[299]

About 12% of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools. Just over 2% of children are homeschooled.[300] The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world, spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student.[301]Template:Needs update Some 80% of U.S. college students attend public universities.[302]

Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a bachelor's degree, and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.[303] The basic literacy rate is approximately 99%.[180][304] The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97, tying it for 12th in the world.[305]

The United States has many private and public institutions of higher education. The majority of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the U.S.[306][307][308] There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.

In 2018, U21, a network of research-intensive universities, ranked the United States first in the world for breadth and quality of higher education, and 15th when GDP was a factor.[309] As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. trails some other OECD nations but spends more per student than the OECD average, and more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[301][310] As of 2018, student loan debt exceeded 1.5 trillion dollars.[311][312]

Law enforcement and crime

A police car belonging to the New York Police Department

The New York Police Department (NYPD) is the largest in the country.

Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police departments and sheriff's offices, with state police providing broader services. Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties, including protecting civil rights, national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws.[313] State courts conduct most criminal trials while federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts.

A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States "homicide rates were 7.0 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher."[314] In 2016, the US murder rate was 5.4 per 100,000.[315] Gun ownership rights, guaranteed by the Second Amendment, continue to be the subject of contention.

US incarceration timeline-clean

Total incarceration in the United States by year

The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and largest prison population in the world.[316] As of 2020, the Prison Policy Initiative reported that there were some 2.3 million people incarcerated.[317] The imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013.[318] According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses.[319] About 9% of prisoners are held in privatized prisons.[317] The practice of privately operated prisons began in the 1980s and has been a subject of contention.[320]

Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and at the state level in 30 states.[321][322] No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions, a majority of these taking place in three states: Texas, Virginia, and Oklahoma.[323] Meanwhile, several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws. In 2019, the country had the sixth-highest number of executions in the world, following China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Egypt.[324]

Economy

Economic indicators
Nominal GDP $20.66 trillion (Q3 2018) [325]
Real GDP growth 3.5% (Q3 2018) [325]
2.1% (2017) [325]
CPI inflation 2.2% (November 2018) [326]
Employment-to-population ratio 60.6% (November 2018) [327]
Unemployment 3.7% (November 2018) [328]
Labor force participation rate 62.9% (November 2018) [329]
Total public debt $21.85 trillion (November 2018) [330]
Household net worth $109.0 trillion (Q3 2018) [331]

According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP).[332] The United States is the largest importer of goods and second-largest exporter, though exports per capita are relatively low. In 2010, the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion.[333] Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners.[334]

From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.[335] The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita[336] and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP.[332] The U.S. dollar is the world's primary reserve currency.[337]

A large flag is stretched over Roman style columns on the front of a large building.

The New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street is the world's largest stock exchange (per market capitalization of its listed companies)[338] at $23.1 trillion as of April 2018.[339]

In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4% of the economy.[340] While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development, the United States remains an industrial power.[341] Consumer spending comprised 68% of the U.S. economy in 2015.[342] In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people (50%). With 21.2 million people, government is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most European nations.[343]

The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation[344] and is one of a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right.[345] While federal law does not require sick leave, it is a common benefit for government workers and full-time employees at corporations.[346] 74% of full-time American workers get paid sick leave, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, although only 24% of part-time workers get the same benefits.[346] In 2009, the United States had the third-highest workforce productivity per person in the world, behind Luxembourg and Norway. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the Netherlands.[347]


Science and technology

Aldrin Apollo 11 original

Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, 1969

The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century. This technology, along with the establishment of a machine tool industry, enabled the U.S. to have large-scale manufacturing of sewing machines, bicycles, and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing. Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor-saving techniques created the system of mass production.[348] In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector.[349] The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.[350][351]

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone. Thomas Edison's research laboratory, one of the first of its kind, developed the phonograph, the first long-lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera.[352] The latter led to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line. The Wright brothers, in 1903, made the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight.[353]

The rise of fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 30s led many European scientists, including Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, and John von Neumann, to immigrate to the United States.[354] During World War II, the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the Atomic Age, while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry, materials science, and aeronautics.[355][356]

The invention of the transistor in the 1950s, a key active component in practically all modern electronics, led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry.[357] This, in turn, led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as Silicon Valley in California. Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems, Apple Inc., IBM, Microsoft, and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer. The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements, and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet.[358]

Income, poverty and wealth

Accounting for 4.24% of the global population, Americans collectively possess 29.4% of the world's total wealth, and Americans make up roughly half of the world's population of millionaires.[359] The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013.[360] Americans on average have more than twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents, and more than every EU nation.[361] For 2017 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 13th among 189 countries in its Human Development Index and 25th among 151 countries in its inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI).[362]

Wealth, like income and taxes, is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult population possess 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom half claim only 2%.[363] According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve, the top 1% controlled 38.6% of the country's wealth in 2016.[364] According to a 2018 study by the OECD, the United States has a larger percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed nation. This is largely because at-risk workers get almost no government support and are further set back by a very weak collective bargaining system.[365] The top one percent of income-earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015, where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers.[366] In 2018, U.S. income inequality reached the highest level ever recorded by the Census Bureau.[367]

US Wealth Inequality - v2

Wealth inequality in the U.S. increased between 1989 and 2013.[368]

After years of stagnation, median household income reached a record high in 2016 following two consecutive years of record growth. Income inequality remains at record highs however, with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income.[369] The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top one percent, which has more than doubled from nine percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has significantly affected income inequality,[370] leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations.[371] The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate.[372][373][374]

Between June 2007 and November 2008, the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world. Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value.[375] Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth was down $14 trillion, but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels.[376] At the end of 2014, household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion,[377] down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008.[378]

There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the US in January 2014, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.[379] In 2011, 16.7 million children lived in food-insecure households, about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 1.1% of U.S. children, or 845,000, saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic.[380] As of June 2018, 40 million people, roughly 12.7% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty, with 18.5 million of those living in deep poverty (a family income below one-half of the poverty threshold) and over five million live "in 'Third World' conditions." In 2016, 13.3 million children were living in poverty, which made up 32.6% of the impoverished population.[381] In 2017, the U.S. state or territory with the lowest poverty rate was New Hampshire (7.6%), and the one with the highest was American Samoa (65%).[382][383][384]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Map of current Interstates

The Interstate Highway System, which extends 46,876 miles (75,440 km)[385]

Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles, which operate on a network of Template:Convert/e6mi of public roads.[386] The United States has the world's second-largest automobile market,[387] and has the highest rate of per-capita vehicle ownership in the world, with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans (1996).[388]Template:Needs update In 2017, there were 255,009,283 non-two wheel motor vehicles, or about 910 vehicles per 1,000 people.[389]

The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned.[390] The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are US-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways.[391] Of the world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport.[392]

Energy

The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year.[393] In 2005, 40% of this energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. The remainder was supplied by nuclear and renewable energy sources.[394]

Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.[395] The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases, and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.[396]

See also

Flag of the United States United States
North America 368x348 North America
  • Index of United States-related articles
  • Lists of U.S. state topics
  • Outline of the United States

Notes

  1. ^ English is the official language of 32 states; English and Hawaiian are both official languages in Hawaii, and English and 20 Indigenous languages are official in Alaska. Algonquian, Cherokee, and Sioux are among many other official languages in Native-controlled lands throughout the country. French is a de facto, but unofficial, language in Maine and Louisiana, while New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status. In five territories, English as well as one or more indigenous languages are official: Spanish in Puerto Rico, Samoan in American Samoa, Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Carolinian is also an official language in the Northern Mariana Islands.[3][4]
  2. ^ The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.
  3. ^ Also president of the Senate.
  4. ^ Hawaii
  5. ^ Excludes Puerto Rico and the other unincorporated islands.
  6. ^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.
  7. ^ Except the U.S. Virgin Islands.
  8. ^ The five major territories are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty over Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, and Wake Island is disputed.[11]
  9. ^ a b The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as the world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with a total area of 9,572,900 km2 (3,696,100 sq mi),[12] and the United States as fourth-largest at 9,526,468 km2 (3,678,190 sq mi). This figure for the United States is less than the one cited in the CIA World Factbook because it excludes coastal and territorial waters.[13]
    The CIA World Factbook lists the United States as the third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with total area of 9,833,517 km2 (3,796,742 sq mi),[14] and China as fourth-largest at 9,596,960 km2 (3,705,410 sq mi).[15] This figure for the United States is greater than in the Encyclopædia Britannica because it includes coastal and territorial waters.
  10. ^ Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska to assert its long-held claim over the Pacific Northwest, which dated back to the 16th century. During the decade 1785–1795 British merchants, encouraged by Sir Joseph Banks and supported by their government, made a sustained attempt to develop this trade despite Spain's claims and navigation rights. The endeavors of these merchants did not last long in the face of Spain's opposition. The challenge was also opposed by a Japanese holding obdurately to national seclusion.[89]
  11. ^ Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unanga (Aleut), Denaʼina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwichʼin, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian.
  12. ^ Source: 2015 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau. Most respondents who speak a language other than English at home also report speaking English "well" or "very well". For the language groups listed above, the strongest English-language proficiency is among speakers of German (96% report that they speak English "well" or "very well"), followed by speakers of French (93.5%), Tagalog (92.8%), Spanish (74.1%), Korean (71.5%), Chinese (70.4%), and Vietnamese (66.9%).

References

  1. ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302
  2. ^ a b "The Great Seal of the United States". U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. 2003. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf. Retrieved February 12, 2020. 
  3. ^ Cobarrubias 1983, p. 195.
  4. ^ García 2011, p. 167.
  5. ^ Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio. 1963. p. 336. https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee&dq=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee. 
  6. ^ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 2019estimate
  7. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016". United States Census. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2016_PEPANNRES&src=pt.  The 2016 estimate is as of July 1, 2016. The 2010 census is as of April 1, 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019". International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=73&pr.y=7&sy=2020&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=111&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=. 
  9. ^ "Income inequality". OECD. https://data.oecd.org/chart/5O5t. 
  10. ^ "Human Development Report 2019" (in en) (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. December 10, 2019. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking. Retrieved December 10, 2019. 
  11. ^ U.S. State Department, Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights, December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80. And U.S. General Accounting Office Report, U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution, November 1997, pp. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.
  12. ^ "China". http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts. Retrieved January 31, 2010. 
  13. ^ "United States". Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219194413/https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts. Retrieved January 31, 2010. 
  14. ^ "United States". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html. Retrieved June 10, 2016. 
  15. ^ "China". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html. Retrieved June 10, 2016. 
  16. ^ a b Erlandson, Rick & Vellanoweth 2008, p. 19.
  17. ^ Greene, Jack P., Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). A Companion to the American Revolution. pp. 352–361.
    Bender, Thomas (2006). A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History. New York: Hill & Wang. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8090-7235-4. https://archive.org/details/nationamongnatio00bend. 
    "Overview of the Early National Period". University of Houston. 2014. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1. 
  18. ^ a b Carlisle, Rodney P.; Golson, J. Geoffrey (2007). Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America. Turning Points in History Series. ABC-CLIO. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-85109-833-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22. 
  19. ^ "The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865". Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation. 1999. Archived from the original on October 12, 1999. https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html. 
  20. ^ Britannica Educational Publishing (2009). Wallenfeldt, Jeffrey H.. ed. The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power. America at War. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-61530-045-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22. 
  21. ^ Judt, Tony; Lacorne, Denis (2005). With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4039-8085-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61. 
    Richard J. Samuels (2005). Encyclopedia of United States National Security. Sage Publications. p. 666. ISBN 978-1-4522-6535-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666. 
    Paul R. Pillar (2001). Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Brookings Institution Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8157-0004-3. https://archive.org/details/terrorismusforei00pill. 
    Gabe T. Wang (2006). China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait. University Press of America. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7618-3434-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179. 
    Understanding the "Victory Disease", From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond. Diane Publishing. 2004. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4289-1052-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1. 
    Akis Kalaitzidis; Gregory W. Streich (2011). U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-313-38375-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313. 
  22. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015". http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=. 
  23. ^ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2087rank.html. 
  24. ^ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html. 
  25. ^ "Population Clock". U.S. Department of Commerce. May 16, 2020. https://www.census.gov/popclock/. Retrieved May 24, 2020. "The United States population on May 23, 2020 was: 329,686,270" 
  26. ^ "Global Wealth Report". October 2018. https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html. Retrieved February 11, 2019. 
  27. ^ "U.S. Workers World's Most Productive". CBS News. February 11, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html. Retrieved April 23, 2013. 
  28. ^ "Average annual wages". https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AV_AN_WAGE. 
  29. ^ Trends in World Military Expenditure Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  30. ^ Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower
    BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America
    "Geographical trends of research output". Research Trends. http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/. Retrieved March 16, 2014. 
    "The top 20 countries for scientific output". Open Access Week. http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output. Retrieved March 16, 2014. 
    "Granted patents". European Patent Office. http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html. Retrieved March 16, 2014. 
  31. ^ Sider 2007, p. 226.
  32. ^ Szalay, Jessie (September 20, 2017). "Amerigo Vespucci: Facts, Biography & Naming of America". Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html. Retrieved June 23, 2019. 
  33. ^ Jonathan Cohen. "The Naming of America: Fragments We've Shored Against Ourselves". http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/surgery/america.html. Retrieved February 3, 2014. 
  34. ^ DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013) Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer. "Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name 'United States of America' was first used and by whom ... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan, Esq., wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge, Mass., during the Siege of Boston. The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge, with Reed serving as Washington's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed's absence." Christian Science Monitor (Boston, MA).
  35. ^ Touba, Mariam (November 5, 2014) Who Coined the Phrase 'United States of America'? You May Never Guess "Here, on January 2, 1776, seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine's Common Sense, Stephen Moylan, an acting secretary to General George Washington, spells it out, 'I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain' to seek foreign assistance for the cause." New-York Historical Society Museum & Library
  36. ^ Fay, John (July 15, 2016) The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' "According to the NY Historical Society, Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase 'United States of America'. But who was Stephen Moylan?" IrishCentral.com
  37. ^ ""To the inhabitants of Virginia", by A PLANTER. Dixon and Hunter's. April 6, 1776, Williamsburg, Virginia. Letter is also included in Peter Force's American Archives". The Virginia Gazette 5 (1287). Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141219053616/http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGIssueThumbs.cfm?IssueIDNo=76.DH.16. 
  38. ^ a b c Safire 2003, p. 199.
  39. ^ Mostert 2005, p. 18.
  40. ^ Brokenshire 1993.
  41. ^ Greg 1892, p. 276.
  42. ^ G. H. Emerson, The Universalist Quarterly and General Review, Vol. 28 (Jan. 1891), p. 49, quoted in Zimmer, Benjamin (November 24, 2005). "Life in These, Uh, This United States". University of Pennsylvania. http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002663.html. Retrieved January 5, 2013. 
  43. ^ Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). The Columbia guide to standard American English. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-231-06989-2. https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetos00wils_0. 
  44. ^ Savage 2011.
  45. ^ Haviland, Walrath & Prins 2013.
  46. ^ Fladmark 2017.
  47. ^ Meltzer 2009.
  48. ^ Waters & Stafford 2007.
  49. ^ Flannery 2015.
  50. ^ Gelo 2018.
  51. ^ Lockard 2010.
  52. ^ Inghilleri 2016.
  53. ^ Martinez, Sage & Ono 2016.
  54. ^ Fagan 2016.
  55. ^ Martinez & Bordeaux 2016.
  56. ^ Weiss & Jacobson 2000.
  57. ^ Dean R. Snow (1994). The Iroquois. Blackwell Publishers, Ltd.. ISBN 978-1-55786-938-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=P7e82KQoX6IC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=iroquois+basque. Retrieved July 16, 2010. 
  58. ^ Paul Joseph (October 11, 2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. SAGE Publications. p. 590. ISBN 978-1-4833-5988-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA590. 
  59. ^ Treuer, David. "The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history". The Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-native-american-slavery-20160505-snap-story.html. 
  60. ^ Stannard, 1993 p. xii
  61. ^ "The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology Archived February 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998). Cambridge University Press. p. 205. ISBN 0-521-55203-6
  62. ^ Bianchine, Russo, 1992 pp. 225–232
  63. ^ a b c Perdue & Green 2005.
  64. ^ a b Haines, Haines & Steckel 2000.
  65. ^ Thornton 1998.
  66. ^ Ripper, 2008 p. 6
  67. ^ Ripper, 2008 p. 5
  68. ^ Calloway, 1998, p. 55
  69. ^ Joseph 2016.
  70. ^ "St. Augustine Florida, The Nation's Oldest City" (in en). http://staugustine.com/history/nations-oldest-city. 
  71. ^ Remini 2007, pp. 2–3
  72. ^ Johnson 1997, pp. 26–30
  73. ^ Walton, 2009, chapter 3
  74. ^ Lemon, 1987
  75. ^ (1924) "Elizabethan Seamen and the African Slave Trade". The Journal of Negro History 9 (1): 1–17. DOI:10.2307/2713432. 
  76. ^ Tadman, 2000, p. 1534
  77. ^ Schneider, 2007, p. 484
  78. ^ Lien, 1913, p. 522
  79. ^ Davis, 1996, p. 7
  80. ^ Quirk, 2011, p. 195
  81. ^ Bilhartz, Terry D.; Elliott, Alan C. (2007). Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-1817-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=J65Z_Ura2EIC&pg=PA7. 
  82. ^ Wood, Gordon S. (1998). The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787. UNC Press Books. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-8078-4723-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=kdDRJLxBhl4C&pg=PA263. 
  83. ^ Walton, 2009, pp. 38–39
  84. ^ Foner, Eric (1998). The Story of American Freedom (1st ed.). W.W. Norton. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-393-04665-6. https://archive.org/details/storyofamericanf00fone. "story of American freedom." 
  85. ^ Walton, 2009, p. 35
  86. ^ Otis, James (1763). The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved. https://archive.org/details/cihm_52678. 
  87. ^ Pethick, Derek (1980). The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-0-88894-279-1. https://archive.org/details/nootkaconnection0000peth. 
  88. ^ Pethick, Derek (1980). The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-88894-279-1. https://archive.org/details/nootkaconnection0000peth. 
  89. ^ Robert J. King, "'The long wish'd for object'—Opening the trade to Japan, 1785–1795", The Northern Mariner / le marin du nord, vol. XX, no. 1, January 2010, pp. 1–35.
  90. ^ Collingridge, Vanessa (2003). Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer. Ebury Press. p. 380. ISBN 978-0-09-188898-5. 
  91. ^ Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery. Sasquatch Books. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-1-57061-215-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=sl57oHrVXGoC. 
  92. ^ Humphrey, Carol Sue (2003). The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-0-313-32083-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=19NWMZ6Ec_sC&pg=PA8. 
  93. ^ a b Fabian Young, Alfred; Nash, Gary B.; Raphael, Ray (2011). Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation. Random House Digital. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-0-307-27110-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=QEzaLJ4u_MEC&pg=PA4. 
  94. ^ Greene and Pole, A Companion to the American Revolution p 357. Jonathan R. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (1987) p. 161. Lawrence S. Kaplan, "The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge", International History Review, Sept 1983, Vol. 5 Issue 3, pp. 431–442
  95. ^ Boyer, 2007, pp. 192–193
  96. ^ Cogliano, Francis D. (2008). Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy. University of Virginia Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-8139-2733-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=1f-wAfE0mpsC&pg=PA219. 
  97. ^ Walton, 2009, p. 43
  98. ^ Gordon, 2004, pp. 27,29
  99. ^ Clark, Mary Ann (May 2012). Then We'll Sing a New Song: African Influences on America's Religious Landscape. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4422-0881-0. https://archive.org/details/thenwellsingnews0000clar/page/47. 
  100. ^ Heinemann, Ronald L., et al., Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: a history of Virginia 1607–2007, 2007 ISBN 978-0-8139-2609-4, p. 197
  101. ^ Billington, Ray Allen; Ridge, Martin (2001). Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier. UNM Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8263-1981-4. https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22. 
  102. ^ "Louisiana Purchase". National Park Services. http://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf. Retrieved March 1, 2011. 
  103. ^ Wait, Eugene M. (1999). America and the War of 1812. Nova Publishers. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-56072-644-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=puuQ30N0EsIC&pg=PA78. 
  104. ^ Klose, Nelson; Jones, Robert F. (1994). United States History to 1877. Barron's Educational Series. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-8120-1834-9. https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150. 
  105. ^ Winchester, pp. 198, 216, 251, 253
  106. ^ Morrison, Michael A. (April 28, 1997). Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 13–21. ISBN 978-0-8078-4796-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=YTaxzMlkVEMC&pg=PA13. 
  107. ^ Kemp, Roger L. (2010). Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works. McFarland. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-7864-4210-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&pg=PA180. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  108. ^ McIlwraith, Thomas F.; Muller, Edward K. (2001). North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7425-0019-8. https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/61. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  109. ^ Madley, Benjamin (2016). An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-23069-7.
  110. ^ Johansen, Bruce E.; Pritzker, Barry M. (July 23, 2007). California Indians, Genocide of. ABC-CLIO. pp. 226–231. ISBN 9781851098187. https://books.google.com/books?id=sGKL6E9_J6IC&pg=PA143. 
  111. ^ Lindsay, Brendan C. (2012) (in en). Murder State: California's Native American Genocide, 1846–1873. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-4021-6. https://archive.org/details/murderstatecalif0000lind. 
  112. ^ Wolf, Jessica. "Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans" (in en). http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/revealing-the-history-of-genocide-against-californias-native-americans. 
  113. ^ Rawls, James J. (1999). A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California. University of California Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-520-21771-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=UPUsIaHZTm0C&pg=PA20. 
  114. ^ Black, Jeremy (2011). Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871. Indiana University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-253-35660-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC&pg=PA275. 
  115. ^ Stuart Murray (2004). Atlas of American Military History. Infobase Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4381-3025-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
    Harold T. Lewis (2001). Christian Social Witness. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-56101-188-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53. 
  116. ^ a b Patrick Karl O'Brien (2002). Atlas of World History. Oxford University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-19-521921-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA184. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  117. ^ Vinovskis, Maris (1990). Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-39559-5. 
  118. ^ "1860 Census". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf. Retrieved June 10, 2007.  Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760.
  119. ^ De Rosa, Marshall L. (1997). The Politics of Dissolution: The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War. Edison, NJ: Transaction. p. 266. ISBN 1-56000-349-9.
  120. ^ Shearer Davis Bowman (1993). Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers. Oxford UP. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-19-536394-4. https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm. 
  121. ^ Jason E. Pierce (2016). Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West. University Press of Colorado. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-60732-396-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=zJPgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT256. 
  122. ^ Marie Price; Lisa Benton-Short (2008). Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities. Syracuse University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8156-3186-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=_Tb5HMB63xAC&pg=PA51. 
  123. ^ John Powell (2009). Encyclopedia of North American Immigration. Infobase Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4381-1012-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA74. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  124. ^ Winchester, pp. 351, 385
  125. ^ Michno, Gregory (2003). Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850-1890. Mountain Press Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87842-468-9. 
  126. ^ "Toward a Market Economy". Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/history/us-history-i/economic-growth-and-development-18151860/toward-a-market-economy. Retrieved December 23, 2014. 
  127. ^ "Purchase of Alaska, 1867". U.S. Department of State. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase. Retrieved December 23, 2014. 
  128. ^ "The Spanish–American War, 1898". U.S. Department of State. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war. Retrieved December 24, 2014. 
  129. ^ Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975.
  130. ^ "Virgin Islands History". Vinow.com. http://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/. Retrieved January 5, 2018. 
  131. ^ Kirkland, Edward. Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy (1961 ed.). pp. 400–405. 
  132. ^ Zinn, 2005, pp. 321–357
  133. ^ Paige Meltzer, "The Pulse and Conscience of America" The General Federation and Women's Citizenship, 1945–1960," Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies (2009), Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp. 52–76.
  134. ^ James Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920 (Harvard UP, 1963)
  135. ^ George B. Tindall, "Business Progressivism: Southern Politics in the Twenties," South Atlantic Quarterly 62 (Winter 1963): 92–106.
  136. ^ McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). U.S. History Super Review. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. ISBN 0-7386-0070-9.
  137. ^ Voris, Jacqueline Van (1996). Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life. Women and Peace Series. New York City: Feminist Press at CUNY. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-55861-139-9. "Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920. ... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women." 
  138. ^ Winchester pp. 410–411
  139. ^ Axinn, June; Stern, Mark J. (2007). Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-52215-6. 
  140. ^ Lemann, Nicholas (1991). The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-394-56004-5. 
  141. ^ James Noble Gregory (1991). American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507136-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=qNdtGwnXYrIC. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
    "Mass Exodus From the Plains". WGBH Educational Foundation. 2013. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-mass-exodus-plains/. Retrieved October 5, 2014. 
    Fanslow, Robin A. (April 6, 1997). "The Migrant Experience". Library of Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html. Retrieved October 5, 2014. 
    Walter J. Stein (1973). California and the Dust Bowl Migration. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-6267-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=hGuGAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  142. ^ Yamasaki, Mitch. "Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History". World War II Internment in Hawaii. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf. Retrieved January 14, 2015. 
  143. ^ Stoler, Mark A.. "George C. Marshall and the "Europe-First" Strategy, 1939–1951: A Study in Diplomatic as well as Military History". http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/EDStoler.pdf. Retrieved April 4, 2016. 
  144. ^ Kelly, Brian. "The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives". https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681. Retrieved June 21, 2014. 
  145. ^ Hoopes & Brinkley 1997, p. 100.
  146. ^ Gaddis 1972, p. 25.
  147. ^ Leland, Anne; Oboroceanu, Mari–Jana (February 26, 2010). "American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics". Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf. Retrieved February 18, 2011.  p. 2.
  148. ^ Kennedy, Paul (1989). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Vintage. p. 358. ISBN 0-679-72019-7
  149. ^ "The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 – October 1945". U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian. October 2005. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm. Retrieved June 11, 2007. 
  150. ^ Woodward, C. Vann (1947). The Battle for Leyte Gulf. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 1-60239-194-7. 
  151. ^ "The Largest Naval Battles in Military History: A Closer Look at the Largest and Most Influential Naval Battles in World History". Norwich University. http://militaryhistory.norwich.edu/largest-naval-sea-battles-in-military-history/. Retrieved March 7, 2015. 
  152. ^ "Why did Japan surrender in World War II? | The Japan Times" (in en-US). The Japan Times. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/. 
  153. ^ Pacific War Research Society (2006). Japan's Longest Day. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.
  154. ^ Wagg, Stephen; Andrews, David (2012). East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-134-24167-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11. 
  155. ^ Blakeley, 2009, p. 92
  156. ^ a b Collins, Michael (1988). Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space. New York: Grove Press. https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll. 
  157. ^ Winchester, pp. 305–308
  158. ^ Blas, Elisheva. "The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways". Society for History Education. http://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/N10_NHD_Blas_Junior.pdf. Retrieved January 19, 2015. 
  159. ^ Richard Lightner (2004). Hawaiian History: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-313-28233-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Yei4fDrecWsC&pg=PA141. 
  160. ^ Dallek, Robert (2004). Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-19-515920-2. https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonpo00dall/page/169. 
  161. ^ "Our Documents—Civil Rights Act (1964)". United States Department of Justice. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=97. Retrieved July 28, 2010. 
  162. ^ "Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York". October 3, 1965. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516063650/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp. Retrieved January 1, 2012. 
  163. ^ "Social Security". http://www.ssa.gov/history/lbjsm.html. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  164. ^ Soss, 2010, p. 277
  165. ^ Fraser, 1989
  166. ^ Ferguson, 1986, pp. 43–53
  167. ^ Williams, pp. 325–331
  168. ^ Niskanen, William A. (1988). Reaganomics: an insider's account of the policies and the people. Oxford University Press. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-19-505394-4. https://archive.org/details/reaganomicsinsid00nisk/page/363. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  169. ^ "Women in the Labor Force: A Databook". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. p. 11. http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf. Retrieved March 21, 2014. 
  170. ^ Howell, Buddy Wayne (2006). The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988. Texas A&M University. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-549-41658-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  171. ^ Kissinger, Henry (2011). Diplomacy. Simon & Schuster. pp. 781–784. ISBN 978-1-4391-2631-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
    Mann, James (2009). The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War. Penguin. p. 432. ISBN 978-1-4406-8639-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12. 
  172. ^ Hayes, 2009
  173. ^ USHistory.org, 2013
  174. ^ Charles Krauthammer, "The Unipolar Moment", Foreign Affairs, 70/1, (Winter 1990/1), 23–33.
  175. ^ "Field Listing: Area". The World Factbook. cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as. 
  176. ^ "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau". U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html. Retrieved September 11, 2017. 
  177. ^ "2010 Census Area". U.S. Census Bureau. p. 41. https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf. Retrieved January 18, 2015. 
  178. ^ "Area". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html. Retrieved January 15, 2015. 
  179. ^ "United States". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/616563/United-States. Retrieved January 8, 2018.  (given in square miles, excluding)
  180. ^ a b c "United States". Central Intelligence Agency. January 3, 2018. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html. Retrieved January 8, 2018. 
  181. ^ "Geographic Regions of Georgia". Digital Library of Georgia. http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/geography/article/geographic-regions-of-georgia. Retrieved December 24, 2014. 
  182. ^ a b Lew, Alan. "PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US". North Arizona University. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html. Retrieved December 24, 2014. 
  183. ^ Harms, Nicole. "Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range". USA Today. http://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html. Retrieved December 24, 2014. 
  184. ^ "Great Basin". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242919/Great-Basin. Retrieved December 24, 2014. 
  185. ^ "Mount Whitney, California". Peakbagger. http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829. Retrieved December 24, 2014. 
  186. ^ "Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W)". Federal Communications Commission. http://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&mlat=15&slat=01&ns=1&dlon=116&mlon=49&slon=33&ew=1&dlat2=36&mlat2=34&slat2=43&sn=1&dlon2=118&mlon2=17&slon2=31&we=1&iselec=1. Retrieved December 24, 2014. 
  187. ^ Poppick, Laura. "US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained". LiveScience. http://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html. Retrieved May 2, 2015. 
  188. ^ O'Hanlon, Larry (March 14, 2005). "America's Explosive Park". Discovery Channel. http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html. Retrieved April 5, 2016. 
  189. ^ Boyden, Jennifer. "Climate Regions of the United States". USA Today. http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html. Retrieved December 24, 2014. 
  190. ^ "World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification". http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf. 
  191. ^ Perkins, Sid (May 11, 2002). "Tornado Alley, USA". Science News. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp. 
  192. ^ Rice, Doyle. "USA has the world's most extreme weather" (in en-US). https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/. 
  193. ^ Len McDougall (2004). The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats: A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada. Lyons Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-59228-070-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=9XOc2_u7z6cC&pg=PA325. 
  194. ^ Morin, Nancy. "Vascular Plants of the United States". National Biological Service. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
  195. ^ Osborn, Liz. "Number of Native Species in United States". Current Results Nexus. http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php. Retrieved January 15, 2015. 
  196. ^ "Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals)". Smithsonian Institution. http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm. Retrieved January 20, 2009. 
  197. ^ "National Park Service Announces Addition of Two New Units" (Press release). National Park Service. February 28, 2006. http://home.nps.gov/applications/release/Detail.cfm?ID=639. Retrieved February 10, 2017. 
  198. ^ Lipton, Eric; Krauss, Clifford (August 23, 2012). "Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0. Retrieved January 18, 2015. 
  199. ^ Vincent, Carol H.; Hanson, Laura A.; Argueta, Carla N. (March 3. 2017). Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. http://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&docid=47224. Retrieved June 18, 2020. 
  200. ^ Gorte, Ross W.; Vincent, Carol Hardy.; Hanson, Laura A.; Marc R., Rosenblum. "Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data". Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf. Retrieved January 18, 2015. 
  201. ^ "Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development". U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/http://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm. Retrieved January 19, 2015. 
  202. ^ The National Atlas of the United States of America (January 14, 2013). "Forest Resources of the United States". Nationalatlas.gov. Archived from the original on May 7, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html. Retrieved January 13, 2014. 
  203. ^ "Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050". 2003. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf. Retrieved January 13, 2014. 
  204. ^ Daynes & Sussman, 2010, pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78
  205. ^ Hays, Samuel P. (2000). A History of Environmental Politics since 1945.
  206. ^ Collin, Robert W. (2006). The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-313-33341-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=OVPoqXeTYTwC&pg=PA1. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  207. ^ Turner, James Morton (2012). The Promise of Wilderness
  208. ^ Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service. General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing. 2003. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4289-3997-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&pg=PA1. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  209. ^ a b "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States" (in en). https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219. 
  210. ^ "CT1970p2-13: Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics". 2004. p. 1168. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/CT1970p2-13.pdf. Retrieved August 20, 2015. 
  211. ^ "Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States". https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html. Retrieved May 28, 2013. 
  212. ^ "Population Clock". https://www.census.gov/popclock/. 
  213. ^ "The World Factbook: United States". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html. 
  214. ^ "Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States". Migration Policy Institute. March 14, 2019. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states. 
  215. ^ a b c "Ancestry 2000". U.S. Census Bureau. June 2004. Archived from the original on December 4, 2004. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf. 
  216. ^ "Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009". U.S. Census Bureau. 2009. Archived from the original on December 25, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf. 
  217. ^ Oleaga, Michael. "Immigration Numbers Update: 13 Million Mexicans Immigrated to US in 2013, But Chinese Migrants Outnumber Other Latin Americans". Latin Post. Archived from the original on September 5, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140905071238/http://www.latinpost.com/articles/20628/20140903/immigration-numbers-update-13-million-mexicans-immigrated-2013-chinese-migrants.htm. Retrieved December 28, 2014. 
  218. ^ "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States—2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP02/0100000US. 
  219. ^ a b c Humes, Karen R.; Jones, Nicholas A.; Ramirez, Roberto R. (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110429214029/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf. Retrieved March 29, 2011. 
  220. ^ "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, (V2015)". http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP05&prodType=table. 
  221. ^ a b Cohn, D'vera (June 23, 2016). "It's official: Minority babies are the majority among the nation's infants, but only just". Pew Research Center. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/23/its-official-minority-babies-are-the-majority-among-the-nations-infants-but-only-just/. 
  222. ^ Exner, Rich (July 3, 2012). "Americans under age one now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH). http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html. Retrieved July 29, 2012. 
  223. ^ a b "Key findings about U.S. immigrants". Pew Research Center. June 17, 2019. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/. 
  224. ^ a b Jens Manuel Krogstad (October 7, 2019). "Key facts about refugees to the U.S.". Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/10/07/key-facts-about-refugees-to-the-u-s/. 
  225. ^ "In U.S., Estimate of LGBT Population Rises to 4.5%". https://news.gallup.com/poll/234863/estimate-lgbt-population-rises.aspx. Retrieved September 14, 2018. 
  226. ^ Gates, Gary J.; Newport, Frank (February 15, 2013). "LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota". Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx. Retrieved November 11, 2019. 
  227. ^ "Nigeria to Pass U.S. as World's 3rd Most Populous Country by 2050, UN Says". Associated Press. NBC News. June 22, 2017. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/nigeria-pass-u-s-world-s-3rd-most-populous-country-n775371. 
  228. ^ Sandra Johnson (February 2020). "A Changing Nation: Population Projections Under Alternative Immigration Scenarios". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p25-1146.pdf. 
  229. ^ "B03001. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/07_1YR/B03001. Retrieved September 26, 2008. 
  230. ^ "2010 Census Data". U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html. Retrieved March 29, 2011. 
  231. ^ "Field Listing: Birth Rate". The World Factbook. 2014. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071211213638/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2054.html. Retrieved January 21, 2015. 
  232. ^ "Population growth (annual %)". The World Bank. 2014. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW/countries. Retrieved January 21, 2015. 
  233. ^ "U.S. Lawful Permanent Residents: 2017". Office of Immigration Statistics Annual Flow Report.
  234. ^ "United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en. 
  235. ^ "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. July 1, 2009. Archived from the original on December 7, 2009. https://www.webcitation.org/5lpvuJk99?url=http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/copy_of_2008-subcounty-population-hawaii/SUB_EST2008_01.pdf. 
  236. ^ "Language Spoken at Home by the U.S. Population, 2010", American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, in World Almanac and Book of Facts 2012, p. 615.
  237. ^ Welles, Elizabeth B. (Winter–Spring 2004). "Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning, Fall 2002". ADFL Bulletin 35. DOI:10.1632/adfl.35.2.7. 
  238. ^ "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4". Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. November 7, 1978. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/http://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html. Retrieved June 19, 2007. 
  239. ^ Chapel, Bill (April 21, 2014). "Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official". https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official. 
  240. ^ "South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language". Argus Leader. https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/. Retrieved March 26, 2019. 
  241. ^ Dicker, Susan J. (2003). Languages in America: A Pluralist View. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. pp. 216, 220–225. ISBN 978-1-85359-651-3. https://archive.org/details/languagesinameri00dick/page/216. 
  242. ^ "California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 412.20(6)". Legislative Counsel, State of California. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100722010302/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=ccp&group=00001-01000&file=412.10-412.30. Retrieved December 17, 2007.  "California Judicial Council Forms". Judicial Council, State of California. http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/forms/allforms.htm. Retrieved December 17, 2007. 
  243. ^ "Samoan". UCLA. http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=96. Retrieved October 4, 2014. 
    Frederick T.L. Leong; Mark M. Leach (2010). Suicide Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups: Theory, Research, and Practice. Routledge. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-135-91680-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=mrKTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT185. 
    Robert D. Craig (2002). Historical Dictionary of Polynesia. Scarecrow Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8108-4237-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=01U5DrqoMJgC&pg=PR33. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  244. ^ Nessa Wolfson; Joan Manes (1985). Language of Inequality. Walter de Gruyter. p. 176. ISBN 978-3-11-009946-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=ywvo0fNRGqgC&pg=PA176. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
    Lawrence J. Cunningham; Janice J. Beaty (2001). A History of Guam. Bess Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-57306-047-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=bkaLkgHEFvIC&pg=PA203. 
    Eur (2002). The Far East and Australasia 2003. Psychology Press. p. 1137. ISBN 978-1-85743-133-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA1137. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  245. ^ Yaron Matras; Peter Bakker (2003). The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances. Walter de Gruyter. p. 301. ISBN 978-3-11-017776-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=qZMRV8y6T8AC&pg=PA301. "in the Northern Marianas, Chamarro, Carolinian ( = the minority language of a group of Carolinian immigrants), and English received the status of co-official languages in 1985(Rodriguez-Ponga 1995:24–28)." 
  246. ^ "Translation in Puerto Rico". http://www.puertorico.com/translation/. Retrieved December 29, 2013. 
  247. ^ "Foreign Language Enrollments in K–12 Public Schools". American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). February 2011. http://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ReportSummary2011.pdf. 
  248. ^ Goldberg, David; Looney, Dennis; Lusin, Natalia (February 2015). "Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2013". Modern Language Association. http://www.mla.org/pdf/2013_enrollment_survey.pdf. 
  249. ^ David Skorton & Glenn Altschuler. "America's Foreign Language Deficit". https://www.forbes.com/sites/collegeprose/2012/08/27/americas-foreign-language-deficit/. 
  250. ^ "United States". Modern Language Association. http://www.mla.org/map_data. 
  251. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder—Results". http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table. 
  252. ^ Newport, Frank. "2017 Update on Americans and Religion". https://news.gallup.com/poll/224642/2017-update-americans-religion.aspx. Retrieved February 25, 2019. 
  253. ^ "Religion". Gallup. June 2013. http://www.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx#1. Retrieved January 10, 2014. 
  254. ^ a b "Mississippians Go to Church the Most; Vermonters, Least". Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/125999/mississippians-go-church-most-vermonters-least.aspx. Retrieved January 13, 2014. 
  255. ^ "Church Statistics and Religious Affiliations". Pew Research. http://religions.pewforum.org/affiliations. 
  256. ^ a b ""Nones" on the Rise". Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2012. http://www.pewforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise/. Retrieved January 10, 2014. 
  257. ^ a b c "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015. http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/. 
  258. ^ Barry A. Kosmin; Egon Mayer; Ariela Keysar (December 19, 2001). "American Religious Identification Survey 2001". CUNY Graduate Center. http://www.gc.cuny.edu/CUNY_GC/media/CUNY-Graduate-Center/PDF/ARIS/ARIS-PDF-version.pdf?ext=.pdf. 
  259. ^ "United States". http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population-graphic/#/United%20States. Retrieved May 2, 2013. 
  260. ^ Media, Minorities, and Meaning: A Critical Introduction, p. 88, Debra L. Merskin—2010
  261. ^ Birger A. Pearson (2007). Ancient Gnosticism: Traditions and Literature. P. 240. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-3258-8.
  262. ^ a b c "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015. http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/. 
  263. ^ Merica, Dan (June 12, 2012). "Pew Survey: Doubt of God Growing Quickly among Millennials". CNN. http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/12/pew-survey-doubt-of-god-growing-quickly-among-millennials/. 
  264. ^ Hooda, Samreen (July 12, 2012). "American Confidence in Organized Religion at All Time Low". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/12/us-confidence-in-organized-religion-at-low-point_n_1669100.html. 
  265. ^ "Religion Among the Millennials". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. http://www.pewforum.org/Age/Religion-Among-the-Millennials.aspx. Retrieved August 29, 2012. 
  266. ^ ""Nones" on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation". http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/10/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf. 
  267. ^ "US Protestants no longer a majority—study". https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19892837. 
  268. ^ "Mormons more likely to marry, have more children than other U.S. religious groups". May 22, 2015. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/05/22/mormons-more-likely-to-marry-have-more-children-than-other-u-s-religious-groups/. 
  269. ^ "Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present". U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html. Retrieved September 11, 2019. 
  270. ^ "Women's Advances in Education". Columbia University, Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy. 2006. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070609151527/http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/news/articles/female_college.html. Retrieved June 6, 2007. 
  271. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2013, tables 2, 3". U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf. Retrieved July 23, 2015. 
  272. ^ Strauss, Lilo T. (November 24, 2006). "Abortion Surveillance—United States, 2003". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5511a1.htm. Retrieved June 17, 2007. 
  273. ^ "FASTSTATS—Births and Natality". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 21, 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/births.htm. Retrieved January 13, 2014. 
  274. ^ "National Vital Statistics Volume 67, Number 1, January 31, 2018". https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf. Retrieved February 3, 2018. 
  275. ^ Jardine, Cassandra (October 31, 2007). "Why adoption is so easy in America". The Daily Telegraph (London). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3354960/Why-adoption-is-so-easy-in-America.html. 
  276. ^ "Child Adoption: Trends and policies". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2009. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/child-adoption.pdf. Retrieved October 25, 2015. 
  277. ^ "Some Muslims in U.S. Quietly Engage in Polygamy" (in en). https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90857818. 
  278. ^ "U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households" (in en-US). https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/. 
  279. ^ Achenbach, Joel (November 26, 2019). "'There's something terribly wrong': Americans are dying young at alarming rates". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/theres-something-terribly-wrong-americans-are-dying-young-at-alarming-rates/2019/11/25/d88b28ec-0d6a-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html. 
  280. ^ "New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations | Commonwealth Fund" (in en). https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy. 
  281. ^ "Mortality in the United States, 2017". November 29, 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db328.htm. 
  282. ^ Bernstein, Lenny (November 29, 2018). "U.S. life expectancy declines again, a dismal trend not seen since World War I". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/us-life-expectancy-declines-again-a-dismal-trend-not-seen-since-world-war-i/2018/11/28/ae58bc8c-f28c-11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html. 
  283. ^ Kight, Stef W. (March 6, 2019). "Deaths by suicide, drugs and alcohol reached an all-time high last year". Axios. https://www.axios.com/deaths-suicide-drugs-alcohol-mortality-rate-epidemic-18971e4f-760f-415d-910d-046de83c967c.html. 
  284. ^ MacAskill, Ewen (August 13, 2007). "US Tumbles Down the World Ratings List for Life Expectancy". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/13/usa.ewenmacaskill. Retrieved August 15, 2007. 
  285. ^ "How does U.S. life expectancy compare to other countries?" (in en-US). https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/u-s-life-expectancy-compare-countries/. 
  286. ^ "Mexico Obesity Rate Surpasses The United States', Making It Fattest Country in the Americas". http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/09/mexico-obesity_n_3567772.html. 
  287. ^ Schlosser, Eric (2002). Fast Food Nation. New York: Perennial. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-06-093845-1. https://archive.org/details/fastfoodnationti00eric. 
  288. ^ "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm. Retrieved June 5, 2007. 
  289. ^ "Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity". American Heart Association. 2005. http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/12/2451#R3-101329. Retrieved June 17, 2007. 
  290. ^ Murray, Christopher J.L. (July 10, 2013). "The State of US Health, 1990–2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors". Journal of the American Medical Association 310 (6): 591–608. DOI:10.1001/jama.2013.13805. PMID 23842577. 
  291. ^ "About Teen Pregnancy". Center for Disease Control. https://www.cdc.gov/TeenPregnancy/AboutTeenPreg.htm. Retrieved January 24, 2015. 
  292. ^ "U.S. Uninsured Rate Steady at 12.2% in Fourth Quarter of 2017". https://news.gallup.com/poll/225383/uninsured-rate-steady-fourth-quarter-2017.aspx. 
  293. ^ Abelson, Reed (June 10, 2008). "Ranks of Underinsured Are Rising, Study Finds". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/10/health/policy/10health.html. Retrieved October 25, 2008. 
  294. ^ Blewett, Lynn A. (December 2006). "How Much Health Insurance Is Enough? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance". Medical Care Research and Review 63 (6): 663–700. DOI:10.1177/1077558706293634. ISSN 1077-5587. PMID 17099121. 
  295. ^ "Health Care Law 54% Favor Repeal of Health Care Law". Rasmussen Reports. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/healthcare/health_care_law. Retrieved October 13, 2012. 
  296. ^ "Debate on ObamaCare to intensify in the wake of landmark Supreme Court ruling". Fox News. June 29, 2012. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/06/29/debate-on-obamacare-to-intensify-in-wake-landmark-supreme-court-ruling/. Retrieved October 14, 2012. 
  297. ^ "The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive?". University of Maine. 2001. Archived from the original on March 9, 2007. https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/http://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf. Retrieved November 29, 2006. 
  298. ^ Whitman, Glen; Raad, Raymond. "Bending the Productivity Curve: Why America Leads the World in Medical Innovation". The Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/bending-productivity-curve-why-america-leads-world-medical-innovation. Retrieved October 9, 2012. 
  299. ^ "Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ...". U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp. Retrieved June 10, 2007. 
  300. ^ "Statistics About Non-Public Education in the United States". U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Non-Public Education. http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oii/nonpublic/statistics.html. Retrieved June 5, 2007. 
  301. ^ a b AP (June 25, 2013). "U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows". CBS. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57590921/u.s-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows/. Retrieved October 5, 2013. 
  302. ^ Rosenstone, Steven J. (December 17, 2009). "Public Education for the Common Good". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140801114734/http://cla.umn.edu/news/clatoday/summer2002/dean.php. Retrieved March 6, 2009. 
  303. ^ "Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003". U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf. Retrieved August 1, 2006. 
  304. ^ For more detail on U.S. literacy, see A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century, U.S. Department of Education (2003).
  305. ^ "Human Development Indicators". United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports. 2005. Archived from the original on June 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070620235428/http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf. Retrieved January 14, 2008. 
  306. ^ "QS World University Rankings". Topuniversities. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110717074903/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2010. Retrieved July 10, 2011. 
  307. ^ "Top 200—The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2010–2011". Retrieved on July 10, 2011. 
  308. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150119210953/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2014.html. Retrieved May 29, 2015. 
  309. ^ "U21 Ranking of National Higher Education Systems 2019 | Universitas 21". Universitas 21. https://universitas21.com/network/u21-open-resources-and-publications/u21-rankings/u21-ranking-national-higher-education. Retrieved April 2, 2019. 
  310. ^ "Education at a Glance 2013". OECD. http://www.oecd.org/edu/eag2013%20%28eng%29--FINAL%2020%20June%202013.pdf. Retrieved October 5, 2013. 
  311. ^ "Student Loan Debt Exceeds One Trillion Dollars". NPR. April 4, 2012. https://www.npr.org/2012/04/24/151305380/student-loan-debt-exceeds-one-trillion-dollars. Retrieved September 8, 2013. 
  312. ^ Krupnick, Matt (October 4, 2018). "Student loan crisis threatens a generation's American dream". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2018/oct/04/student-loan-crisis-threatens-a-generations-american-dream. 
  313. ^ "U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do". Chiff.com. http://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm. Retrieved August 21, 2012. 
  314. ^ (March 2016) "Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010". The American Journal of Medicine 129 (3): 226–273. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025. PMID 26551975. Retrieved on June 18, 2017. 
  315. ^ Rawlinson, Kevin (December 7, 2017). "Global homicide rate rises for first time in more than a decade". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/07/global-homicide-rate-rises-first-time-decade-venezuela-jamaica. Retrieved December 26, 2018. 
  316. ^ Haymes et al., 2014, p. 389
  317. ^ a b Wendy Sawyer and Peter Wagner (March 24, 2020). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020 (Report). Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2020.html. 
  318. ^ "Prisoners in 2013". http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p13.pdf. 
  319. ^ "Federal Bureau of Prisons: Statistics". http://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/. Retrieved March 4, 2015. 
  320. ^ Donna, Selman; Leighton, Paul (2010). Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge. New York City: Rowman & Littlefield. p. xi. ISBN 978-1-4422-0173-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=5lBraTDtiSgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR11#v=onepage. 
    Harcourt, Bernard (2012). The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order. Harvard University Press. pp. 235 & 236. ISBN 978-0-674-06616-8. http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674066168. 
    Gottschalk, Marie (2014). Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics. Princeton University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-691-16405-2. https://archive.org/details/caughtt_got_2015_00_7661. 
  321. ^ Connor, Tracy; Chuck, Elizabeth (May 28, 2015). "Nebraska's Death Penalty Repealed With Veto Override". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/nebraskas-death-penalty-repealed-veto-override-n365456. Retrieved June 11, 2015. 
  322. ^ Simpson, Ian (May 2, 2013). "Maryland becomes latest U.S. state to abolish death penalty". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-maryland-deathpenalty-idUSBRE9410TQ20130502. Retrieved April 6, 2016. 
  323. ^ "Searchable Execution Database". Death Penalty Information Center. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/views-executions. Retrieved October 10, 2012. 
  324. ^ "Death Sentences and Executions 2019". Amnesty International USA. 2019. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act50/1847/2020/en/. Retrieved May 30, 2020. 
  325. ^ a b c "GDP Estimates". Bureau of Economic Analysis. https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm. 
  326. ^ "Consumer Price Index—November 2018". Bureau of Labor Statistics. November 2018. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cpi.pdf. Retrieved December 19, 2018. 
  327. ^ "Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey". Bureau of Labor Statistics. December 19, 2018. http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS12300000. Retrieved December 19, 2018. 
  328. ^ "The Employment Situation—November 2018". Bureau of Labor Statistics. December 7, 2018. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm. Retrieved December 19, 2018. 
  329. ^ "Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey". United States Department of Labor. December 19, 2018. http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS11300000. Retrieved December 19, 2018. 
  330. ^ "Monthly Statement of the Public Debt of the United States". Treasury Direct. November 30, 2018. https://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/mspd/2018/opds112018.pdf. Retrieved December 19, 2018. 
  331. ^ "Federal Reserve Statistical Release". Federal Reserve. December 6, 2018. https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/20181206/z1.pdf. Retrieved December 19, 2018. 
  332. ^ a b "World Economic Outlook Database: United States". International Monetary Fund. October 2014. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx. Retrieved November 2, 2014. 
  333. ^ "Trade Statistics". Greyhill Advisors. http://greyhill.com/trade-statistics. Retrieved October 6, 2011. 
  334. ^ "Top Ten Countries with which the U.S. Trades". U.S. Census Bureau. August 2009. https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.html. Retrieved October 12, 2009. 
  335. ^ Hagopian, Kip (August 1, 2012). "The Mismeasure of Inequality". Policy Review. Retrieved on August 22, 2013. 
  336. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division—National Accounts". https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/selbasicFast.asp. 
  337. ^ "Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141007054940/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/cofer/eng/cofer.pdf. Retrieved April 9, 2012. 
  338. ^ "The NYSE Makes Stock Exchanges Around The World Look Tiny". http://www.businessinsider.com/global-stock-market-capitalization-chart-2014-11?IR=T. Retrieved March 26, 2017. 
  339. ^ "Largest stock exchange operators worldwide as of April 2018, by market capitalization of listed companies (in trillion U.S. dollars)". Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/270126/largest-stock-exchange-operators-by-market-capitalization-of-listed-companies/. Retrieved February 18, 2019. 
  340. ^ "GDP by Industry". Greyhill Advisors. http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-industry/. Retrieved October 13, 2011. 
  341. ^ "USA Economy in Brief". U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html. 
  342. ^ "Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE)/Gross Domestic Product (GDP)" FRED Graph, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
  343. ^ Isabelle Joumard; Mauro Pisu; Debbie Bloch (2012). "Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers". OECD. http://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf. Retrieved May 21, 2015. 
  344. ^ Ray, Rebecca; Sanes, Milla; Schmitt, John (May 2013). "No-Vacation Nation Revisited". Center for Economic and Policy Research. http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/no-vacation-update-2013-05.pdf. 
  345. ^ Bernard, Tara Siegel (February 22, 2013). "In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/your-money/us-trails-much-of-the-world-in-providing-paid-family-leave.html. 
  346. ^ a b Vasel, Kathryn. "Who doesn't get paid sick leave?". http://money.cnn.com/2015/01/20/news/economy/paid-sick-leave/. 
  347. ^ "Total Economy Database, Summary Statistics, 1995–2010". The Conference Board. September 2010. http://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/. 
  348. ^ Template:Hounshell1984
  349. ^ "Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures by Source and Objective: 1970 to 2004". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120210170338/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0775.xls. Retrieved June 19, 2007. 
  350. ^ MacLeod, Donald (March 21, 2006). "Britain Second in World Research Rankings". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/mar/21/highereducation.uk4. Retrieved May 14, 2006. 
  351. ^ Allen, Gregory (February 6, 2019). "Understanding China's AI Strategy". https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy. 
  352. ^ "Thomas Edison's Most Famous Inventions". http://www.thomasedison.org/index.php/education/inventions/. Retrieved January 21, 2015. 
  353. ^ Benedetti, François (December 17, 2003). "100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070912065254/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp. Retrieved August 15, 2007. 
  354. ^ Fraser, Gordon (2012). The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959215-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=-NYknwEACAAJ. 
  355. ^ 10 Little Americans. ISBN 978-0-615-14052-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=qYZmj7Us3m8C&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=Space+Race++rapid+advances+in+rocketry,+materials+science,+and+computers#v=onepage. Retrieved September 15, 2014. 
  356. ^ "NASA's Apollo technology has changed the history". Sharon Gaudin. http://www.computerworld.com/article/2525898/app-development/nasa-s-apollo-technology-has-changed-history.html. Retrieved September 15, 2014. 
  357. ^ Goodheart, Adam (July 2, 2006). "Celebrating July 2: 10 Days That Changed History". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/weekinreview/02goodheart.html. 
  358. ^ Sawyer, Robert Keith (2012). Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation. Oxford University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-19-973757-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=QyJjyZ_YBAkC&pg=PA256. 
  359. ^ McCarthy, Niall (October 22, 2019). "The Countries With The Most Millionaires". https://www.statista.com/chart/3890/the-countries-with-the-most-millionaires/. 
  360. ^ "Global Food Security Index". London: The Economist Intelligence Unit. March 5, 2013. http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#United%20States. 
  361. ^ Rector, Robert; Sheffield, Rachel (September 13, 2011). "Understanding Poverty in the United States: Surprising Facts About America's Poor". Heritage Foundation. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/09/understanding-poverty-in-the-united-states-surprising-facts-about-americas-poor. Retrieved April 8, 2013. 
  362. ^ "Human Development Index (HDI) | Human Development Reports". http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi. Retrieved December 27, 2018. 
  363. ^ Piketty, Thomas (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Belknap Press. p. 257.  ISBN 0-674-43000-X
  364. ^ Egan, Matt (September 27, 2017). "Record inequality: The top 1% controls 38.6% of America's wealth". CNN Money. http://money.cnn.com/2017/09/27/news/economy/inequality-record-top-1-percent-wealth/index.html. 
  365. ^ Van Dam, Andrew (July 4, 2018). "Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on. 
  366. ^ Saez, Emmanuel (June 30, 2016). "Striking it Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States". University of California, Berkeley. http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2015.pdf. Retrieved September 15, 2017. 
  367. ^ Telford, Taylor (September 26, 2019). "Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since census started tracking it, data shows". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show. 
  368. ^ "Trends in Family Wealth, 1989 to 2013". Congressional Budget Office. August 18, 2016. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51846. 
  369. ^ Long, Heather (September 12, 2017). "U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/us-middle-class-incomes-reached-highest-ever-level-in-2016-census-bureau-says/2017/09/12/7226905e-97de-11e7-b569-3360011663b4_story.html. 
  370. ^ (2013) "The Top 1 Percent in International and Historical Perspective". Journal of Economic Perspectives 27 (Summer 2013): 3–20. DOI:10.1257/jep.27.3.3. 
  371. ^ (2005) "Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective". Social Science Quarterly 86: 955–983. DOI:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x. 
  372. ^ Gilens & Page 2014.
  373. ^ Larry Bartels (2009). Economic Inequality and Political Representation. pp. 167–196. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392135.003.0007. ISBN 978-0-19-539213-5. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091537/http://www.princeton.edu/~bartels/economic.pdf. 
  374. ^ (Spring 2013) "Overstating the Costs of Inequality". National Affairs (15). Retrieved on April 29, 2015. 
  375. ^ Altman, Roger C.. "The Great Crash, 2008". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved on February 27, 2009. 
  376. ^ Luhby, Tami (June 11, 2009). "Americans' wealth drops $1.3 trillion". http://money.cnn.com/2009/06/11/news/economy/Americans_wealth_drops/?postversion=2009061113. 
  377. ^ "Household Debt and Credit Report". Federal Reserve Bank of New York. http://www.newyorkfed.org/microeconomics/hhdc.html#/2014/q4. Retrieved June 26, 2015. 
  378. ^ "U.S. household wealth falls $11.2 trillion in 2008". https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE52B58720090312. Retrieved October 4, 2014. 
  379. ^ "The 2014 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress". The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2014. https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2014-AHAR-Part1.pdf. Retrieved August 6, 2015. 
  380. ^ "Household Food Security in the United States in 2011". USDA. September 2012. http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/884525/err141.pdf. Retrieved April 8, 2013. 
  381. ^ ""Contempt for the poor in US drives cruel policies," says UN expert". OHCHR. June 4, 2018. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23172&LangID=E. 
  382. ^ "Places: New Hampshire.". https://www.forbes.com/places/nh/. Retrieved June 30, 2020. 
  383. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: New Hampshire". https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/NH. Retrieved June 30, 2020. 
  384. ^ Sagapolutele, Fili (February 3, 2017). "American Samoa Governor Says Small Economies 'Cannot Afford Any Reduction In Medicaid' | Pacific Islands Report". http://www.pireport.org/articles/2017/03/02/american-samoa-governor-says-small-economies-cannot-afford-any-reduction. Retrieved June 30, 2020. 
  385. ^ "Interstate FAQ (Question #3)". Federal Highway Administration. 2006. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/faq.htm#question3. Retrieved March 4, 2009. 
  386. ^ "Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface". http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html. Retrieved January 13, 2015. 
  387. ^ "China overtakes US in car sales". The Guardian (London). January 8, 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jan/08/china-us-car-sales-overtakes. 
  388. ^ "Motor vehicles statistics—countries compared worldwide". NationMaster. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/tra_mot_veh-transportation-motor-vehicles. 
  389. ^ "Vehicle Statistics: Cars Per Capita". Capitol Tires. https://capitol-tires.com/how-many-cars-per-capita-in-the-us.html. 
  390. ^ "Privatization". Cato Institute. http://www.downsizinggovernment.org/privatization. Retrieved December 27, 2014. 
  391. ^ "Scheduled Passengers Carried". International Air Transport Association (IATA). 2011. Archived from the original on January 2, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/http://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx. Retrieved February 17, 2012. 
  392. ^ "Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013—High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport". March 31, 2014. Archived from the original on April 1, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140401052319/http://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport-. Retrieved May 17, 2014. 
  393. ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2013 Archived September 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  394. ^ "Diagram 1: Energy Flow, 2007". U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 2007. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_3.pdf. Retrieved June 25, 2008. 
  395. ^ "China now no. 1 in CO2 emissions; USA in second position—the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP)". July 1, 2007. http://www.mnp.nl/en/dossiers/Climatechange/moreinfo/Chinanowno1inCO2emissionsUSAinsecondposition.html. 
  396. ^ Roser, Max (May 11, 2017). "CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data. 

Further reading


Internet sources


External links

Wiktionary-logo-en Definitions from Wiktionary
Wikibooks-logo Textbooks from Wikibooks
Wikiquote-logo Quotations from Wikiquote
Wikisource-logo Source texts from Wikisource
Commons-logo Images and media from Commons
Wikinews-logo News stories from Wikinews
Wikiversity-logo-Snorky Learning resources from Wikiversity
Government
History
Maps
Photos


This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at United States. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.
Advertisement