Familypedia
Register
Advertisement
Main Births etc
Coordinates: 56°07′02″N 3°56′23″W / 56.117222, -3.939722
Stirling
Scottish Gaelic: Sruighlea
Scots: Stirlin
Stirling from Braehead - December 2004 - geograph.org.uk - 254316
Historic Stirling and Stùc a' Chroin



Stirling is in central Scotland.
Stirling is in central Scotland.
Stirling

Red pog Stirling shown within Scotland
Area   [1]
Population 36,142 (2011)[2]
    - Density 
OS grid reference NS795935
    - Edinburgh  43 mi (69 km) 
Parish Stirling
Council area Stirling
Lieutenancy area Stirling and Falkirk
Country Scotland
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town STIRLING
Postcode district FK7-FK9
Dialling code 01786
Police Central Scotland
Fire Central Scotland
Ambulance Scottish
EU Parliament Scotland
UK Parliament Stirling
Scottish Parliament Stirling
List of places: UK • Scotland •


Stirling Arms

The Wolf Craig Seal. The ancient coat of arms of Stirling also show a wolf upon a rock above a stream.[3]

Stirling ( /ˈstɜɹlɪŋ/; Scots: Stirlin; Scottish Gaelic: Sruighlea [ˈs̪t̪ɾuʝlə]) is a city in central Scotland, 26 miles (42 km) north-east of Glasgow and 37 miles (60 km) north-west of the Scottish capital, Edinburgh. The market town, surrounded by rich farmland, grew up connecting the royal citadel, the medieval old town with its merchants and tradesmen,[4] the bridge and the port. Located on the River Forth, Stirling is the administrative centre for the Stirling council area, and is traditionally the county town of Stirlingshire. Proverbially it is the strategically important "Gateway to the Highlands".

It has been said that "Stirling, like a huge brooch clasps Highlands and Lowlands together".[5][6] Similarly "he who holds Stirling, holds Scotland" is often quoted. Stirling's key position as the lowest bridging point of the River Forth before it broadens towards the Firth of Forth, made it a focal point[7] for travel north or south.[8]

When Stirling was temporarily under Anglo-Saxon sway, according to a 9th-century legend,[9] it was attacked by Danish invaders. The sound of a wolf roused a sentry, however, who alerted his garrison, which forced a Viking retreat.[10] This led to the wolf being adopted as a symbol of the town[11] as is shown on the 1511 Stirling Jug.[12] The area is today known as Wolfcraig.[13]

Even today the wolf appears with a goshawk on the council's coat of arms along with the recently chosen[14] motto: "Steadfast as the Rock".[15]

Once the capital of Scotland, Stirling is visually dominated by Stirling Castle. Stirling also has a medieval parish church, the Church of the Holy Rude, where, on 29 July 1567, the infant James VI was anointed King of Scots by the Bishop of Orkney with the service concluding after a sermon by John Knox.[16] The poet King was educated by George Buchanan and grew up in Stirling. He was later also crowned King of England and Ireland on 25 July 1603, bringing closer the countries of the United Kingdom.

Modern Stirling is a centre for local government, higher education, tourism, retail, and industry. The mid-2012 census estimate for the population of the city is 36,440; the wider Stirling council area has a population of about 93,750.[17]

One of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, Stirling was created a royal burgh by King David I in 1130. In 2002, as part of Queen Elizabeth's Golden Jubilee, Stirling was granted city status.

History[]

Stirlingcastle

Stirling Castle (southwest aspect)

Etymology[]

The origin of the name Stirling[18] is uncertain,[19] but folk etymology suggests that it originates in either a Scots or Gaelic term meaning the place of battle, struggle[20] or strife.[21] Other sources suggest that it originates in a Brythonic name meaning "dwelling place of Melyn",[22] with the first element being connected to Middle Welsh ystre-, "a dwelling".[23] The name may have originally been a hydronym, and connected to Brittonic *lïnn, "lake, pool" (Welsh llyn).[23] It is supposed that Stirling is the fortress of Iuddeu or Urbs Giudi where Oswiu of Northumbria was besieged by Penda of Mercia in 655, as recorded in Bede and contemporary annals.

Ancient History[]

A stone cist, found in Coneypark Nursery[24] in 1879, is Stirling's oldest catalogued artefact.[25] Bones from the cist were radiocarbon dated and found to be over four millennia old, originating within the date range 2152 to 2021 BC.[26] Nicknamed Torbrex Tam, the man, whose bones were discovered by workmen, died while still in his twenties.[27] Other Bronze Age finds near the city come from the area around Cambusbarron.[28] It had been thought that the Randolphfield standing stones were more than 3000 years old but recent radiocarbon dating suggests they may date from the time of Bruce.[29] The earliest known structures on Gillies Hill[30] were built by Iron Age people over 2000 years ago. Two structures are known: what is currently called Wallstale Dun[31] on the southern end of Touchadam Craig, and Gillies Hill fort[32] on the northwest end of the craig. South of the city, the King's Park prehistoric carvings can still be found.[33] Whether the ancient Maeatae or Manaw Gododdin tribes settled in Stirling is not clear.

Roman and early Medieval[]

Old bridge Stirling Scotland

The Auld Brig at Stirling

The castle rock has been strategically significant since at least the Roman occupation of Britain, due to its naturally defensible crag and tail hill: the bedrock on which Stirling Castle was built. However, if the Romans were ever on the current castle site then they didn't leave more than a coin or two. Nevertheless, Stirling enjoys a unique position on the border between the Lowlands and Highlands.

Its other notable geographic feature is its proximity to the lowest site of subjugation of the River Forth. Control of the bridge brought military advantage in times of unrest and; excise duty, or pontage dues[34] in peacetime. Unsurprisingly excise men were installed in a covered booth in the centre of the bridge to collect tax from any entering the royal burgh with goods.[35] Stirling remained the river's lowest reliable crossing point (that is, without a weather-dependent ferry or seasonal ford[36]) until the construction of the Alloa Swing Bridge between Throsk and Alloa in 1885.[37]

Hic Armis Bruti Scoti Stant Hic Cruce Tuti

The Bridge Seal: Hic Armis Brutti Scoti Stant Hic Cruce Tuti[38]

The city has two Latin mottoes, which appeared on the earliest burgh seal[39] of which an impression of 1296 is on record.[40] The first alludes to the story as recorded by Boece who relates that in 855 Scotland was invaded by two Northumbrian princes, Osbrecht and Ella.[41] They united their forces with the Cumbrian Britons[42] in order to defeat the Scots. Having secured Stirling castle, they built the first stone bridge over the Forth

Continet Hoc in Se Nemus et Castrum Strivilinse

The Castle Seal: Continet Hoc in Se Nemus et Castrum Strivelinse[38]

On the top they reportedly raised a crucifix with the inscription: "Anglos, a Scotis separat, crux ista remotis; Arma hic stant Bruti; stant Scoti hac sub cruce tuti."[43] Bellenden translated this loosely as "I am free marche, as passengers may ken, To Scottis, to Britonis, and to Inglismen." It may be the stone cross was a tripoint for the three kingdom's borders or marches;[44] the cross functioning both as a dividing territorial marker, and as a uniting[45] witness stone like in the Bible story in Joshua 22.[46] "Angles and Scots here demarked, By this cross kept apart. Brits and Scots armed stand near, By this cross stand safe here." This would make the cross on the centre of the first stone bridge the Heart of Scotland.

The Stirling seal only has the second part and it's slightly different.

Hic Armis Bruti Scoti Stant Hic Cruce Tuti
(Brits and Scots armed and near, by this cross stand safe here.)

Apparently the Latin is not first rate having four syllables in "cruce tuti" but the meaning seems to be that the Lowland Strathclyde Britons on the southern shore and the Highland Pictish Scots[47] on the northern shore stand protected from each other by their common Christianity.[48]

The second motto is:

Continet Hoc in Se Nemus et Castrum Strivelinse
(Contained within this seal pressed down, the wood an' castle o' Stirlin' town.)

It has been claimed that the "Bridge" seal was regarded as the Burgh seal proper, the "Castle" seal being simply a reverse, used when the seal was affixed by a lace to a charter.[49] This agrees with a description in an official publication (which spells[50] Bruti with only one letter t).[51] Clearer images are available[52] with different lettering.[53] Sibbald conflated the two mottos into a single rhyme;[54] he gave no indication that he was aware of Boece's work.[55]

Stirling was first declared a royal burgh by King David in the 12th century, with later charters reaffirmed by subsequent monarchs. A ferry, and later bridge, on the River Forth at Stirling brought wealth and strategic influence, as did its tidal port at Riverside.[56] Major battles during the Wars of Scottish Independence took place at the Stirling Bridge in 1297 and at the nearby village of Bannockburn in 1314 involving William Wallace and Robert the Bruce respectively. After the battle of Stirling Bridge, Wallace wrote to the Hanseatic leaders of Lübeck and Hamburg to encourage trade between Scottish ports (like Stirling) and these German cities.[57] There were also several Sieges of Stirling Castle in the conflict, notably in 1304.[58]

Late Medieval and early Modern[]

(Cambuskenneth Abbey, Stirling, Scotland) (LOC) (3449503885)

The tomb of James III, King of Scots and Margaret of Denmark at Cambuskenneth Abbey

Another important historical site in the area is the ruins of Cambuskenneth Abbey, the resting place of King James III of Scotland and his queen, Margaret of Denmark.[59] The king died at the Battle of Sauchieburn by forces nominally led by his son and successor James IV. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the Battle of Stirling also took place in the centre of Stirling on 12 September 1648. The fortifications continued to play a strategic military role during the 18th-century Jacobite risings. In 1715, the Earl of Mar failed to take control of the castle. In January 1746, the army of Bonnie Prince Charlie seized control of the town but failed to take the Castle. On their consequent retreat northwards, they blew up the church of St. Ninians where they had been storing munitions; only the tower survived and can be seen to this day.[60] The castle and the church are shown on Blaeu's map[61] of 1654 which was derived from Pont's earlier map.[62]

Church of the Holy Rude 001

Church of the Holy Rude (Holy Cross)

Standing near the castle, the Church of the Holy Rude is one of the town's most historically important buildings. Founded in 1129 it is the second oldest building in the city after Stirling castle. It was rebuilt in the 15th-century after Stirling suffered a catastrophic fire in 1405, and is reputed to be the only surviving church in the United Kingdom apart from Westminster Abbey to have held a coronation.[63] On 29 July 1567 the infant son of Mary, Queen of Scots, was anointed James VI of Scotland in the church.[63] James' bride, Anne of Denmark was crowned in the church at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh. The Holy Rude congregation still meet and some 19th century parish records survive.[64] Musket shot marks that may come from Cromwell's troops during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms are clearly visible on the tower and apse of the church.[63]

Blaeu 1652 - Veere

Map of Veere, known in Stirling as Campvere, the staple port for Scotland between 1541 and 1799 Joan Blaeu, 1652

Economically, the city's port supported foreign trade, historically doing significant trade in the Low Countries, particularly with Bruges[65] in Belgium and Veere[66] in the Netherlands. In the 16th century there were so many Scots in Danzig[67] in Prussia that they had their own church congregation and trade is mentioned with that city in Stirling Council's minutes of 1560.[68] Around John Cowane's time there is an account which states there were about 30,000 Scots families living in Poland[69] although that was possibly[70] an exaggeration.[71] Trade with the Baltic[72] also took place such as a timber trade with Norway.

File:Cattle - Joseph Denovan Adam (1841–1896).jpg

Cattle (1878) by Joseph Denovan Adam (1841–1896) The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum

After the Jacobite threat had faded but before the railways were established, the Highland cattle drovers would use the Auld Brig on their way to market at Falkirk[73] or Stenhousemuir.[74] Three times a year, tens of thousands of cattle, sheep and ponies were moved together to the trysts in the south with some drovers going as far as Carlisle or even London's Smithfield.[75] There is a record of a four mile long tailback (of livestock) developing from St. Ninians to Bridge of Allan after a St. Ninians tollman had a dispute.[76]

Victorian and Modern[]

In the early 19th century an "exceedingly low" cost steamboat service used to run between Stirling and Newhaven or Granton.[77] The coming of the railways in 1848 started the decline of the river traffic,[78] not least because the Alloa Swing Bridge downstream restricted access for shipping. The railways did provide opportunity too with one Riverside company selling their reaping machines as far afield as Syria and Australia. Similarly, in 1861, a company making baby carriages was set up. These prams were exported to Canada, South America, India and South Africa.[79]

The Princes Street drill hall was completed in 1908.[80]

After the blockades of the World Wars there was some increase in the use of the port including a tea trade with India. However, with normal shipping lanes open, the growth of the railways including The Forth Rail Bridge, left the harbour uneconomical and by the mid 20th century the port had ceased to operate.

Governance[]

File:Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1836–1908) The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum.jpg

Henry Campbell-Bannerman is one of Stirling's most famous publicly-elected representatives, serving as local MP from 1868–1908 and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1905–1908. James Guthrie (artist). Study oil on canvas, 1908, Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum There is also a bust at the Smith near artwork of other local politicians[81] and a related full-length portrait in Edinburgh.[82] There is a statue of Henry Campbell Bannerman next to the Municipal Buildings in the city centre.

In terms of local government, the city of Stirling is a part of the wider Stirling Council area, which governs on matters of local administration as set out by the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994. The current members of the Council were voted in 2017 for a term of office of 5 years. The May 2017 local government election resulted in the Scottish Conservative party and Scottish National Party each winning nine councillors, while the Labour Party won four seats and the Scottish Green Party won one.[83] However, subsequently one Conservative councillor left the party to sit as an Independent[84]. The Provost of Stirling is Cllr Christine Simpson.[85]

For the purposes of the Scottish Parliament, the city of Stirling forms part of the Stirling constituency of the Scottish Parliament constituency. The Stirling Scottish Parliament (or Holyrood) constituency created in 1999 is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region. Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation. The constituency is represented by Bruce Crawford, MSP of the Scottish National Party.[86]

In terms of national government, the city of Stirling forms part of county constituency of Stirling constituency of the House of Commons, electing one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the parliament of the United Kingdom by first past the post system. Stephen Kerr of the Scottish Conservative Party is the MP for Stirling constituency of the House of Commons since defeating Steven Paterson[87] by 148 votes at the General Election in June 2017.[88]

As Scotland comprises a single European Parliament Constituency, Stirling participates in electing six MEPs using the D'Hondt method of proportional representation every five years.

Historical voting records can be found in online databases.[89]

Climate[]

Like most of the United Kingdom, Stirling has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb).

Climate data for Stirling (25 m asl, averages 1981–2010, extremes 2009–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.6
(56.5)
15.5
(59.9)
17.1
(62.8)
21.1
(70.0)
27.8
(82.0)
32.3
(90.1)
29.0
(84.2)
24.9
(76.8)
23.8
(74.8)
19.7
(67.5)
15.7
(60.3)
14.5
(58.1)
32.3
(90.1)
Average high °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8)
7.6
(45.7)
9.6
(49.3)
11.9
(53.4)
15.3
(59.5)
17.8
(64.0)
19.7
(67.5)
19.4
(66.9)
16.7
(62.1)
13.2
(55.8)
9.7
(49.5)
7.1
(44.8)
12.9
(55.2)
Average low °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8)
1.6
(34.9)
2.7
(36.9)
4.1
(39.4)
6.7
(44.1)
9.5
(49.1)
11.3
(52.3)
11.0
(51.8)
8.7
(47.7)
6.1
(43.0)
3.3
(37.9)
0.8
(33.4)
5.6
(42.1)
Record low °C (°F) −11.1
(12.0)
−7.6
(18.3)
−5.8
(21.6)
−3.9
(25.0)
−1.7
(28.9)
3.6
(38.5)
5.0
(41.0)
3.8
(38.8)
1.0
(33.8)
−2.8
(27.0)
−6.6
(20.1)
−15.6
(3.9)
−11.1
(12.0)
Rainfall mm (inches) 128.8
(5.071)
88.4
(3.48)
86.5
(3.406)
49.2
(1.937)
57.6
(2.268)
61.9
(2.437)
63.8
(2.512)
72.4
(2.85)
90.6
(3.567)
113.7
(4.476)
106.9
(4.209)
99.2
(3.906)
1,018.9
(40.114)
Avg. rainy days (≥ 1 mm) 16.7 12.1 13.6 9.5 10.2 8.9 10.7 11.4 11.9 14.2 14.2 13.9 147.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 40.6 66.5 98.5 132.7 175.3 166.4 157.9 153.4 119.1 82.9 54.9 32.2 1,280.4
Source #1: MetOffice[90]
Source #2: [91]

Geography[]

Stirling with Wallace-Monument

The Abbey Craig is one of a series of local Crag and Tail hills

Stirling Bridge and Wallace Monument

Stirling Bridge and the National Wallace Monument

Stirling is renowned as the Gateway to the Highlands and is generally regarded as occupying a strategic position at the point where the flatter, largely undulating Scottish Lowlands meet the rugged slopes of the Highlands along the Highland Boundary Fault.[92][93] The starkness of this contrast is evidenced by the many hills and mountains of the lower Highlands such as Ben Vorlich and Ben Ledi which can be seen to the northwest of the city. On the other hand, the Carse of Stirling, stretching to the west and east of the city, is one of the flattest and most agriculturally productive expanses of land in the whole of Scotland.

The land surrounding Stirling[94] has been most affected by glacial erosion and deposition. The city itself has grown up around its castle which stands atop an ancient quartz-dolerite sill, known as the Stirling Sill, a major defensive position which was at the lowest crossing point on the River Forth. Stirling stands on the Forth at the point where the river widens and becomes tidal. To the east of the city the Ochil Hills dominate the skyline with the highest peak in the range being Ben Cleuch, although Dumyat is more noticeable from Stirling. The Ochils meet the flat carse (floodplain) of the River Forth to the east of the distinctive geographical feature of Abbey Craig, a crag and tail hill upon which stands the 220 ft (67 m) high National Wallace Monument.[95]

Areas of Stirling[]

Top of the Town consists of Broad Street, Castle Wynd, Ballengeich Pass, Lower Castle Hill Road, Darnley Street, Baker Street ( formerly Baxters St), St John Street and St Mary's Wynd. These streets all lead up to Stirling Castle and are the favourite haunt of tourists who stop off at the Old Town Jail, Mar's Wark, Argyll's Lodging and the castle. Ballengeich Pass leads to the graveyard at Ballengeich and the Castle Wynd winds past the old graveyard. The Top of the Town from Broad Street upwards is renowned for its cobblestoned roads, and cars can be heard rattling over the cobblestones on the way down. Craft shops and tourist-focused shops are evident on the way up and once at the top, panoramic views are available across Stirling and beyond.

All areas[96]

Drip Road from stirling castle

The fire station built on the old quarry, the soon to change Craigforth Crescent[97] in The Raploch and The Castle Business Park towards the M9. Viewed from Stirling Castle

Broad St Stirling Scotland

Broad Street at the heart of Stirling's Old Town area (called Top of the Town by locals)

  • Abbey Craig
  • Airthrey
  • Allan Park
  • Back o' Hill
  • Bannockburn
  • Borestone
  • Braehead
  • Bridgehaugh
  • Broomridge
  • Brucefields
  • Burghmuir
  • Cambusbarron
  • Cambuskenneth
  • Causewayhead
  • Chartershall
  • Corn Exchange
  • Cornton
  • Coxethill
  • Craigforth
  • Craigmill
  • Craig Leith
  • Cultenhove
  • Dumyat
  • Forthbank
  • Gillies Hill
  • Gowan Hill
  • Hillpark
  • Kenningknowes
  • Kersemill
  • Kildean
  • King's Park
  • Ladyneuk
  • Laurelhill
  • Livilands
  • Loanhead
  • Logie
  • Meadowforth
  • Mercat Cross
  • Pirnhall
  • Queenshaugh
  • Raploch
  • Randolphfield
  • Riverside
  • Spittal Hill
  • Springkerse
  • St. Ninians
  • Top of the Town
  • Torbrex
  • Whins of Milton
  • Viewforth
  • Westhaugh
  • Wolfcraig

Historical place names for Stirling town in 1858-61 were compiled by O.S. map makers.[98]

Demography[]

The settlement of Stirling had a population of 48,440 in 2012. According to the 2001 census, 52.7% of the population was female compared to 47.2% male. Stirling had both a smaller proportion of under 16s, at 16.7% compared to the Scottish average of 19.2%, and a smaller proportion of those of pensionable age: 17.8% – compared to the Scottish average of 18.6%.[99] The highest proportion of the population, at 24.3%, was concentrated in the 16–29 age group. Stirling also had a higher proportion of non-Scottish born residents at 16.5%, compared to the Scottish average of 12.8%. The population was also slightly younger than the Scottish average of 37 – the median age for males was 34; and the median age for females was 36, to the national average of 39. The population peaks and troughs significantly when the students come and go from the city.

Historical records also exist both in book form[65] and in online databases.[100]

Culture[]

File:The Stirling Wolf.jpg

The Stirling Wolf (1704, oil on canvas, Artist Unknown) The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum

Walking the Marches[44] is a custom probably started in the 12th century. The only way the town's boundaries could be protected was to walk round inspecting them annually. The walk was followed by a dinner.[101] This was traditionally done by the Birlaw men made up from members of the Seven Trades, the Guildry and Council. In 2014 the tradition was revived after an official abeyance of several years.[102]

There are about sixteen libraries and two mobile libraries in Stirling.[103] The Smith Art Gallery and Museum is now free to tourists and residents alike. Shearer's 1895 Penny Guide to Stirling and Neighbourhood used to list it under "How to spend a few hours on a wet day".[104] The Macrobert Arts Centre has a variety of exhibitions and performances. There are many events at the Tolbooth and The Albert Halls.[105] Stirling has hosted the National Mòd several times: in 1909, 1961, 1971,1987 and 2008.[106]

Religion[]

File:Woman Clasping the Bible.jpg

Woman Clasping the Bible George Harvey (1806–1876) The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum

Psalm 1 Montgomerie

The earliest known version of Psalm 1 in Scots by Alexander Montgomerie from Zabur or The Book of Psalms. He was one of a circle of poets in the Stirling court of James VI.[107]

There are currently about 20 churches in the city. These include:

Church of Scotland[108]

  • Allan Park South Church [109]
  • Cambusbarron Parish Church[110]
  • Church of the Holy Rude [111]
  • North Parish Church [112]
  • St Columba's Church [113]
  • St Mark's Parish Church [114]
  • St Ninians Old Parish Church [115]
  • Viewfield Church [116]

Roman Catholic[117]

  • Holy Spirit, St. Ninians[118]
  • Our Lady and St Ninian's, Bannockburn [119]
  • St Margaret of Scotland and Holy Spirit, Raploch [120]
  • St Mary's Church, Top of the Town [121]

Other churches

  • Cornerstone Community Church [122]
  • Cornton Baptist Church [123]
  • Holy Trinity Episcopal Church [124]
  • St Ninians United Free Church of Scotland[125]
  • Stirling Baptist Church [126]
  • Stirling Free Church [127]
  • Stirling Methodist Church [128]
  • St. Ninian's Community Church [129]
  • The Salvation Army [130]

Islam

  • Central Scotland Islamic Centre[131]

Economy[]

At the centre of a large rural agricultural hinterland that encompasses some of the flattest and most productive land in Scotland, Stirling principally functioned as a market town, symbolised by its Mercat cross, with farmers coming to sell their products and wares in the large agricultural market that was held in the town. Today, agriculture still plays a part in the economic life of Stirling, given its focus at the heart of a large rural area, but to a much lesser extent than previously.

With Stirling's development as a market town and its location as the focus of transport and communications in the region, it has developed a substantial retail sector serving a wide range of surrounding communities as well as the city itself. Primarily centred on the city centre, there are a large number of chain stores, as well as the Thistles shopping centre. However this has been augmented by out-of-town developments such as the Springkerse Retail Park on the city bypass to the east of Stirling, and the development of a large Sainsbury's in the Raploch.

A major new regeneration project on the site of the former port area and the 40-acre (160,000 m2) former Ministry of Defence site, adjacent to Stirling Railway Station, is currently underway.[132] Known as Forthside, it has the aim of developing a new waterfront district linked to the railway station via a new pedestrian bridge. The development comprises retail, residential and commercial elements, including a conference centre, hotel and Vue multiplex cinema, that will ultimately expand the city centre area, linking it to the River Forth, which has been cut off from the city centre area since the construction of the A9 bypass under the railway station in the 1960s.[133] For the first time in 100 years, local people will have access to the banks of the River Forth in the city centre with landscaped public areas, footpaths, cycleways and an improved public transport network.

Wfm wallace monument

The 19th-century Wallace Monument

In the service sector, financial services as well as tourism are the biggest employers. The financial services and insurance company Prudential have a large and well-established base at Craigforth on the outskirts of Stirling. In terms of tourism, the presence of such historical monuments as Stirling Castle, the National Wallace Monument and other nearby attractions like Blair Drummond Safari Park, the key role which Stirling has played in Scottish history, as well as the scenery of the area, has bolstered Stirling's position as an important tourist destination in Scotland.

The University of Stirling and Stirling Council are two of the biggest employers in the area. Knowledge related industries, research and development as well as life sciences have clustered around the university in the Stirling University Innovation Park, close to its main campus. Other public sector agencies that are major employers in the city include Police Scotland, Scottish Prison Service, NHS Forth Valley and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency.

Mauchline ware started producing wooden snuff-boxes in 1790 in Mauchline, Ayrshire. They were produced of the wood from the trees from the Castle craig. Today they are highly collectible.[134]

Stirling is home to national construction companies Ogilvie Group, chaired by Duncan Ogilvie, who is listed in the Times Rich List as being worth £35 million.

A Bank of Scotland survey in 2009 found that workers in Stirling had the highest average earnings of £716 a week.[135]

Transport[]

The City of Stirling is home to a large number of commuters but has fewer commuting to work in other areas, than travel into the city. About half of Scotland's population live within an hour's travel time of Stirling.[136]

Local bus services to districts within the city are almost completely provided by buses operated by First Scotland East. The surrounding towns, like Bridge of Allan, Alloa, Falkirk and Glasgow via Cumbernauld have services from the bus station.

Coaches to many Scottish towns and cities also run regularly.[137]

There are also railway links from Stirling railway station, including inter-city rail services to Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh Waverley, Inverness, Glasgow Queen Street, and London King's Cross. Services to Alloa, Bridge of Allan, Falkirk and Dunblane also run. Stirling Council provides some approximate journey times.[138] Working lines include the Highland Main Line, the Edinburgh–Dunblane line and the Croy Line. The station formerly provided direct railway services to Callander and Oban, and to Loch Lomond, over very scenic lines, and a fast service to Dunfermline.

River Forth at Riverside, Stirling - geograph.org

Boats at Riverside, Stirling

Cities with motorways links close to Stirling include Glasgow, via the M80 motorway past Cumbernauld, and Edinburgh, via the M9 motorway past Falkirk. To the north, the M9 provides access to Dunblane with easy links to Perth and further beyond the Central Belt.

Stirling has no airport, but there are international airports at Glasgow and Edinburgh which can be reached within an hour. Light aircraft can be chartered at Cumbernauld Airport.

Stirling used to have steamboats which carried hundreds of passengers a day.[78] There is currently no working port at Stirling but there are plans to develop the river[139] and the harbour[140] which might include links with towns on the Firth of Forth. Since the Forth is tidal at Stirling, development of pontoon style landing stages could potentially allow river taxis and tourist boats to operate during the summer.[141]

In 2017 electification of the Stirling-Alloa-Dunblane railway is likely to lead to significant disruption of road traffic in Stirling which could last for some time.[142]

Sports and recreation[]

Wfm scottish institute of sport

The headquarters of the Scottish Institute of Sport located on the campus at the University of Stirling

Stirling is home to professional league teams in football, rugby and cricket.

Marathon[]

The first Stirling Scottish Marathon was held on May 21, 2017. April 29, 2018 is the date of the planned 2018 event.

Curling[]

The National Curling Academy is located in Stirling Sports Village.[143] It was opened in 2017 by Eve Muirhead.[144] They use facilities linked to The Peak.[145] It was hoped this would increase the chances of British medals at events like the Winter Olympics and Paralympics.[146]

Football[]

Men[]

The senior football team, Stirling Albion, play in the Scottish League Two at their home ground at Forthbank Stadium. In July 2010, the Stirling Albion Supporters' Trust successfully took over the running of the club buying out the long-serving chairman, Peter McKenzie, after 14 months of campaigning. This made Stirling Albion the first fully owned community club in the history of British football, after previous attempts made by Manchester United, Liverpool and Rangers.[147]

Women[]

Stirling University L.F.C. are the premier women's football team. They play in the Scottish Women's Premier League. Their home ground is The Gannochy Sports Centre at Stirling University.[148]

Rugby[]

Stirling County currently play in rugby's Scottish Premiership Division One.

Basketball[]

Stirling Knights Basketball Team are based at the Peak at Forthbank beside Forthbank Stadium.[149]

Athletics[]

The athletics team Central Athletic Club are based at the University of Stirling.

Hockey[]

The University Stirling Wanderers Hockey Club have also moved to a brand new (international standard) pitch at Forthbank for season 2008–09.[150]

Cricket[]

Next to this pitch there is also the ground of Stirling County Cricket Club, whose pavilion captured an architectural award in June 2009,[151] three years after its opening.

Scotland international footballers Billy Bremner, John Colquhoun, Duncan Ferguson, female footballer Frankie Brown and brothers Gary and Steven Caldwell were born in Stirling. So were rugby internationals Kenny Logan, Allister Hogg and Alison McGrandles, jockey Willie Carson, and cricketer Dougie Brown.

The University of Stirling is a major centre of sports training and education in Scotland. It was designated as Scotland's University for Sporting Excellence by the Scottish Government in 2008. The headquarters of the Scottish Institute of Sport is a purpose-built facility on the campus which opened in 2002. Also at the university is the Scottish National Swimming Academy, where Rio 2016, Olympic silver medalists and students at the university, Duncan Scott and Robbie Renwick trained. Commonwealth gold medalist Ross Murdoch, who also competed at Rio 2106, is a student at the university. The Gannochy National Tennis centre, which is seen as a tennis centre of excellence, was where Andy Murray and his brother Jamie Murray honed their skills as juniors. Gordon Reid, wheel chair Olympic gold medalist in 2016, was a tennis scholar at the university.[152] The university men's and women's golf teams are consistently ranked among the best in Europe.[153]

The university has a dedicated sports studies department, which is within the Faculty of Health Science and Sport, and is ranked amongst the best in the United Kingdom for its provision of sports facilities, with the maximum 5-star award, shared by 16 other universities in the UK.[154] The University of Stirling also currently hosts the Scottish men's lacrosse champions.

Stirling and its surrounding area has a number of 9- and 18-hole golf courses, the largest of which is the Stirling Golf Course, located in the Kings Park area of the city. The Peak, a new Sports Village, was opened in April 2009 to cater for a range of sporting activities.[155]

In June 2014, Stirling will become the home of Scottish cricket after an agreement between Stirling County Cricket Club, Cricket Scotland and Stirling Council. It is hoped that the redevelopment of the ground will start at end 2014 with the intention being to upgrade it to international match standards. Scotland will play the majority of their home international games at the ground, starting with the World T20 qualifiers in the summer of 2015.

The development will see a new pavilion and indoor training facility built at New Williamfield, the home of Stirling County Cricket Club, with Cricket Scotland relocating its headquarters from the National Cricket Academy at Ravelston, Edinburgh.[156]

Education[]

The University of Stirling opened in 1967 on a greenfield site outside the town. Currently there are 11,100 students studying at the university, of which 7,995 are undergraduates and 3105 are postgraduates. There are 120 nationalities represented on the university campus, with 19% of students coming from overseas.[157] It has grown into a major research centre, with a large Innovation Park located immediately adjacent to the main university campus. Innovation Park has grown since its initiation in 1993, and is now home to 40 companies engaging in various forms of research and development.[158] In January 2008 it was announced that students from Singapore would be able to gain degrees in retail from the University of Stirling in a tie-up with the country's Nanyang Polytechnic (NYP).[159]

Fmstirlinguni

Looking out over Airthrey Loch on the main campus of The University of Stirling

Stirling is also home to part of the wider Forth Valley College which was formed on 1 August 2005 from the merger of Falkirk, Stirling and Clackmannan colleges.

There are four main high schools in Stirling itself – Stirling High School, with a school roll of 964 pupils, Wallace High School with 958 pupils, St Modan's High School with 912 pupils, and Bannockburn High School in Broomridge with 752 pupils.[160][161][162][163] All the city's secondary school premises have been redeveloped as a result of a Public-private partnership scheme. Stirling also has a Gaelic-medium unit situated in the city's Riverside Primary School which teaches pupils from across Stirling and Clackmannanshire through the medium of Scottish Gaelic.[164]

On film and TV[]

  1. Stirling: Gateway To The Highlands[165] (1938) B&W 20 mins silent – video 1: Street scenes from Stirling. video 2: pre-WW2 soldiers at the castle.
  2. Stirling Charities Day[166] (13 May 1939) B&W 7 mins silent – Includes shots of kids, costumes and carriages.
  3. Neighbours[167] – (1952) violent Oscar winning animation by the Stirling-born Canadian film maker Norman McLaren.
  4. River Forth[168] (1956) B&W silent 15 mins – Including animals being herded through the streets.
  5. The Heart Of Scotland[169] (1962) colour sound 24 mins – Shots of the castle with commentary on Bruce and Wallace.
  6. Holiday Scotland[170] (1966) colour and sound 42 mins – Includes Stirling Castle and Stirling Bridge.
  7. Kidnapped[171] (1971) dir. Delbert Mann – Starring Michael Caine – with several scenes in Stirling Castle.
  8. Royal Stirling[172] (1972) colour and sound 23 mins – Includes a lion cub at the castle, motor racing and shots of Blair Drummond Safari Park
  9. The University Of Stirling[173] (1973) colour and sound 19 min – 1970s campus, students and teachers (includes Norman MacCaig).
  10. FutureWorld Stirling 1984[174] (1984) 28 minutes – dir. Peter G. Reilly for Stirling District Council – has Magnus Magnusson explaining ambitious plans for the Top of the Town. It is more of a series of pieces to camera than Cumbernauld, Town for Tomorrow, as Magnusson moves from the Smith through various well-known but dilapidated buildings to Gowan Hill and back to the castle. At each stop he presents John W. Morgan's script which gives something of the history or the proposed plans for revitalising the area.
  11. Gregory's Two Girls [175] (1999) dir. Bill Forsyth – has scenes at and around Stirling Castle.
  12. To End all Wars [176] (2001) dir. David L. Cunningham has scenes at Stirling Castle.
  13. Way Back Home (2010) Has Danny MacAskill perform stunts on his bike on Stirling Bridge.[177]
  14. KJB: The Book That Changed the World (2011) Has John Rhys-Davies narrating scenes about James VI at Stirling Castle.[178]
  15. Britain's Lost Routes with Griff Rhys Jones (2012) Episode 3 shows the difficulties "Highland Cattle Drovers" might have had at Frew and shows aerial shots and taking cows across the Auld Brig.[179]
  16. Secrets of Great British Castles (2015) Dan Jones presents the History of Stirling Castle up to James VI.[180]
  17. Netflix drama Outlaw King [181] had scenes filmed at Mugdock Country Park with a production/support team camped at Falleninch Field, situated beneath Stirling Castle.

Twinned cities[]

  • Russia Vyborg, Russia
  • France Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
  • United States Dunedin, Florida, United States
  • Hungary Óbuda, Hungary
  • Canada Summerside, Prince Edward Island, Canada
  • Turkey Kecioren, Turkey[182]

Notable people[]

  • Lauren Mayberry - musician
  • Anna Sloan - Olympic curler - She currently plays third for the Eve Muirhead rink
  • Frank and Harold Barnwell – pilots and aircraft designers
  • Frank Beattie – footballer
  • Billy Bremner – former Leeds & Internationalist footballer
  • Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman – former resident
  • Gary Caldwell – Former Scotland International footballer and current Partick Thistle manager.
  • Steven Caldwell – footballer
  • Willie Carson – jockey
  • Duncan Ferguson – footballer
  • John Grierson – documentary film pioneer
  • King James VI of Scotland – former resident
  • John Joseph Jolly Kyle – pioneer chemist
  • Christian Maclagan – Sunday School teacher, antiquarian, early archaeologist and suffragist
  • Mary, Queen of Scots – former resident
  • John McAleese – team leader during the SAS assault on the Iranian embassy in May 1980[183][184]
  • Norman McLaren – animation pioneer
  • Muir Mathieson – film music composer
  • Neil Oliver – television presenter
  • John PatonVictoria Cross recipient
  • Kirsty Young – television presenter

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Stirling (Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information". http://www.citypopulation.info/php/uk-scotland.php?cityid=S19001201. 
  2. ^ "Area Profile Populations for Localities in Scotland". http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/area.html#!. Retrieved 3 December 2015. 
  3. ^ Marquess of Bute, John; Lonsdale, H. W.; MacPhail, J. R. N. (1897). The Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of Scotland. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons. p. 368. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c2916083;view=1up;seq=378;size=125. Retrieved 11 April 2017. 
  4. ^ Drysdale, William (1898). Old faces, old places, and old stories of Stirling. E. Mackay. pp. 292–303. https://archive.org/stream/oldfacesoldplace00drysrich#page/292/mode/2up. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  5. ^ Smith, Alexander. "quotation 1856". The History Press. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cI_YBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT27&dq=alexander+smith+stirling+brooch&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=alexander%20smith%20stirling%20brooch&f=false. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  6. ^ Smith, Alexander (1865). A summer in Skye. London: Sampson Low, Marston. https://archive.org/stream/summerinskye00smit#page/46/mode/2up/search/brooch. Retrieved 6 April 2017. 
  7. ^ Ronald, James (1897). The Merchants' guide book to Stirling and district. Stirling: E. MacKay. pp. 38–40. https://archive.org/stream/merchantsguidebo00unse#page/n123/mode/2up. 
  8. ^ Stair-Kerr, Eric (1913). Stirling Castle: its place in Scottish history. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons. p. 159. https://archive.org/stream/stirlingcastleit00stai#page/159/mode/1up/search/traffic. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  9. ^ Groome, Francis H.. "Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland: A Survey of Scottish Topography, Statistical, Biographical and Historical". Thomas C. Jack, Grange Publishing Works. http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townhistory538.html. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  10. ^ Nimmo, William; Gillespie, Robert (1880). The history of Stirlingshire (3rd ed.). Glasgow: Thomas D. Morison. pp. 63–65 & 368–369. https://archive.org/stream/historyofstirlin01nimm#page/368/mode/2up/search/osbrecht. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  11. ^ "Stirling (Scotland)". http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Stirling_(Scotland)#Origin.2Fmeaning. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  12. ^ "The Stirling Jug". http://www.smithartgalleryandmuseum.co.uk/the-stirling-jug-alcohol-measures-scotland/. Retrieved 13 April 2017. 
  13. ^ "The Wolfcraig, Stirling - Cameraman". https://www.blipfoto.com/entry/3217930. 
  14. ^ "Stirling reveals new motto after vote". https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-16005336. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  15. ^ "Coat of Arms". http://my.stirling.gov.uk/services/council-and-government/politicians-elections-and-democracy/council-general-information/provost-lord-provost-general-information/coat-of-arms. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  16. ^ Stair-Kerr, Eric (1913). Stirling Castle: its place in Scottish history. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons. p. 79. https://archive.org/stream/stirlingcastleit00stai#page/79/mode/1up/. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  17. ^ "Population estimates". http://my.stirling.gov.uk/services/council-and-government/council-information-performance-and-statistics/population-estimates. Retrieved 4 November 2017. 
  18. ^ The new statistical account of Scotland. Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood and Sons. 1845. pp. 390–453. https://archive.org/stream/newstatisticalac08edin#page/390/mode/2up. Retrieved 8 April 2017. 
  19. ^ Drysdale, William (1898). Old faces, old places, and old stories of Stirling. Stirling: E. Mackay. p. 299. https://archive.org/stream/oldfacesoldplace00drysrich#page/299/mode/1up. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  20. ^ Jamieson, John; Brown, William (1830). Select Views of the Royal Palaces of Scotland: from drawings by William Brown Glasgow : with illustrative descriptions of their local situation, present appearance and antiquities. Edinburgh: Cadell & Co.. pp. 144–147. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.0036692980;view=1up;seq=189;size=175. Retrieved 13 April 2017. 
  21. ^ Mackie, Charles (1835). The castles of Mary, Queen of Scots; being a historical description of every castellated erection which formed a residence or a prison to that Queen. Embellished with engravings from original drawings by G.F. Sargent. (3rd ed.). London: T. Tegg. p. 41. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3760358;view=2up;seq=58;size=200. Retrieved 8 April 2017. 
  22. ^ Iain Taylor. "Place names" (PDF). http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/Gaelic/placenamesP-Z.pdf#page=14. Retrieved 24 April 2013. 
  23. ^ a b James, Alan. "A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence". http://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary.pdf. Retrieved 25 November 2018. 
  24. ^ "OS 25 inch map 1892-1949, with Bing opacity slider". Ordnance Survey. http://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16&lat=56.1139&lon=-3.9594&layers=168&b=1. Retrieved 12 October 2017. 
  25. ^ Template:Canmore
  26. ^ McNeill, Alastair (1 November 2017). "Stirling's oldest resident revealed to be 4000-year-old 'Torbrex Tam'". Daily Record. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/stirlings-oldest-resident-revealed-4000-11449217. Retrieved 3 November 2017. 
  27. ^ Hutchison, A.F. (1898). Transactions 1878-1879. Stirling: Stirling Field Club (now Stirling Natural History and Archaeological Society). pp. 13–22. https://archive.org/stream/transactions45socigoog#page/n27/mode/2up. Retrieved 4 November 2017. 
  28. ^ Paterson, P. T.. "Byegone Days of Cambusbarron". http://cambusbarron.com/about/bygone_days_cambusbarron.html. Retrieved 7 April 2017. 
  29. ^ "‘Ancient’ standing stones are linked to 1314 battle". Herald & Times Group. The Herald. 30 December 2016. http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14994252.___Ancient____standing_stones_are_linked_to_1314_battle/. Retrieved 7 April 2017. 
  30. ^ "Atlas of Hillforts". https://hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk/. Retrieved 14 October 2017. 
  31. ^ "Wallstale - Canmore". http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/46232/details/wallstale/. 
  32. ^ "Gillies Hill - Canmore". http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/46246/details/gillies+hill/. 
  33. ^ "King's Park, Stirling, Stirlingshire " The Northern Antiquarian". Megalithix.wordpress.com. 25 November 2008. http://megalithix.wordpress.com/2008/11/25/kings-park-stirling-stirlingshire/. Retrieved 14 July 2010. 
  34. ^ Fleming, James Sturk (1906). The old Castle Vennal of Stirling : and its occupants, with the old brig of Stirling / by J.S. Fleming ; illustrated by ... the author ; with introductory chapter by John Honeyman. Stirling: Observer office. pp. 151–160. https://archive.org/stream/oldcastlevennalo00flem#page/151/mode/1up. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  35. ^ Durie, Bruce (3 November 2014). The Story of Stirling. The History Press. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cI_YBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39&dq=durie+%22the+stirling+bridges%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBzMinkI3TAhXDJMAKHXrHAyMQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=durie%20%22the%20stirling%20bridges%22&f=false. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  36. ^ Shave, Paul. "UPPER FORTH RIVER TO STIRLING". http://www.fyca.org.uk/Cruising/CruisingGuide/cruisingP17.htm. Retrieved 11 April 2017. 
  37. ^ "OS 25 inch, 1892-1905". Ordnance Survey. http://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=12&lat=56.0953&lon=-3.7817&layers=168&b=1. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  38. ^ a b Penny Guide to Stirling, Stirling Castle, Wallace Monument, Bannockburn, Etc. R.S. Shearer. 1895. p. 23. https://archive.org/stream/pennyguidetostir00unse#page/23/mode/1up. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  39. ^ "Stirling (Scotland)". http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Stirling_(Scotland)#Burgh. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  40. ^ RM Urquhart, Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry, London, 1973
  41. ^ Nimmo, William; Gillespie, Robert (1880). The history of Stirlingshire. Glasgow: Thomas D. Morison. pp. 63–64. https://archive.org/stream/historyofstirlin01nimm#page/64/mode/1up/search/osbrecht. Retrieved 7 April 2017. 
  42. ^ Holinshed, Raphael (1807). Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1577 (Vol 1). London: J. Johnson [etc.]. pp. 203–204. https://archive.org/stream/holinshedschroni01holi#page/203/mode/1up/search/the+Britons+had+all+the+lands+from+Sterling+to+the+Ireland+seas. Retrieved 15 April 2017. 
  43. ^ Stewart, William; Turnbull (ed.), William B. (1858). The buik of the croniclis of Scotland : or, A metrical version of the History of Hector Boece. Published by the authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, under the direction of the Master of the Rolls – Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts. pp. 441–442. https://archive.org/stream/buikofcroniclis02boec#page/442/mode/1up/search/Anglos. Retrieved 14 April 2017. 
  44. ^ a b Shearer, John Elliot (1897). Shearer's Stirling : historical and descriptive, with extracts from Burgh records and Exchequer Roll volumes, 1264 to 1529, view of Stirling in 1620, and an old plan of Stirling. Stirling: R.S. Shearer & Son. p. 17. https://archive.org/stream/shearersstirling00rssh#page/17/mode/1up/search/merchis. Retrieved 14 April 2017. 
  45. ^ Henry, Matthew (1708). Exposition of the Old and New Testaments ... with practical remarks and observations (Vol 2). London: Nisbet. pp. 103–109. https://archive.org/stream/expositionofoldn02henruoft#page/103/mode/1up/search/bridge. Retrieved 15 April 2017. 
  46. ^ "Joshua 22". https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=joshua+22%3A10-34&version=ESV. Retrieved 13 April 2017. 
  47. ^ (5 December 2013) "Britain and the beginning of Scotland". Journal of the British Academy 3: 107–137. Retrieved on 20 June 2017. 
  48. ^ Marquess of Bute, John; Lonsdale, H. W.; MacPhail, J. R. N. (1897). The Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burghs of Scotland. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons. p. 370. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c2916083;view=1up;seq=380;size=125. Retrieved 11 April 2017. 
  49. ^ The Scottish antiquary, or, Northern notes & queries. Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable. 1895. https://archive.org/stream/scottishantiquar10unse#page/24/mode/2up/search/%22the+old+seals+of+stirling%22. Retrieved 7 April 2017. 
  50. ^ "Beginners' Latin – Problems with Latin and the documents". http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/problems/. Retrieved 8 April 2017. 
  51. ^ Charters and Other Documents Relating to the Royal Burgh of Stirling, A.D. 1124-1705. Glasgow: Printer for the Provost, Magistrates, and Council of the Burgh of Stirling. 1884. https://archive.org/stream/chartersotherdo00stir#page/n16/mode/1up. 
  52. ^ "home". https://stirlingincorporatedtrades.org/home/. Retrieved 7 April 2017. 
  53. ^ Charters and Other Documents Relating to the Royal Burgh of Stirling, A.D. 1124-1705. Glasgow: Printer for the Provost, Magistrates, and Council of the Burgh of Stirling. 1884. https://archive.org/stream/chartersotherdo00stir#page/n7/mode/2up. 
  54. ^ Sibbald (1707). Sibbald's History & Description of Stirlingshire Ancient and Modern 1707 (1892 ed.). Edinburgh: R. S. Shearer & Son. p. 42. https://archive.org/stream/SibbaldsHistoryDescriptionOfStirlingshireAncientAndModern1707/Book_Stirling#page/n47/mode/2up/search/seal. Retrieved 19 June 2017. 
  55. ^ Ronald, James (1899). Landmarks of Old Stirling. Stirling: Eneas Mackay. pp. 240–285. https://archive.org/stream/landmarksoldsti00ronagoog#page/n276/mode/2up. Retrieved 20 June 2017. 
  56. ^ "Riverside Heritage Trail". http://www.stirling.gov.uk/__documents/temporary-uploads/employment,-community-_and_-youth/sht-2014/communitiesteam_shtriverside-boards.pdf. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  57. ^ "The Lübeck letter, 1297". National Records of Scotland. http://www.scottisharchivesforschools.org/WarsOfIndependence/LubeckLetter.asp. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  58. ^ "Stirling Castle Timeline". http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/stirling/stirlingcastle/timeline.html. Retrieved 8 April 2017. 
  59. ^ "Cambuskenneth Abbey". Historic Scotland. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/propertyresults/propertydetail.htm?PropID=PL_052&PropName=Cambuskenneth%20Abbey. Retrieved 5 February 2011. 
  60. ^ Ross, David R. (2001). On the Trail of Bonnie Prince Charlie. Dundurn Press Ltd.. p. 79. ISBN 0-946487-68-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=jm6FrlKJIEQC&pg=PA79&dq=bonnie+prince+charlie+january+8#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  61. ^ Blaeu, Joan. "Sterlinensis praefectura, [vulgo, Sterlin-Shyr / Auct. Timoth. Pont."]. http://maps.nls.uk/atlas/blaeu/browse/125. Retrieved 9 August 2016. 
  62. ^ Pont, Timothy. "[The East Central Lowlands (Stirling, Falkirk & Kilsyth) – Pont 32"]. http://maps.nls.uk/pont/view/?id=pont32#zoom=6&lat=3284&lon=5309&layers=BT. Retrieved 9 August 2016. 
  63. ^ a b c "The Church Of The Holy Rude". Church of Scotland. http://holyrude.org/history.htm. Retrieved 1 February 2011. 
  64. ^ "Male Heads of families 1834-35". Old Scottish. http://www.oldscottish.com/stirling-holy-rude.html. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  65. ^ a b Nimmo, William; Gillespie, Robert (1880). The history of Stirlingshire (3rd ed.). Glasgow: Thomas D. Morison. p. 369. https://archive.org/stream/historyofstirlin01nimm#page/369/mode/1up. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  66. ^ Morris, David B. (1919). The Stirling merchant gild and life of John Cowane.. Stirling: Morris, David B.. pp. 195–210. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510020985415;view=1up;seq=199. Retrieved 8 April 2017. 
  67. ^ Cook, W. R. (ed.); Morris, David R (ed.) (1916). The Stirling guildry book. Extracts from the records of the merchant guild of Stirling ... 1592-1846. Stirling: Glasgow, Stirlingshire and Sons of the Rock Society. p. 271. https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030086734#page/n282/mode/1up/search/danskin. Retrieved 13 April 2017. 
  68. ^ Morris, David B. (1919). The Stirling merchant gild and life of John Cowane.. Stirling: Morris, David B.. pp. 202–204. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510020985415;view=2up;seq=206;size=125. Retrieved 8 April 2017. 
  69. ^ Steuart, Archibald Francis (ed.) (1915). Papers relating to the Scots in Poland,1576-1793. Edinburgh: Printed by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society. https://archive.org/stream/papersrelatingto00edin#page/n9/mode/2up/search/thirty+thousand+scots+families. Retrieved 16 October 2017. 
  70. ^ "Scotland in Europe". http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/europe/intro_europe.shtml. Retrieved 8 April 2017. 
  71. ^ Morris, David B. (1919). The Stirling merchant gild and life of John Cowane.. Stirling: Morris, David B.. p. 204. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510020985415;view=1up;seq=208. Retrieved 8 April 2017. 
  72. ^ King, Elspeth (2009). Old Stirling. Stenlake Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 9781840334517. 
  73. ^ "Scottish Cattle Droving". https://must-see-scotland.com/scottish-cattle-droving/. Retrieved 10 April 2017. 
  74. ^ Scott, Ian. "The Falkirk Trysts". http://www.falkirklocalhistorysociety.co.uk/home/index.php?id=99. Retrieved 10 April 2017. 
  75. ^ Clingan-Smith, Oswald. "Interview with a representative of Art UK". https://artuk.org/discover/stories/interview-with-museum-cat-oswald-clingan-smith. Retrieved 11 April 2017. 
  76. ^ Drysdale, William (1898). Old faces, old places, and old stories of Stirling. Stirling: E. Mackay. pp. 35–36. https://archive.org/stream/oldfacesoldplace00drysrich#page/36/mode/2up/search/cattle. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  77. ^ The new statistical account of Scotland. Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood and Sons. 1845. pp. 432–433. https://archive.org/stream/newstatisticalac08edin#page/432/mode/2up. Retrieved 8 April 2017. 
  78. ^ a b Drysdale, William (1898). Old faces, old places, and old stories of Stirling. Stirling: E. Mackay. pp. 44–45. https://archive.org/stream/oldfacesoldplace00drysrich#page/44/mode/2up. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  79. ^ "Riverside Heritage Trail". http://www.stirling.gov.uk/__documents/temporary-uploads/employment,-community-_and_-youth/sht-2014/communitiesteam_shtriverside-boards.pdf#page=2. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  80. ^ "Stirling, Princes Street, Drill Hall". Canmore. https://canmore.org.uk/site/221329/stirling-princes-street-drill-hall. Retrieved 27 June 2017. 
  81. ^ King, Elspeth. "Anne McGuire MP". http://www.smithartgalleryandmuseum.co.uk/anne-mcguire-mp/. Retrieved 6 July 2017. 
  82. ^ Guthrie, James. "Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1836–1908), Statesman". ArtUK. https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/sir-henry-campbell-bannerman-18361908-statesman-212435/search/actor:guthrie-james-18591930/page/1/view_as/grid. Retrieved 6 July 2017. 
  83. ^ "Election result summary 2017". https://my.stirling.gov.uk/services/council-and-government/politicians-elections-and-democracy/elections-and-voting/election-results/latest-local-elections. 
  84. ^ "Racist tweets councillor leaves Tories" (in en-GB). BBC News. 29 September 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41441573. 
  85. ^ Stirling Council - Provost Information. Retrieved 10 June 2017
  86. ^ "Bruce Crawford, MSP for Stirling". The Scottish Parliament. 2010. http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/msp/memberspages/bruce_crawford_jp/index.htm. Retrieved 5 February 2011. 
  87. ^ "Steven Paterson becomes first SNP MP for Stirling after gaining seat from Labour". Daily Record. 2015. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/steven-paterson-becomes-first-snp-5662763. Retrieved 16 May 2015. 
  88. ^ Jones, Gareth Iwan (9 June 2017). "Conservatives gain seats from SNP in both Stirling and Clackmannanshire". Daily Record. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/conservatives-gain-seats-snp-both-10589580. Retrieved 10 June 2017. 
  89. ^ "Election Results". Portsmouth University. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/16634/units. Retrieved 9 October 2017. 
  90. ^ "Stirling climate information". Met Office. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcvpnrf34. Retrieved 28 March 2019. 
  91. ^ "Stirling Weather". http://www.stirlingweather.co.uk/monthlyrecord.shtml?x=1553794956065. 
  92. ^ Miers, Richenda (2006). Scotland. The Globe Pequot Press. p. 271. https://books.google.com/books?id=crxqdevlel8C&pg=PA271. Retrieved 30 January 2011. 
  93. ^ Josephine Buchanan (2003). Scotland. APA Publications. p. 213. https://books.google.com/books?id=aynVaKQqJCgC&pg=PA213. Retrieved 6 February 2011. 
  94. ^ "OS 10-mile Geological". http://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=11&lat=56.1181&lon=-3.9360&layers=10geol&b=1. Retrieved 3 April 2017. 
  95. ^ Gazetteer for Scotland Abbey Craig
  96. ^ "Zoomable street map with opacity control". National Library of Scotland. http://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=17&lat=56.1286&lon=-3.9370&layers=168&b=2. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  97. ^ Jones, Gareth Iwan (7 March 2017). "Revamp of the Raploch set to continue after green light for housing". Daily Record. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/revamp-raploch-set-continue-after-9957390. Retrieved 15 April 2017. 
  98. ^ Stirlingshire OS Name Books, 1858-61. Ordnance Survey. http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/ordnance-survey-name-books/stirlingshire-os-name-books-1858-61/stirlingshire-volume-24?transcription=1. Retrieved 8 April 2017. 
  99. ^ "Browser Population". www.scrol.gov.uk. http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainLevel=Locality&mainText=Stirling&mainTextExplicitMatch=true&compLevel=CountryProfile&compArea=Scotland&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null. Retrieved 12 August 2008. 
  100. ^ "Stirling District". University of Portsmouth. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10212868. Retrieved 9 October 2017. 
  101. ^ Cook, W. R. (ed.); Morris, David R (ed.) (1916). The Stirling guildry book. Extracts from the records of the merchant guild of Stirling ... 1592-1846. Stirling: Glasgow, Stirlingshire and Sons of the Rock Society. p. 150. https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030086734#page/n161/mode/1up/search/dinner. Retrieved 13 April 2017. 
  102. ^ "Walking the Marches – Revived". https://stirlingincorporatedtrades.org/walking-the-marches-a-tradition-revived/. Retrieved 13 April 2017. 
  103. ^ "Libraries and archives". http://my.stirling.gov.uk/services/libraries-and-archives. Retrieved 13 April 2017. 
  104. ^ Penny Guide to Stirling, Stirling Castle, Wallace Monument, Bannockburn, Etc. R.S. Shearer. 1895. p. 22. https://archive.org/stream/pennyguidetostir00unse#page/22/mode/1up. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  105. ^ "Arts – music, comedy and theatre". http://my.stirling.gov.uk/services/community-life-and-leisure/arts-and-entertainment/arts-music,-comedy-and-theatre. Retrieved 13 April 2017. 
  106. ^ List of Mod's places for each year on Sabhal Mòr Ostaig website
  107. ^ Ker, John (1888). The Psalms in history and biography. Edinburgh: A. Elliot. pp. 18–19. https://archive.org/stream/psalmsinhistoryb00kerjuoft#page/18/mode/2up/search/montgomery. Retrieved 10 April 2017. 
  108. ^ (1932) "The erection of Stirling Presbytery, 1581". Scottish Church History Society. Retrieved on 25 August 2018. 
  109. ^ "Allan Park South Church". https://www.apschurch.com/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  110. ^ "Cambusbarron Parish Church". http://cambusbarronchurch.org/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  111. ^ "Church of the Holy Rude". http://www.holyrude.org/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  112. ^ "North Parish Church". http://www.northparishchurch.com/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  113. ^ "St Columba's Church". https://www.scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/st-columbas-stirling. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  114. ^ "St Mark's Parish Church". http://stmarksstirling.org.uk/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  115. ^ "St Ninians Old Parish Church". http://www.stniniansold.org.uk/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  116. ^ "Viewfield Church". http://www.scottishchurches.org.uk/sites/site/id/7752/name/Viewfield+Church,+Stirling+Stirling+Central. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  117. ^ "Masses". http://weekdaymasses.org.uk/en/area/stirling/churches. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  118. ^ "Holy Spirit St Ninian's Stirling". https://www.joinmychurch.com/churches/Holy-Spirit-St-Ninian-s-Stirling-United-Kingdom/124611. 
  119. ^ "Our Lady and St Ninian's". https://ourladyandstninian.org.uk/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  120. ^ "St Margaret of Scotland and Holy Spirit". http://www.saintmargaret.co.uk/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  121. ^ "St Mary's Church". http://stirlingstmarys.tripod.co.uk/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  122. ^ "Cornerstone Community Church". http://www.cornerstonestirling.org/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  123. ^ "Cornton Baptist Church". http://www.cornton.org.uk/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  124. ^ "Holy Trinity Episcopal Church". http://www.holytrinitystirling.org/69931c49.htm. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  125. ^ "St Ninains United Free Church Of Scotland". http://www.ufcos.org.uk/stirling. Retrieved 4 November 2017. 
  126. ^ "Stirling Baptist Church". http://www.stirlingbaptist.org/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  127. ^ "Stirling Free Church". http://stirlingfreechurch.co.uk/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  128. ^ "Stirling Methodist Church". http://www.stirlingmethodistchurch.org.uk/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  129. ^ "St. Ninian's Community Church". http://stninianscommunitychurch.org/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  130. ^ "The Salvation Army". https://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/stirling. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  131. ^ "Central Scotland Islamic Centre". http://www.stirlingislamiccentre.co.uk/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  132. ^ "Stirling Council: Council » Latest News". Stirling.gov.uk. http://www.stirling.gov.uk/index/council/news.htm?id=33314. Retrieved 14 July 2010. 
  133. ^ "InStirling report on Forthside project". Instirling.com. http://www.instirling.com/initve/intve.htm. Retrieved 14 July 2010. 
  134. ^ http://www.smithartgalleryandmuseum.co.uk/mauchline-ware/
  135. ^ "Aberdeenshire tops health and wealth living survey". BBC News. 19 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/8421193.stm. Retrieved 14 July 2010. 
  136. ^ "Stirling's Economic Strategy". Stirling Council. http://www.stirling.gov.uk/__documents/chief-executive-office/chief-executive-office/strategic-planning/stirlings-economic-strategy-low.pdf#page=5. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  137. ^ "Stirling Bus Station". http://my.stirling.gov.uk/services/transport-and-streets/public-and-community-transport/public-transport-information/transport-stations,-stops-and-shelters/stirling-bus-station. Retrieved 6 April 2017. 
  138. ^ "Stirling Train Station and Services". http://my.stirling.gov.uk/services/transport-and-streets/public-and-community-transport/public-transport-information/transport-stations,-stops-and-shelters/stirling-train-station-and-services. Retrieved 6 April 2017. 
  139. ^ "City Deal Masterplan". http://my.stirling.gov.uk/files/citydealmasterplan.pdf#page=14. Retrieved 6 April 2017. 
  140. ^ Jones, Gareth Iwan (29 November 2016). "Talks set to begin as Stirling City Deal given the go-ahead by the Chancellor". Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail Ltd. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/talks-set-begin-stirling-city-9359271. Retrieved 6 April 2017. 
  141. ^ Rowbotham, John (1 August 2018). "Work starts on Stirling Council's £270,000 waterfront pontoon project". Stirling Observer. https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/work-starts-stirling-councils-270000-13016737. Retrieved 2 August 2018. 
  142. ^ Jones, Gareth Iwan (12 January 2017). "Main road through Stirling set to be closed for a year for rail works". Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail Ltd. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/main-road-through-stirling-set-9611559. Retrieved 6 April 2017. 
  143. ^ "Stirling Sports Village". http://www.activestirling.org.uk/Stirling-Sports-Village/. Retrieved 18 February 2018. 
  144. ^ Brannan, Laura (23 August 2017). "Eve Muirhead opens National Curling Academy in Stirling". STV. https://stv.tv/sport/more/1396258-eve-muirhead-opens-national-curling-academy-in-stirling/. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  145. ^ Ferrie, Kevin (31 July 2017). "New National Curling Academy opens its doors at The Peak in Stirling". The Herald. http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15445125.New_National_Curling_Academy_opens_its_doors_at_The_Peak_in_Stirling/. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  146. ^ McLeod, Rhona (23 August 2017). "Eve Muirhead believes Scotland's National Curling Academy will help medal chase". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/winter-olympics/41026378. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  147. ^ Williams, Martin (2 July 2010). "Albion fans first in Britain to own club". The Herald. http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/albion-fans-first-in-britain-to-own-club-1.1038737. Retrieved 6 February 2011. 
  148. ^ "Student sport - Student life - University of Stirling". https://www.stir.ac.uk/footballclub/women/contact/. 
  149. ^ "Stirling Knights are at a solid turning point". http://www.stirlingnews.co.uk/sport/15044491.Stirling_Knights_are_at_a_solid_turning_point/. 
  150. ^ "Stirling Wanderers Hockey club: The website for field hockey in Stirlingshire". Stirling Wanderers. http://www.stirlingwanderershockey.co.uk/. Retrieved 26 August 2008. 
  151. ^ "Judges bowled over by club". Stirling Observer. 17 June 2009. http://www.stirlingobserver.co.uk/stirling-news/local-news-stirling/news-stirling/2009/06/17/judges-bowled-over-by-club-51226-23890831/. Retrieved 7 July 2009. 
  152. ^ "sportscotland serves communities with Lottery funding". sportscotland. 14 August 2004. http://www.sportscotland.org.uk/ChannelNavigation/News/TopicNavigation/Press+Releases/Archive/2004/sportscotland+serves+communities+with+Lottery+funding.htm. Retrieved 26 August 2008. 
  153. ^ "University of Stirling European Golf Champions". University of Stirling. 18 September 2016. https://www.stir.ac.uk/news/2015/09/european-university-golf-team-titles-sealed-in-switzerland/. 
  154. ^ University of Stirling External Visitor Information Archived 9 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  155. ^ "Sports Village". Stirling.gov.uk. http://www.stirling.gov.uk/thepeak. Retrieved 14 July 2010. 
  156. ^ "Cricket Scotland set to move to Stirling". 12 June 2014. http://www.cricketeurope4.net/DATABASE/ARTICLES7/articles/000039/003928.shtml. Retrieved 12 July 2014. 
  157. ^ "Visitor Information – Useful facts and figures" Stirling University Facts and Figures Archived 23 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  158. ^ Stirling University Innovation Park About us Archived 23 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  159. ^ Jamieson, Alastair (21 January 2008). "Stirling in degree deal with Singapore polytechnic". Edinburgh: The Scotsman. http://news.scotsman.com/scotland/Stirling-in-degree-deal-with.3692118.jp. Retrieved 26 August 2008. 
  160. ^ "Stirling High School". Learning and Teaching Scotland. http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scottishschoolsonline/schools/stirlinghighschoolstirling.asp. Retrieved 4 February 2011. 
  161. ^ "St Modans High School". Learning and Teaching Scotland. http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scottishschoolsonline/schools/stmodanshighschoolstirling.asp. Retrieved 4 February 2011. 
  162. ^ "Wallace High School". Learning and Teaching Scotland. http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scottishschoolsonline/schools/wallacehighschoolstirling.asp. Retrieved 4 February 2011. 
  163. ^ "Bannockburn High School". Learning and Teaching Scotland. http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scottishschoolsonline/schools/bannockburnhighschoolstirling.asp. Retrieved 4 February 2011. 
  164. ^ "Riverside Primary School". Stirling and Clackmannan. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110813191758/http://cnp-cs.co.uk/Gaelic.aspx. Retrieved 6 February 2011. 
  165. ^ Nairn, James S.. "Stirling: Gateway To The Highlands". Stirling Town Council. http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/0512?search_term=stirling&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  166. ^ Nairn, James S.. "Stirling Charities Day". Regal Cinema Stirling. http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/0521?search_term=stirling&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  167. ^ McLaren, Norman. "Neighbours". https://www.nfb.ca/film/neighbours_voisins/. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  168. ^ "River Forth". Templar Film Studios. http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/1350?search_term=stirling&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  169. ^ Henson, Laurence. "The Heart Of Scotland". Templar Film Studios. http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/0912?search_term=stirling&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  170. ^ Cooper, Henry. "Holiday Scotland". Campbell Harper Films. http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/2631?search_term=stirling&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  171. ^ "Kidnapped". http://www.scotlandthemovie.com/movies/fkidnapped.html. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  172. ^ Littlewood, Mark. "Royal Stirling". Campbell Harper Films. http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/2379?search_term=stirling&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  173. ^ "The University Of Stirling". Eidos Films. http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/6067?search_term=stirling&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  174. ^ "Stirling FutureWorld (26th July 2017)". http://www.smithartgalleryandmuseum.co.uk/stirling-city-deal/. Retrieved 27 July 2017. 
  175. ^ "Gregory's Two Girls". http://www.scotlandthemovie.com/movies/fgirltwo.html. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  176. ^ "To End all Wars". http://www.scotlandthemovie.com/movies/fwars.html. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 
  177. ^ "Interview: Danny MacAskill – An internet sensation, but who is the man behind the crash helmet?". The Scotsman. 23 February 2011. http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/interview-danny-macaskill-an-internet-sensation-but-who-is-the-man-behind-the-crash-helmet-1-1502309. Retrieved 5 April 2017. 
  178. ^ "Clips from KJB – The Book That Changed The World". http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0186j1y. Retrieved 8 April 2017. 
  179. ^ "Highland Cattle Drovers". http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01jxv9s. Retrieved 10 April 2017. 
  180. ^ "Secrets of Great British Castles". http://www.channel5.com/show/secrets-of-great-british-castles/. Retrieved 27 April 2017. 
  181. ^ "Outlaw King camp". https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/production-company-filming-forthcoming-outlaw-11208330. 
  182. ^ "Stirling to become first UK city in more than 10 years to link with Turkey". BBC News. 8 April 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-22063447. Retrieved 12 May 2013. 
  183. ^ "John McAleese: Leader of the SAS team that ended the 1980 siege of the". https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/john-mcaleese-leader-of-the-sas-team-that-ended-the-1980-siege-of-the-iranian-embassy-in-london-2345827.html. 
  184. ^ Taylor, Steven (1 October 2017). "Story of heroic Scots-born SAS soldier to be turned into Netflix blockbuster". https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/story-heroic-scots-born-sas-11265060. 
  • Mair, Craig (1990). Stirling: The Royal Burgh. John Donald Publishers. ISBN 0-85976-420-6. 

External links[]

Commons-logo
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Template:Stirling Towns & Villages


This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Stirling. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.
Advertisement