Netherlands

<h3>Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1940)</h3>
<div class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BMain%7CUnited%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CKingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%221%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Main%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">&#x200b;&#x200b;</div>
<p data-rte-fromparser="true"><img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22image%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFile%3ADutch%20Empire35.PNG%7Cthumb%7CA%20map%20of%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20Empire%7CDutch%20colonial%20empire%5D%5D.%20Light%20green%3A%20territories%20administered%20by%20or%20originating%20from%20territories%20administered%20by%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20East%20India%20Company%5D%5D%3B%20dark%20green%3A%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20West%20India%20Company%5D%5D.%20In%20yellow%20the%20territories%20occupied%20later%2C%20during%20the%2019th%20century.%5D%5D%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Dutch_Empire35.PNG%22%2C%22params%22%3A%7B%22alt%22%3A%22Dutch%20Empire35%22%2C%22thumbnail%22%3Atrue%2C%22caption%22%3A%22A%20map%20of%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20Empire%7CDutch%20colonial%20empire%5D%5D.%20Light%20green%3A%20territories%20administered%20by%20or%20originating%20from%20territories%20administered%20by%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20East%20India%20Company%5D%5D%3B%20dark%20green%3A%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20West%20India%20Company%5D%5D.%20In%20yellow%20the%20territories%20occupied%20later%2C%20during%20the%2019th%20century.%22%2C%22captionParsed%22%3A%22A%20map%20of%20the%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220005%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Dutch%20Empire%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfRW1waXJlP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D%5C%22%3EDutch%20colonial%20empire%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20Light%20green%3A%20territories%20administered%20by%20or%20originating%20from%20territories%20administered%20by%20the%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220006%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Dutch%20East%20India%20Company%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfRWFzdF9JbmRpYV9Db21wYW55P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D%5C%22%3EDutch%20East%20India%20Company%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3B%20dark%20green%3A%20the%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220007%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Dutch%20West%20India%20Company%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfV2VzdF9JbmRpYV9Db21wYW55P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D%5C%22%3EDutch%20West%20India%20Company%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20In%20yellow%20the%20territories%20occupied%20later%2C%20during%20the%2019th%20century.%22%7D%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/180px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG" width="180" height="96" class="image thumb withCaption" data-image-name="Dutch Empire35.PNG" data-image-key="Dutch_Empire35.PNG"  type="image" />
</p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">William Frederick, son of the last stadtholder, returned to the Netherlands in 1813 at the invitation of the provisional government formed after the withdrawal of the French.  Although it comprised mostly the same men who had driven out his father 18 years earlier, all parties agreed that William was the only choice to head any new government.  On 6 December, he proclaimed himself Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands. On 16 March 1815, the Sovereign Prince raised the Netherlands to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22William%20I%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22William%20I%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWilliam%20I%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CWilliam%20I%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">William I</a> (<i>Willem I</i> in Dutch).
</p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">In 1815, the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Congress%20of%20Vienna%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Congress%20of%20Vienna%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCongress%20of%20Vienna%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Congress of Vienna (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ29uZ3Jlc3Nfb2ZfVmllbm5hP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Congress of Vienna</a> formed the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22United%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22United%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BUnited%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvVW5pdGVkX0tpbmdkb21fb2ZfdGhlX05ldGhlcmxhbmRzP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> by adding the southern Netherlands to the north in order to create a strong country on the northern border of France. In addition, William became hereditary <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Grand%20Duke%20of%20Luxembourg%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Grand%20Ducal%20Family%20of%20Luxembourg%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BGrand%20Ducal%20Family%20of%20Luxembourg%7CGrand%20Duke%20of%20Luxembourg%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvR3JhbmRfRHVjYWxfRmFtaWx5X29mX0x1eGVtYm91cmc/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a>. The Congress of Vienna gave Luxembourg to William as personal property in exchange for his German possessions, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Nassau-Dillenburg%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Nassau-Dillenburg%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNassau-Dillenburg%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Nassau-Dillenburg (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTmFzc2F1LURpbGxlbmJ1cmc/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Nassau-Dillenburg</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Siegen%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Siegen%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSiegen%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Hadamar%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Hadamar%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHadamar%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/Hadamar" title="Hadamar">Hadamar</a>, and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Diez%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Diez%2C%20Germany%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDiez%2C%20Germany%7CDiez%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/Diez,_Germany" title="Diez, Germany">Diez</a>.
</p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">The Southern Netherlands had been culturally separate from the north since 1581, and rebelled against William's attempt to create a single culture.  The south rebelled and gained independence in 1830 as <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Belgium%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Belgium%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BBelgium%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, while the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22personal%20union%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22personal%20union%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bpersonal%20union%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Personal union (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGVyc29uYWxfdW5pb24/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">personal union</a> between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in 1890, when <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22William%20III%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22William%20III%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWilliam%20III%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CWilliam%20III%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">William III</a> died with no surviving male heirs. <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Ascendancy%20laws%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Salic%20Law%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSalic%20Law%7CAscendancy%20laws%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Salic Law (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU2FsaWNfTGF3P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Ascendancy laws</a> prevented his daughter <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Queen%20Wilhelmina%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Wilhelmina%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWilhelmina%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CQueen%20Wilhelmina%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Queen Wilhelmina</a> from becoming the next Grand Duchess. Therefore the throne of Luxembourg passed over from the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22House%20of%20Orange-Nassau%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22House%20of%20Orange-Nassau%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHouse%20of%20Orange-Nassau%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a> to the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22House%20of%20Nassau-Weilburg%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22House%20of%20Nassau-Weilburg%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHouse%20of%20Nassau-Weilburg%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">House of Nassau-Weilburg</a>, a junior branch of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22House%20of%20Nassau%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22House%20of%20Nassau%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHouse%20of%20Nassau%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">House of Nassau</a>.
</p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">The largest Dutch settlement abroad was the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Cape%20Colony%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Cape%20Colony%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCape%20Colony%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Cape Colony (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ2FwZV9Db2xvbnk/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Cape Colony</a>. It was established by <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Jan%20van%20Riebeeck%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Jan%20van%20Riebeeck%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BJan%20van%20Riebeeck%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Jan van Riebeeck (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSmFuX3Zhbl9SaWViZWVjaz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Jan van Riebeeck</a> on behalf of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20East%20India%20Company%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20East%20India%20Company%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20East%20India%20Company%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Dutch East India Company (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfRWFzdF9JbmRpYV9Db21wYW55P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Dutch East India Company</a> at <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Cape%20Town%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Cape%20Town%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCape%20Town%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Cape Town (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ2FwZV9Ub3duP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Cape Town</a> (<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7Blang-nl%7CKaapstad%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22lang-nl%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">&#x200b;<a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22wikitextIdx%22%3Anull%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20language%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <span data-rte-washtml="1" lang="nl" data-rte-attribs=" lang=nl xml:lang=nl"><i>Kaapstad</i></span>&#x200b;</span>) in 1652. The Prince of Orange acquiesced to <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22British%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Kingdom%20of%20Great%20Britain%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BKingdom%20of%20Great%20Britain%7CBritish%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> occupation and control of the Cape Colony in 1788. The Netherlands also possessed several other colonies, but Dutch settlement in these lands was limited. Most notable were the vast <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20East%20Indies%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20East%20Indies%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20East%20Indies%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Dutch East Indies (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfRWFzdF9JbmRpZXM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Dutch East Indies</a> (now <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Indonesia%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Indonesia%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BIndonesia%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) and the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Colony%20of%20Surinam%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Surinam%20%28Dutch%20colony%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSurinam%20%28Dutch%20colony%29%7CColony%20of%20Surinam%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Surinam (Dutch colony) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3VyaW5hbV8oRHV0Y2hfY29sb255KT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Colony of Surinam</a> (now <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Suriname%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Suriname%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSuriname%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>). These 'colonies' were first administered by the Dutch East India Company and the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20West%20India%20Company%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20West%20India%20Company%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20West%20India%20Company%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Dutch West India Company (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfV2VzdF9JbmRpYV9Db21wYW55P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Dutch West India Company</a>, both collective private enterprises. Three centuries later these companies got into financial trouble, and the territories in which they operated were taken over by the Dutch government (in 1815 and 1791 respectively). Only then did they become official colonies.
</p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">During its colonial period, the Netherlands was heavily involved in the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22slave%20trade%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22slave%20trade%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bslave%20trade%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Slave trade (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU2xhdmVfdHJhZGU/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">slave trade</a>. The Dutch <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22planters%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22plantation%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bplantation%7Cplanters%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Plantation (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGxhbnRhdGlvbj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">planters</a> relied heavily on <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22African%20slaves%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Atlantic%20slave%20trade%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BAtlantic%20slave%20trade%7CAfrican%20slaves%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Atlantic slave trade (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQXRsYW50aWNfc2xhdmVfdHJhZGU/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">African slaves</a> to cultivate the coffee, cocoa, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22sugarcane%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22sugarcane%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bsugarcane%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Sugarcane (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3VnYXJjYW5lP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">sugarcane</a> and cotton plantations along the rivers. Treatment of the slaves by their owners was notoriously bad, and many slaves escaped the plantations. Slavery was abolished by the Netherlands in <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20Guiana%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Surinam%20%28Dutch%20colony%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSurinam%20%28Dutch%20colony%29%7CDutch%20Guiana%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Surinam (Dutch colony) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3VyaW5hbV8oRHV0Y2hfY29sb255KT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Dutch Guiana</a> and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Cura%5Cu00e7ao%20and%20Dependencies%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Cura%5Cu00e7ao%20and%20Dependencies%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCura%5Cu00e7ao%20and%20Dependencies%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Curaçao and Dependencies (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ3VyYSVDMyVBN2FvX2FuZF9EZXBlbmRlbmNpZXM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> in 1863, but the slaves were not fully released until 1873, after a mandatory 10-year transition period during which time they were required to work on the plantations for minimal pay and without state sanctioned torture. As soon as they became truly free, the slaves largely abandoned the plantations where they had suffered for several generations in favour of the city <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Paramaribo%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Paramaribo%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BParamaribo%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Paramaribo (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGFyYW1hcmlibz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Paramaribo</a>. Every year this is remembered during <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Keti%20Koti%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Keti%20Koti%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BKeti%20Koti%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Keti Koti (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvS2V0aV9Lb3RpP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Keti Koti</a>, 1 July, Emancipation Day (end of slavery).
</p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">During the 19th century, the Netherlands was slow to industrialise compared to neighbouring countries, mainly because of the great complexity involved in modernising the infrastructure, consisting largely of waterways, and the great reliance its industry had on windpower.
</p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Although the Netherlands remained <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22neutral%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Neutrality%20%28international%20relations%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNeutrality%20%28international%20relations%29%7Cneutral%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Neutrality (international relations) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTmV1dHJhbGl0eV8oaW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbF9yZWxhdGlvbnMpP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">neutral</a> during the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22First%20World%20War%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22World%20War%20I%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWorld%20War%20I%7CFirst%20World%20War%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, it was heavily involved in the war.<span data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%20name%3D%5C%22Abbenhuis%5C%22%3EAbbenhuis%2C%20Maartje%20M.%20%282006%29%20%5Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbooks.google.com%5C%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5gMCfhUR6Y0C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%20The%20Art%20of%20Staying%20Neutral%5D.%20Amsterdam%20University%20Press%2C%20&#73;SBN%2090-5356-818-2.%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-Abbenhuis_0-0" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-Abbenhuis_0-0 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-11747335756009ad750031f%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ1c58294a106c183b-nowiki-00000002-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E1%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-11747335756009ad750031f%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ1c58294a106c183b-nowiki-00000003-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-Abbenhuis-0%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-Abbenhuis-0%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%2254%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E1%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%2255%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="#cite_note-Abbenhuis-0"><span data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[&#x200b;</span>1<span data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]&#x200b;</span></a></sup>&#x200b;</span> The German general <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Count%20Schlieffen%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Alfred%20von%20Schlieffen%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BAlfred%20von%20Schlieffen%7CCount%20Schlieffen%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Alfred von Schlieffen (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQWxmcmVkX3Zvbl9TY2hsaWVmZmVuP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Count Schlieffen</a>, who was Chief of the Imperial <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22German%20General%20Staff%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22German%20General%20Staff%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BGerman%20General%20Staff%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="German General Staff (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvR2VybWFuX0dlbmVyYWxfU3RhZmY/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">German General Staff</a>, had originally planned to invade the Netherlands while advancing into France in the original <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Schlieffen%20Plan%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Schlieffen%20Plan%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSchlieffen%20Plan%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Schlieffen Plan (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU2NobGllZmZlbl9QbGFuP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Schlieffen Plan</a>. This was changed by Schlieffen's successor, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Helmuth%20von%20Moltke%20the%20Younger%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Helmuth%20von%20Moltke%20the%20Younger%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHelmuth%20von%20Moltke%20the%20Younger%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" class="new" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSGVsbXV0aF92b25fTW9sdGtlX3RoZV9Zb3VuZ2VyP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Helmuth von Moltke the Younger</a>, in order to maintain Dutch neutrality. Later during the war Dutch neutrality proved essential to German survival until the blockade by the British Royal Navy in 1916, when the import of goods through the Netherlands was no longer possible. The Dutch were nevertheless able to continue to remain neutral during the war using their diplomacy and their ability to trade.<span data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%20name%3D%5C%22Abbenhuis%5C%22%5C%2F%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-Abbenhuis_0-1" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-Abbenhuis_0-1 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-11747335756009ad750031f%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ1c58294a106c183b-nowiki-00000005-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E1%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-11747335756009ad750031f%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ1c58294a106c183b-nowiki-00000006-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-Abbenhuis-0%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-Abbenhuis-0%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%2260%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E1%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%2261%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" href="#cite_note-Abbenhuis-0"><span data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[&#x200b;</span>1<span data-rte-instance="40-11747335756009ad750031f" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]&#x200b;</span></a></sup>&#x200b;</span>
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<br /><strong data-rte-washtml="1" class="error" data-rte-attribs=" class=error">Cite error: <code data-rte-washtml="1">&lt;ref&gt;</code> tags exist, but no <code data-rte-washtml="1">&lt;references/&gt;</code> tag was found</strong><p />
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