Familypedi… Editing (section) Netherlands 0 You are not logged in. The rich text editor does not work with JavaScript switched off. Please either enable it in your browser options, or visit your preferences to switch to the old MediaWiki editor <h2>History</h2> <div class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BMain%7CHistory%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%221%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Main%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​​</div> <h3 data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Habsburg Netherlands (1519–1581)</h3> <p data-rte-fromparser="true"><img 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data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22image%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFile%3AVan%20Soest%2C%20Four%20Days%20Battle.jpg%7Cthumb%7Cleft%7Cupright%7C%27%27The%20%5B%5BFour%20Days%27%20Battle%5D%5D%2C%201%5Cu20134%20June%201666%27%27%2C%20during%20the%20%5B%5BSecond%20Anglo%5Cu2013Dutch%20War%5D%5D.%5D%5D%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Van_Soest%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg%22%2C%22params%22%3A%7B%22alt%22%3A%22Van%20Soest%2C%20Four%20Days%20Battle%22%2C%22thumbnail%22%3Atrue%2C%22upright%22%3Afalse%2C%22align%22%3A%22left%22%2C%22caption%22%3A%22%27%27The%20%5B%5BFour%20Days%27%20Battle%5D%5D%2C%201%5Cu20134%20June%201666%27%27%2C%20during%20the%20%5B%5BSecond%20Anglo%5Cu2013Dutch%20War%5D%5D.%22%2C%22captionParsed%22%3A%22%3Ci%3EThe%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220036%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Four%20Days%27%20Battle%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvRm91cl9EYXlzJTI3X0JhdHRsZT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE%3D%5C%22%3EFour%20Days%27%20Battle%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%201%5Cu20134%20June%201666%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20during%20the%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220037%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Second%20Anglo%5Cu2013Dutch%20War%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvU2Vjb25kX0FuZ2xvJUUyJTgwJTkzRHV0Y2hfV2FyP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D%5C%22%3ESecond%20Anglo%5Cu2013Dutch%20War%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%22%7D%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Van_Soest%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg/180px-Van_Soest%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg" width="180" height="133" class="image thumb alignLeft withCaption" data-image-name="Van Soest, Four Days Battle.jpg" data-image-key="Van_Soest%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg" type="image" /> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Under <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Charles%20V%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Charles%20V%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCharles%20V%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor%7CCharles%20V%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor" class="mw-redirect">Charles V</a>, ruler of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Holy%20Roman%20Empire%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Holy%20Roman%20Empire%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHoly%20Roman%20Empire%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and King of <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Spain%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Spanish%20Empire%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSpanish%20Empire%7CSpain%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Spanish Empire (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3BhbmlzaF9FbXBpcmU/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Spain</a>, the current Netherlands region was part of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Seventeen%20Provinces%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Seventeen%20Provinces%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSeventeen%20Provinces%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Seventeen Provinces (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU2V2ZW50ZWVuX1Byb3ZpbmNlcz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Seventeen Provinces</a> of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Low%20Countries%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Low%20Countries%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BLow%20Countries%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Low Countries (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTG93X0NvdW50cmllcz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Low Countries</a>, which also included most of present-day <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Belgium%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Belgium%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BBelgium%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, Luxembourg, and some land in France and Germany. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">In 1568, the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Eighty%20Years%27%20War%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Eighty%20Years%27%20War%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BEighty%20Years%27%20War%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Eighty Years' War (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRWlnaHR5X1llYXJzJTI3X1dhcj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Eighty Years' War</a> between the Provinces and Spain began. In 1579, the northern half of the Seventeen Provinces forged the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Union%20of%20Utrecht%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Union%20of%20Utrecht%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BUnion%20of%20Utrecht%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Union of Utrecht (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvVW5pb25fb2ZfVXRyZWNodD9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Union of Utrecht</a>, a treaty in which they committed to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3EMotley%2C%20John%20Lothrop%20%20%281855%29.%20%5Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbooks.google.com%5C%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8isNLCXfNycC%26pg%3DPA411%20%27%27The%20Rise%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Republic%27%27%5D%20Vol.%20III%2C%20Harper%20Bros.%3A%20New%20York%2C%20p.%20411.%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-0 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000002-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E1%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000003-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-0%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-0%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22239%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E1%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22240%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-0"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>1<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> The Union of Utrecht is seen as the foundation of the modern Netherlands. In 1581, the northern provinces adopted the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Act%20of%20Abjuration%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Act%20of%20Abjuration%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BAct%20of%20Abjuration%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Act of Abjuration (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQWN0X29mX0FianVyYXRpb24/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Act of Abjuration</a>, the declaration of independence in which the provinces officially deposed <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Philip%20II%20of%20Spain%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Philip%20II%20of%20Spain%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BPhilip%20II%20of%20Spain%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain" class="mw-redirect">Philip II of Spain</a> as reigning monarch in the northern provinces.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3EMotley%2C%20John%20Lothrop%20%20%281855%29.%20%5Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbooks.google.com%5C%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8isNLCXfNycC%26pg%3DPA508%20%27%27The%20Rise%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Republic%27%27%5D%20Vol.%20III%2C%20Harper%20Bros.%3A%20New%20York%2C%20p.%20508.%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-1 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000005-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E2%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000006-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-1%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-1%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22245%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E2%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22246%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-1"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>2<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Queen <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Elizabeth%20I%20of%20England%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Elizabeth%20I%20of%20England%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BElizabeth%20I%20of%20England%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" title="Elizabeth I of England" class="mw-redirect">Elizabeth I of England</a> sympathised with the Dutch struggle against the Spanish, and in 1585 she concluded a treaty with the Dutch whereby she promised to send an English army to the Netherlands to aid the Dutch in their war with the Spanish.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3EWillson%2C%20David%20Harris%20%281972%29.%20%27%27History%20of%20England%27%27%2C%20Holt%2C%20Rinehart%20%26%20Winston%3A%20New%20York%2C%20p.%20294.%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-2 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000008-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E3%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000009-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-2%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-2%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22251%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E3%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22252%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-2"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>3<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> In December 1585, 7,600 soldiers were sent to the Netherlands from England under the command of <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Robert%20Dudley%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Leicester%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Robert%20Dudley%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Leicester%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BRobert%20Dudley%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Leicester%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester" class="mw-redirect">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a>. In spite of the significant size for that time, the English army was of no real benefit to the Dutch rebellion.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3EMotley%2C%20John%20Lothrop%20%20%281855%29.%20%5Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbooks.google.com%5C%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8isNLCXfNycC%26pg%3DPA411%20%27%27The%20Rise%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Republic%27%27%5D%20Vol.%20III%2C%20Harper%20Bros.%3A%20New%20York%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-3 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000000B-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E4%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000000C-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-3%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-3%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22257%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E4%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22258%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-3"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>4<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Although Robert Dudley returned to the Netherlands in November 1586 with another army, the army still had little effect in the rebellion.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3EMattingly%2C%20Garrett%20%281959%29%20%27%27The%20Armada%27%27%2C%20Houghton%20Mifflin%3A%20Boston%2C%20p.%2048.%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-4 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000000E-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E5%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000000F-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-4%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-4%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22263%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E5%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22264%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-4"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>5<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> Philip II, the son of Charles V, was not prepared to let them go easily, and war continued until 1648, when Spain under King <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Philip%20IV%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Philip%20IV%20of%20Spain%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BPhilip%20IV%20of%20Spain%7CPhilip%20IV%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain" class="mw-redirect">Philip IV</a> finally recognised the independence of the seven north-western provinces in the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Peace%20of%20M%5Cu00fcnster%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Peace%20of%20M%5Cu00fcnster%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BPeace%20of%20M%5Cu00fcnster%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Peace of Münster (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGVhY2Vfb2ZfTSVDMyVCQ25zdGVyP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Peace of Münster</a>. Parts of the southern provinces became <i>de facto</i> colonies of the new republican-mercantile empire. </p> <h3 data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Dutch Republic (1581–1795)</h3> <div class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BMain%7CDutch%20Republic%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%221%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Main%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​​</div> <p data-rte-fromparser="true"><img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22image%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFile%3AHendrick%20Avercamp%20-%20Winterlandschap%20met%20schaatsers%20bij%20de%20stad%20Kampen.jpg%7Cthumb%7CWinter%20landscape%20with%20skaters%20c.%201625%5D%5D%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hendrick_Avercamp_-_Winterlandschap_met_schaatsers_bij_de_stad_Kampen.jpg%22%2C%22params%22%3A%7B%22alt%22%3A%22Hendrick%20Avercamp%20-%20Winterlandschap%20met%20schaatsers%20bij%20de%20stad%20Kampen%22%2C%22thumbnail%22%3Atrue%2C%22caption%22%3A%22Winter%20landscape%20with%20skaters%20c.%201625%22%2C%22captionParsed%22%3A%22Winter%20landscape%20with%20skaters%20c.%201625%22%7D%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hendrick_Avercamp_-_Winterlandschap_met_schaatsers_bij_de_stad_Kampen.jpg/180px-Hendrick_Avercamp_-_Winterlandschap_met_schaatsers_bij_de_stad_Kampen.jpg" width="180" height="96" class="image thumb withCaption" data-image-name="Hendrick Avercamp - Winterlandschap met schaatsers bij de stad Kampen.jpg" data-image-key="Hendrick_Avercamp_-_Winterlandschap_met_schaatsers_bij_de_stad_Kampen.jpg" type="image" /> <!-- RTE::{"spaces":0,"type":"LINE_BREAK"} --><img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22image%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFile%3AJohannes%20Lingelbach%20001.jpg%7Cthumb%7C%5B%5BAmsterdam%5D%5D%27s%20%5B%5BDam%20Square%5D%5D%20in%201656%5D%5D%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Johannes_Lingelbach_001.jpg%22%2C%22params%22%3A%7B%22alt%22%3A%22Johannes%20Lingelbach%20001%22%2C%22thumbnail%22%3Atrue%2C%22caption%22%3A%22%5B%5BAmsterdam%5D%5D%27s%20%5B%5BDam%20Square%5D%5D%20in%201656%22%2C%22captionParsed%22%3A%22%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220054%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%5C%2Fwiki%5C%2FAmsterdam%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Amsterdam%5C%22%3EAmsterdam%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%27s%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220055%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Dam%20Square%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvRGFtX1NxdWFyZT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE%3D%5C%22%3EDam%20Square%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20in%201656%22%7D%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Johannes_Lingelbach_001.jpg/180px-Johannes_Lingelbach_001.jpg" width="180" height="106" class="image thumb withCaption" data-image-name="Johannes Lingelbach 001.jpg" data-image-key="Johannes_Lingelbach_001.jpg" type="image" /> <!-- RTE::{"spaces":0,"type":"LINE_BREAK"} -->After declaring their independence, the provinces of <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Holland%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Holland%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHolland%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Zeeland%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Zeeland%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BZeeland%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Groningen%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Groningen%20%28province%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BGroningen%20%28province%29%7CGroningen%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Friesland%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Friesland%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFriesland%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Utrecht%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Utrecht%20%28province%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BUtrecht%20%28province%29%7CUtrecht%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Overijssel%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Overijssel%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BOverijssel%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>, and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Gelderland%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Gelderland%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BGelderland%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> formed a <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22confederation%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22confederation%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bconfederation%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Confederation (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ29uZmVkZXJhdGlvbj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">confederation</a>. All these provinces were autonomous and had their own government, the "States of the Province". The <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22States%20General%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22States%20General%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BStates%20General%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CStates%20General%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="States General of the Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3RhdGVzX0dlbmVyYWxfb2ZfdGhlX05ldGhlcmxhbmRzP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">States General</a>, the confederal government, were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives from each of the seven provinces. The sparsely populated region of <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Drenthe%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Drenthe%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDrenthe%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>, mainly consisting of poor <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22peat%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22peat%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bpeat%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Peat (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGVhdD9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">peatland</a>, was part of the republic too, although Drenthe was not considered one of the provinces; it had its own States, but the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22landdrost%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22landdrost%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Blanddrost%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Landdrost (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTGFuZGRyb3N0P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">landdrost</a> of Drenthe was appointed by the States General. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Moreover, the Republic had come to occupy during the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Eighty%20Years%27%20War%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Eighty%20Years%27%20War%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BEighty%20Years%27%20War%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Eighty Years' War (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRWlnaHR5X1llYXJzJTI3X1dhcj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Eighty Years' War</a> a number of so-called <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Generality%20Lands%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Generality%20Lands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BGenerality%20Lands%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Generality Lands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvR2VuZXJhbGl0eV9MYW5kcz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Generality Lands</a> (<i>Generaliteitslanden</i> in Dutch). These territories were governed directly by the States General. They did not have a governmental structure of their own and did not have representatives in the States General. Their population was mainly Roman Catholic, and these areas were used as a buffer zone between the Republic and the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Southern%20Netherlands%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Southern%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSouthern%20Netherlands%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Southern Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU291dGhlcm5fTmV0aGVybGFuZHM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Southern Netherlands</a>.<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BCitation%20needed%7Cdate%3DApril%202011%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Citation%20needed%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​​</span> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">The <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20Empire%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20Empire%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20Empire%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Dutch Empire (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfRW1waXJlP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Dutch Empire</a> grew to become one of the major seafaring and economic powers of the 17th century. In the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20Golden%20Age%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20Golden%20Age%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20Golden%20Age%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Dutch Golden Age (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfR29sZGVuX0FnZT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Dutch Golden Age</a> ("Gouden Eeuw"), colonies and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22trading%20post%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22trading%20post%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Btrading%20post%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Trading post (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvVHJhZGluZ19wb3N0P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">trading posts</a> were established all over the world. Dutch settlement in North America began with the founding of <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22New%20Amsterdam%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22New%20Amsterdam%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNew%20Amsterdam%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="New Amsterdam (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTmV3X0Ftc3RlcmRhbT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">New Amsterdam</a>, on the southern part of <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Manhattan%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Manhattan%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BManhattan%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> in 1614. In South Africa, the Dutch settled the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Cape%20Colony%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Cape%20Colony%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCape%20Colony%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Cape Colony (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ2FwZV9Db2xvbnk/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Cape Colony</a> in 1652. By 1650, the Dutch owned 16,000 merchant ships.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%7B%7BWayback%20%7Cdate%3D20120114182245%20%7Curl%3Dhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%5C%2Fdatabase%5C%2Farticle_display_printable.cfm%3FHHID%3D682%20%7Ctitle%3D%5C%22The%20Middle%20Colonies%3A%20New%20York%5C%22%7D%7D%7B%7Bdead%20link%7Cdate%3DApril%202014%7D%7D.%20Digital%20History.%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-5 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000012-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E6%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000013-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-5%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-5%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22271%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E6%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22272%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-5"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>6<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> During the 17th century, the Dutch population increased from an estimated 1.5<span data-rte-entity="nbsp"> </span>million to almost 2<span data-rte-entity="nbsp"> </span>million.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3EThe%20preponderance%20of%20the%20Dutch%20population%20lived%20in%20two%20provinces%2C%20Holland%20and%20Zeeland.%20This%20area%20experienced%20a%20population%20explosion%20between%201500%20and%201650%2C%20with%20a%20growth%20from%20350%2C000%20to%201%2C000%2C000%20inhabitants.%20Thereafter%20the%20growth%20leveled%20off%2C%20so%20that%20the%20population%20of%20the%20whole%20country%20remained%20at%20the%202%7F-ENTITY-nbsp-%7Fmillion%20level%20throughout%20the%2018th%20century%3B%20De%20Vries%20and%20Van%20der%20Woude%2C%20pp.%2051%5Cu201352%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-6 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000015-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E7%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000016-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-6%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-6%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22277%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E7%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22278%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-6"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>7<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> </p> <div class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BFor%7Ca%20comprehensive%20list%20of%20the%20territories%20that%20formed%20the%20Dutch%20Empire%7CEvolution%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Empire%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%221%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22For%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22spacesafter%22%3A%22%22%7D" contenteditable="false">​ <div data-rte-washtml="1" data-rte-line-start="true" class="dablink" data-rte-attribs=" class=dablink">For a comprehensive list of the territories that formed the Dutch Empire, see <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22wikitextIdx%22%3Anull%2C%22text%22%3A%22Evolution%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Empire%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Evolution%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Empire%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Afalse%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Evolution of the Dutch Empire (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRXZvbHV0aW9uX29mX3RoZV9EdXRjaF9FbXBpcmU/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Evolution of the Dutch Empire</a>.</div>​</div> <p data-rte-fromparser="true"><span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7Bpp-move-indef%7Csmall%3Dyes%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%221%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22pp-move-indef%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22category%22%2C%22wikitextIdx%22%3Anull%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="placeholder placeholder-category" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="category" />​</span> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Many economic historians regard the Netherlands as the first thoroughly capitalist country in the world. In early modern Europe it had the wealthiest trading city (<a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Amsterdam%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Amsterdam%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BAmsterdam%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>) and the first full-time <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22stock%20exchange%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Amsterdam%20Stock%20Exchange%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BAmsterdam%20Stock%20Exchange%7Cstock%20exchange%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Amsterdam Stock Exchange (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQW1zdGVyZGFtX1N0b2NrX0V4Y2hhbmdlP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">stock exchange</a>. The inventiveness of the traders led to insurance and retirement funds as well as phenomena such as the boom-bust cycle, the world's first asset-inflation bubble, the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22tulip%20mania%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22tulip%20mania%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Btulip%20mania%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Tulip mania (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvVHVsaXBfbWFuaWE/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">tulip mania</a> of 1636–1637, and the world's first <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22bear%20raid%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22bear%20raid%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bbear%20raid%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Bear raid (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQmVhcl9yYWlkP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">bear raider</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Isaac%20le%20Maire%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Isaac%20le%20Maire%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BIsaac%20le%20Maire%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Isaac le Maire (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSXNhYWNfbGVfTWFpcmU/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Isaac le Maire</a>, who forced prices down by dumping stock and then buying it back at a discount.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%7B%7Bcite%20journal%7Curl%3Dhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%5C%2Fv23%5C%2Fn07%5C%2Fmurray-sayle%5C%2Fjapan-goes-dutch%7Ctitle%3DJapan%20Goes%20Dutch%7Cjournal%3DLondon%20Review%20of%20Books%7Cdate%3D5%20April%202001%7Cauthor%3DSayle%2C%20Murray%20%7Cvolume%3D23%7Cissue%3D7%7Cpages%3D3%5Cu20137%7D%7D%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-7 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000018-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E8%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000019-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-7%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-7%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22287%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E8%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22288%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-7"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>8<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> The republic went into a state of general decline in the later 18th century, with economic competition from England and long standing rivalries between the two main factions in Dutch society, the <i>Staatsgezinden</i> (Republicans) and the <i>Prinsgezinden</i> (Royalists or Orangists), as main factors.<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BCitation%20needed%7Cdate%3DApril%202011%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Citation%20needed%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​​</span> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">In the 17th century, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22plantation%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22plantation%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bplantation%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Plantation (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGxhbnRhdGlvbj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">plantation</a> colonies were established by the Dutch and English along the many rivers in the fertile <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Guyana%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Guyana%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BGuyana%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> plains. The earliest documented colony in <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Guiana%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Suriname%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSuriname%7CGuiana%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Guiana</a> was along the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Suriname%20River%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Suriname%20River%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSuriname%20River%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Suriname River (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3VyaW5hbWVfUml2ZXI/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Suriname River</a> and called Marshall's Creek. The area was named after an Englishman.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%20name%3D%5C%22Marshall%5C%22%3E%7B%7BCite%20book%7Caccessdate%3D4%20May%202008%20%7Curl%3Dhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbooks.google.com%5C%2F%3Fid%3DpaQMAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA253%7Ctitle%3DEncyclop%5Cu00e6dia%20Britannica%3A%20A%20Dictionary%20of%20ARTS%2C%20SCIENCES%2C%20and%20General%20LITERATURE%2C%20Volume%20XI%20%7Cedition%3DNinth%20Edition%5Cu2014Popular%20Reprint%20%7Cquote%3DIn%201614%20the%20states%20of%20Holland%20granted%20to%20any%20Dutch%20citizen%20a%20four%20years%27%20monopoly%20of%20any%20harbour%20or%20place%20of%20commerce%20which%20he%20might%20discover%20in%20that%20region%20%28Guiana%29.%20The%20first%20settlement%2C%20however%2C%20in%20Suriname%20%28in%201630%29%20was%20made%20by%20an%20Englishman%2C%20whose%20name%20is%20still%20preserved%20by%20Marshall%27s%20Creek.%20%7Cpublisher%3DH.G.%20Allen%20%7Cauthor1%3DBaynes%2C%20Thomas%20Spencer%20%7Cyear%3D1888%7D%7D%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-Marshall_8-0" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-Marshall_8-0 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000001B-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E9%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000001C-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-Marshall-8%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-Marshall-8%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22293%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E9%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22294%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-Marshall-8"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>9<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> Disputes arose between the Dutch and the English. In 1667, the Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of Suriname conquered from the English, resulting from the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Treaty%20of%20Breda%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Treaty%20of%20Breda%20%281667%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BTreaty%20of%20Breda%20%281667%29%7CTreaty%20of%20Breda%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Treaty of Breda (1667) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvVHJlYXR5X29mX0JyZWRhXygxNjY3KT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Treaty of Breda</a>. The English were left with New Amsterdam, a small trading post in North America, which is now known as New York City. </p> <h3 data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">French influence (1795–1814)</h3> <div class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BFurther2%7C%5B%5BBatavian%20Republic%5D%5D%7C%5B%5BKingdom%20of%20Holland%5D%5D%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%221%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Further2%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​​</div> <p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">On 19 January 1795, one day after the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22stadtholder%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22stadtholder%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bstadtholder%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Stadtholder (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3RhZHRob2xkZXI/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">stadtholder</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22William%20V%20of%20Orange%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22William%20V%20of%20Orange%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWilliam%20V%20of%20Orange%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="William V of Orange (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvV2lsbGlhbV9WX29mX09yYW5nZT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">William V of Orange</a>, fled to England, the <i>Bataafse Republiek</i> (<a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Batavian%20Republic%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Batavian%20Republic%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BBatavian%20Republic%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Batavian Republic (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQmF0YXZpYW5fUmVwdWJsaWM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Batavian Republic</a>) was proclaimed, rendering the Netherlands a <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22unitary%20state%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22unitary%20state%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bunitary%20state%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Unitary state (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvVW5pdGFyeV9zdGF0ZT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">unitary state</a>. From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic designated the Netherlands as a republic modelled after the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22French%20Republic%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22French%20First%20Republic%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFrench%20First%20Republic%7CFrench%20Republic%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="French First Republic (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRnJlbmNoX0ZpcnN0X1JlcHVibGljP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">French Republic</a>. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">From 1806 to 1810, the <i>Koninkrijk Holland</i> (<a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Kingdom%20of%20Holland%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Kingdom%20of%20Holland%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BKingdom%20of%20Holland%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Kingdom of Holland (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvS2luZ2RvbV9vZl9Ib2xsYW5kP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Kingdom of Holland</a>) was set up by <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Napoleon%20Bonaparte%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Napoleon%20Bonaparte%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNapoleon%20Bonaparte%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> as a puppet kingdom governed by his brother <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Louis%20Bonaparte%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Louis%20Bonaparte%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BLouis%20Bonaparte%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Louis Bonaparte (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTG91aXNfQm9uYXBhcnRlP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Louis Bonaparte</a> in order to control the Netherlands more effectively. The name of the leading province, Holland, was used for the whole country. The Kingdom of Holland covered the area of the present day Netherlands, with the exception of Limburg and parts of Zeeland, which were French territory. In 1807, Prussian <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22East%20Frisia%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22East%20Frisia%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BEast%20Frisia%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="East Frisia (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRWFzdF9GcmlzaWE/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">East Frisia</a> and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Jever%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Jever%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BJever%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Jever (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSmV2ZXI/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Jever</a> were added to the kingdom. In 1809, however, after a <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22failed%20British%20invasion%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Walcheren%20Campaign%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWalcheren%20Campaign%7Cfailed%20British%20invasion%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Walcheren Campaign (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvV2FsY2hlcmVuX0NhbXBhaWduP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">failed British invasion</a>, Holland had to surrender all territories south of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Rhine%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Rhine%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BRhine%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Rhine (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUmhpbmU/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Rhine</a> to France. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">King Louis Bonaparte did not meet Napoleon's expectations – he tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's, allowed trade with the British in spite of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Continental%20System%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Continental%20System%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BContinental%20System%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Continental System (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ29udGluZW50YWxfU3lzdGVtP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Continental System</a> and even tried to learn Dutch – and he was forced to abdicate on 1 July 1810. He was succeeded by his five-year-old son <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Napoleon%20Louis%20Bonaparte%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Napoleon%20Louis%20Bonaparte%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNapoleon%20Louis%20Bonaparte%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Napoleon_Louis_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Louis Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect">Napoleon Louis Bonaparte</a>. Napoleon Louis reigned as Louis II for just ten days as Napoleon ignored his young nephew's accession to the throne. The Emperor sent in an army to invade the country and dissolved the Kingdom of Holland. The Netherlands then became part of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22French%20Empire%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22First%20French%20Empire%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFirst%20French%20Empire%7CFrench%20Empire%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="First French Empire (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRmlyc3RfRnJlbmNoX0VtcGlyZT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">French Empire</a>. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">The Netherlands remained part of the French Empire until the autumn of 1813, when Napoleon was defeated in the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Battle%20of%20Leipzig%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Battle%20of%20Leipzig%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BBattle%20of%20Leipzig%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Battle of Leipzig (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQmF0dGxlX29mX0xlaXB6aWc/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Battle of Leipzig</a> and forced to withdraw his troops from the country. </p> <h3 data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1940)</h3> <div class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BMain%7CUnited%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CKingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%221%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Main%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​​</div> <p data-rte-fromparser="true"><img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22image%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFile%3ADutch%20Empire35.PNG%7Cthumb%7CA%20map%20of%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20Empire%7CDutch%20colonial%20empire%5D%5D.%20Light%20green%3A%20territories%20administered%20by%20or%20originating%20from%20territories%20administered%20by%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20East%20India%20Company%5D%5D%3B%20dark%20green%3A%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20West%20India%20Company%5D%5D.%20In%20yellow%20the%20territories%20occupied%20later%2C%20during%20the%2019th%20century.%5D%5D%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Dutch_Empire35.PNG%22%2C%22params%22%3A%7B%22alt%22%3A%22Dutch%20Empire35%22%2C%22thumbnail%22%3Atrue%2C%22caption%22%3A%22A%20map%20of%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20Empire%7CDutch%20colonial%20empire%5D%5D.%20Light%20green%3A%20territories%20administered%20by%20or%20originating%20from%20territories%20administered%20by%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20East%20India%20Company%5D%5D%3B%20dark%20green%3A%20the%20%5B%5BDutch%20West%20India%20Company%5D%5D.%20In%20yellow%20the%20territories%20occupied%20later%2C%20during%20the%2019th%20century.%22%2C%22captionParsed%22%3A%22A%20map%20of%20the%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220105%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Dutch%20Empire%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfRW1waXJlP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D%5C%22%3EDutch%20colonial%20empire%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20Light%20green%3A%20territories%20administered%20by%20or%20originating%20from%20territories%20administered%20by%20the%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220106%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Dutch%20East%20India%20Company%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfRWFzdF9JbmRpYV9Db21wYW55P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D%5C%22%3EDutch%20East%20India%20Company%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3B%20dark%20green%3A%20the%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220107%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Dutch%20West%20India%20Company%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfV2VzdF9JbmRpYV9Db21wYW55P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D%5C%22%3EDutch%20West%20India%20Company%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20In%20yellow%20the%20territories%20occupied%20later%2C%20during%20the%2019th%20century.%22%7D%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/180px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG" width="180" height="96" class="image thumb withCaption" data-image-name="Dutch Empire35.PNG" data-image-key="Dutch_Empire35.PNG" type="image" /> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">William Frederick, son of the last stadtholder, returned to the Netherlands in 1813 at the invitation of the provisional government formed after the withdrawal of the French. Although it comprised mostly the same men who had driven out his father 18 years earlier, all parties agreed that William was the only choice to head any new government. On 6 December, he proclaimed himself Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands. On 16 March 1815, the Sovereign Prince raised the Netherlands to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22William%20I%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22William%20I%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWilliam%20I%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CWilliam%20I%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">William I</a> (<i>Willem I</i> in Dutch). </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">In 1815, the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Congress%20of%20Vienna%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Congress%20of%20Vienna%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCongress%20of%20Vienna%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Congress of Vienna (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ29uZ3Jlc3Nfb2ZfVmllbm5hP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Congress of Vienna</a> formed the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22United%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22United%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BUnited%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvVW5pdGVkX0tpbmdkb21fb2ZfdGhlX05ldGhlcmxhbmRzP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> by adding the southern Netherlands to the north in order to create a strong country on the northern border of France. In addition, William became hereditary <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Grand%20Duke%20of%20Luxembourg%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Grand%20Ducal%20Family%20of%20Luxembourg%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BGrand%20Ducal%20Family%20of%20Luxembourg%7CGrand%20Duke%20of%20Luxembourg%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvR3JhbmRfRHVjYWxfRmFtaWx5X29mX0x1eGVtYm91cmc/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a>. The Congress of Vienna gave Luxembourg to William as personal property in exchange for his German possessions, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Nassau-Dillenburg%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Nassau-Dillenburg%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNassau-Dillenburg%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Nassau-Dillenburg (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTmFzc2F1LURpbGxlbmJ1cmc/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Nassau-Dillenburg</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Siegen%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Siegen%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSiegen%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Hadamar%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Hadamar%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHadamar%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Hadamar" title="Hadamar">Hadamar</a>, and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Diez%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Diez%2C%20Germany%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDiez%2C%20Germany%7CDiez%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Diez,_Germany" title="Diez, Germany">Diez</a>. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">The Southern Netherlands had been culturally separate from the north since 1581, and rebelled against William's attempt to create a single culture. The south rebelled and gained independence in 1830 as <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Belgium%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Belgium%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BBelgium%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, while the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22personal%20union%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22personal%20union%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bpersonal%20union%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Personal union (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGVyc29uYWxfdW5pb24/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">personal union</a> between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in 1890, when <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22William%20III%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22William%20III%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWilliam%20III%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CWilliam%20III%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">William III</a> died with no surviving male heirs. <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Ascendancy%20laws%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Salic%20Law%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSalic%20Law%7CAscendancy%20laws%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Salic Law (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU2FsaWNfTGF3P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Ascendancy laws</a> prevented his daughter <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Queen%20Wilhelmina%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Wilhelmina%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWilhelmina%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CQueen%20Wilhelmina%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Queen Wilhelmina</a> from becoming the next Grand Duchess. Therefore the throne of Luxembourg passed over from the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22House%20of%20Orange-Nassau%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22House%20of%20Orange-Nassau%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHouse%20of%20Orange-Nassau%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a> to the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22House%20of%20Nassau-Weilburg%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22House%20of%20Nassau-Weilburg%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHouse%20of%20Nassau-Weilburg%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">House of Nassau-Weilburg</a>, a junior branch of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22House%20of%20Nassau%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22House%20of%20Nassau%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHouse%20of%20Nassau%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">House of Nassau</a>. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">The largest Dutch settlement abroad was the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Cape%20Colony%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Cape%20Colony%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCape%20Colony%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Cape Colony (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ2FwZV9Db2xvbnk/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Cape Colony</a>. It was established by <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Jan%20van%20Riebeeck%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Jan%20van%20Riebeeck%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BJan%20van%20Riebeeck%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Jan van Riebeeck (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSmFuX3Zhbl9SaWViZWVjaz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Jan van Riebeeck</a> on behalf of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20East%20India%20Company%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20East%20India%20Company%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20East%20India%20Company%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Dutch East India Company (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfRWFzdF9JbmRpYV9Db21wYW55P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Dutch East India Company</a> at <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Cape%20Town%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Cape%20Town%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCape%20Town%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Cape Town (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ2FwZV9Ub3duP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Cape Town</a> (<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7Blang-nl%7CKaapstad%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22lang-nl%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22wikitextIdx%22%3Anull%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20language%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <span data-rte-washtml="1" lang="nl" data-rte-attribs=" lang=nl xml:lang=nl"><i>Kaapstad</i></span>​</span>) in 1652. The Prince of Orange acquiesced to <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22British%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Kingdom%20of%20Great%20Britain%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BKingdom%20of%20Great%20Britain%7CBritish%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> occupation and control of the Cape Colony in 1788. The Netherlands also possessed several other colonies, but Dutch settlement in these lands was limited. Most notable were the vast <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20East%20Indies%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20East%20Indies%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20East%20Indies%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Dutch East Indies (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfRWFzdF9JbmRpZXM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Dutch East Indies</a> (now <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Indonesia%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Indonesia%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BIndonesia%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) and the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Colony%20of%20Surinam%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Surinam%20%28Dutch%20colony%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSurinam%20%28Dutch%20colony%29%7CColony%20of%20Surinam%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Surinam (Dutch colony) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3VyaW5hbV8oRHV0Y2hfY29sb255KT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Colony of Surinam</a> (now <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Suriname%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Suriname%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSuriname%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>). These 'colonies' were first administered by the Dutch East India Company and the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20West%20India%20Company%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20West%20India%20Company%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20West%20India%20Company%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Dutch West India Company (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfV2VzdF9JbmRpYV9Db21wYW55P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Dutch West India Company</a>, both collective private enterprises. Three centuries later these companies got into financial trouble, and the territories in which they operated were taken over by the Dutch government (in 1815 and 1791 respectively). Only then did they become official colonies. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">During its colonial period, the Netherlands was heavily involved in the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22slave%20trade%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22slave%20trade%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bslave%20trade%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Slave trade (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU2xhdmVfdHJhZGU/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">slave trade</a>. The Dutch <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22planters%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22plantation%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bplantation%7Cplanters%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Plantation (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGxhbnRhdGlvbj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">planters</a> relied heavily on <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22African%20slaves%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Atlantic%20slave%20trade%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BAtlantic%20slave%20trade%7CAfrican%20slaves%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Atlantic slave trade (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQXRsYW50aWNfc2xhdmVfdHJhZGU/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">African slaves</a> to cultivate the coffee, cocoa, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22sugarcane%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22sugarcane%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bsugarcane%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Sugarcane (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3VnYXJjYW5lP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">sugarcane</a> and cotton plantations along the rivers. Treatment of the slaves by their owners was notoriously bad, and many slaves escaped the plantations. Slavery was abolished by the Netherlands in <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20Guiana%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Surinam%20%28Dutch%20colony%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSurinam%20%28Dutch%20colony%29%7CDutch%20Guiana%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Surinam (Dutch colony) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3VyaW5hbV8oRHV0Y2hfY29sb255KT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Dutch Guiana</a> and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Cura%5Cu00e7ao%20and%20Dependencies%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Cura%5Cu00e7ao%20and%20Dependencies%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCura%5Cu00e7ao%20and%20Dependencies%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Curaçao and Dependencies (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ3VyYSVDMyVBN2FvX2FuZF9EZXBlbmRlbmNpZXM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> in 1863, but the slaves were not fully released until 1873, after a mandatory 10-year transition period during which time they were required to work on the plantations for minimal pay and without state sanctioned torture. As soon as they became truly free, the slaves largely abandoned the plantations where they had suffered for several generations in favour of the city <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Paramaribo%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Paramaribo%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BParamaribo%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Paramaribo (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGFyYW1hcmlibz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Paramaribo</a>. Every year this is remembered during <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Keti%20Koti%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Keti%20Koti%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BKeti%20Koti%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Keti Koti (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvS2V0aV9Lb3RpP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Keti Koti</a>, 1 July, Emancipation Day (end of slavery). </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">During the 19th century, the Netherlands was slow to industrialise compared to neighbouring countries, mainly because of the great complexity involved in modernising the infrastructure, consisting largely of waterways, and the great reliance its industry had on windpower. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Although the Netherlands remained <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22neutral%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Neutrality%20%28international%20relations%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNeutrality%20%28international%20relations%29%7Cneutral%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Neutrality (international relations) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTmV1dHJhbGl0eV8oaW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbF9yZWxhdGlvbnMpP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">neutral</a> during the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22First%20World%20War%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22World%20War%20I%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWorld%20War%20I%7CFirst%20World%20War%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, it was heavily involved in the war.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%20name%3D%5C%22Abbenhuis%5C%22%3EAbbenhuis%2C%20Maartje%20M.%20%282006%29%20%5Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbooks.google.com%5C%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5gMCfhUR6Y0C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%20The%20Art%20of%20Staying%20Neutral%5D.%20Amsterdam%20University%20Press%2C%20ISBN%2090-5356-818-2.%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-Abbenhuis_9-0" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-Abbenhuis_9-0 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000020-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E10%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000021-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-Abbenhuis-9%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-Abbenhuis-9%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22309%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E10%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22310%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-Abbenhuis-9"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>10<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> The German general <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Count%20Schlieffen%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Alfred%20von%20Schlieffen%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BAlfred%20von%20Schlieffen%7CCount%20Schlieffen%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Alfred von Schlieffen (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQWxmcmVkX3Zvbl9TY2hsaWVmZmVuP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Count Schlieffen</a>, who was Chief of the Imperial <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22German%20General%20Staff%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22German%20General%20Staff%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BGerman%20General%20Staff%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="German General Staff (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvR2VybWFuX0dlbmVyYWxfU3RhZmY/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">German General Staff</a>, had originally planned to invade the Netherlands while advancing into France in the original <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Schlieffen%20Plan%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Schlieffen%20Plan%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSchlieffen%20Plan%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Schlieffen Plan (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU2NobGllZmZlbl9QbGFuP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Schlieffen Plan</a>. This was changed by Schlieffen's successor, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Helmuth%20von%20Moltke%20the%20Younger%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Helmuth%20von%20Moltke%20the%20Younger%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHelmuth%20von%20Moltke%20the%20Younger%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Younger (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSGVsbXV0aF92b25fTW9sdGtlX3RoZV9Zb3VuZ2VyP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Helmuth von Moltke the Younger</a>, in order to maintain Dutch neutrality. Later during the war Dutch neutrality proved essential to German survival until the blockade by the British Royal Navy in 1916, when the import of goods through the Netherlands was no longer possible. The Dutch were nevertheless able to continue to remain neutral during the war using their diplomacy and their ability to trade.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%20name%3D%5C%22Abbenhuis%5C%22%5C%2F%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-Abbenhuis_9-1" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-Abbenhuis_9-1 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000023-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E10%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000024-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-Abbenhuis-9%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-Abbenhuis-9%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22315%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E10%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22316%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-Abbenhuis-9"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>10<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> </p> <h3 data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">World War II (1940–1945)</h3> <div class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BMain%7CNetherlands%20in%20World%20War%20II%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%221%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Main%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​​</div> <p data-rte-fromparser="true"><img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22image%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFile%3ARotterdam.jpg%7Cthumb%7C%5B%5BRotterdam%5D%5D%20after%20German%20air%20raids%20in%201940.%5D%5D%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Rotterdam.jpg%22%2C%22params%22%3A%7B%22alt%22%3A%22Rotterdam%2C%20Laurenskerk%2C%20na%20bombardement%20van%20mei%201940%22%2C%22thumbnail%22%3Atrue%2C%22caption%22%3A%22%5B%5BRotterdam%5D%5D%20after%20German%20air%20raids%20in%201940.%22%2C%22captionParsed%22%3A%22%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220150%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%5C%2Fwiki%5C%2FRotterdam%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Rotterdam%5C%22%3ERotterdam%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20after%20German%20air%20raids%20in%201940.%22%7D%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg/180px-Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg" width="180" height="136" class="image thumb withCaption" data-image-name="Rotterdam, Laurenskerk, na bombardement van mei 1940.jpg" data-image-key="Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg" type="image" /> <!-- RTE::{"spaces":0,"type":"LINE_BREAK"} -->The Netherlands intended to remain neutral during <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22World%20War%20II%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22World%20War%20II%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWorld%20War%20II%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, although contingency plans involving the armies of Belgium, France and the United Kingdom were drawn up in case of German aggression. Despite this neutrality, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Nazi%20Germany%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Nazi%20Germany%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNazi%20Germany%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Nazi Germany (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTmF6aV9HZXJtYW55P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Nazi Germany</a> <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22invaded%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Battle%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BBattle%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7Cinvaded%20the%20Netherlands%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Battle of the Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQmF0dGxlX29mX3RoZV9OZXRoZXJsYW5kcz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">invaded the Netherlands</a> on 10 May 1940 as part of their campaign against the Allied forces. French forces in the south and British ships in the west came to help but turned around quickly, evacuating many civilians and several thousand German prisoners of war from the German elite airborne divisions. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">The country was overrun in five days. Only after (but not because of) the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Rotterdam%20Blitz%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Rotterdam%20Blitz%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BRotterdam%20Blitz%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Rotterdam Blitz (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUm90dGVyZGFtX0JsaXR6P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Rotterdam Blitz</a> did the main element of the Dutch army surrender on 14 May 1940; although a Dutch and French force held the western part of Zeeland for some time after the surrender. The Kingdom as such, continued the war from the colonial empire; the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22government%20in%20exile%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22government%20in%20exile%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bgovernment%20in%20exile%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Government in exile (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvR292ZXJubWVudF9pbl9leGlsZT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">government in exile</a> resided in London. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">During the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22occupation%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22military%20occupation%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bmilitary%20occupation%7Coccupation%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Military occupation (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTWlsaXRhcnlfb2NjdXBhdGlvbj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">occupation</a>, over 100,000 <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20Jews%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHistory%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20the%20Netherlands%7CDutch%20Jews%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSGlzdG9yeV9vZl90aGVfSmV3c19pbl90aGVfTmV0aGVybGFuZHM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Dutch Jews</a><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%7B%7BWayback%20%7Cdate%3D20041207064440%20%7Curl%3Dhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.kampwesterbork.nl%5C%2Fsite1.2%5C%2FEnglish%5C%2FKAMP%5C%2Fk08.html%20%7Ctitle%3D93%20trains%20%7D%7D.%20kampwesterbork.nl%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-10 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000027-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E11%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000028-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-10%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-10%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22323%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E11%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22324%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-10"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>11<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> were rounded up to be transported to Nazi German <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22extermination%20camp%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22extermination%20camp%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bextermination%20camp%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Extermination camp (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRXh0ZXJtaW5hdGlvbl9jYW1wP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">extermination camps</a> in Germany, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22German-occupied%20Poland%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22General%20Government%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BGeneral%20Government%7CGerman-occupied%20Poland%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="General Government (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvR2VuZXJhbF9Hb3Zlcm5tZW50P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">German-occupied Poland</a> and German-occupied <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Czechoslovakia%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Protectorate%20of%20Bohemia%20and%20Moravia%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BProtectorate%20of%20Bohemia%20and%20Moravia%7CCzechoslovakia%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUHJvdGVjdG9yYXRlX29mX0JvaGVtaWFfYW5kX01vcmF2aWE/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Czechoslovakia</a>. By the time these camps were liberated, few Dutch Jews survived. Dutch workers were conscripted for forced labour in German factories, civilians were killed in reprisal for attacks on German soldiers, and the countryside was plundered for food for German soldiers in the Netherlands and for shipment to Germany. Although there were thousands of Dutch who risked their lives by hiding Jews from the Germans, as recounted in <i><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22The%20Hiding%20Place%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22The%20Hiding%20Place%20%28book%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BThe%20Hiding%20Place%20%28book%29%7CThe%20Hiding%20Place%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="The Hiding Place (book) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvVGhlX0hpZGluZ19QbGFjZV8oYm9vayk/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">The Hiding Place</a></i> by <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Corrie%20ten%20Boom%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Corrie%20ten%20Boom%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCorrie%20ten%20Boom%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Corrie ten Boom (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ29ycmllX3Rlbl9Cb29tP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Corrie ten Boom</a> and <i>The Heart Has Reasons</i> by <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Mark%20Klempner%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Mark%20Klempner%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BMark%20Klempner%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Mark Klempner (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTWFya19LbGVtcG5lcj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Mark Klempner</a>,<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3EKlempner%2C%20Mark%20%282006%29%20%27%27The%20Heart%20Has%20Reasons%3A%20Holocaust%20Rescuers%20and%20Their%20Stories%20of%20Courage%27%27.%20Cleveland%3A%20The%20Pilgrim%20Press%2C%20pp.%2015%5Cu201317%20ISBN%200-8298-1699-2.%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-11 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000002A-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E12%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000002B-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-11%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-11%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22329%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E12%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22330%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-11"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>12<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> there were also Dutch who collaborated with the occupying force in hunting down hiding Jews.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3EKlempner%2C%20Mark%20%282006%29%20%27%27The%20Heart%20Has%20Reasons%3A%20Holocaust%20Rescuers%20and%20Their%20Stories%20of%20Courage%27%27.%20Cleveland%3A%20The%20Pilgrim%20Press%2C%20p.%205%20ISBN%200-8298-1699-2.%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-12 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000002D-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E13%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000002E-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-12%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-12%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22335%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E13%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22336%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-12"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>13<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1"><img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22image%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFile%3A101st%20with%20members%20of%20dutch%20resistance.jpg%7Cthumb%7C%5B%5BDutch%20resistance%5D%5D%20members%20with%20troops%20of%20the%20%5B%5B101st%20Airborne%20Division%20%28United%20States%29%7CUS%20101st%20Airborne%5D%5D%20in%20Eindhoven%20during%20%5B%5BOperation%20Market%20Garden%5D%5D%20in%20September%201944.%5D%5D%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg%22%2C%22params%22%3A%7B%22alt%22%3A%22101st%20with%20members%20of%20dutch%20resistance%22%2C%22thumbnail%22%3Atrue%2C%22caption%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20resistance%5D%5D%20members%20with%20troops%20of%20the%20%5B%5B101st%20Airborne%20Division%20%28United%20States%29%7CUS%20101st%20Airborne%5D%5D%20in%20Eindhoven%20during%20%5B%5BOperation%20Market%20Garden%5D%5D%20in%20September%201944.%22%2C%22captionParsed%22%3A%22%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220165%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Dutch%20resistance%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfcmVzaXN0YW5jZT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE%3D%5C%22%3EDutch%20resistance%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20members%20with%20troops%20of%20the%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220166%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22101st%20Airborne%20Division%20%28United%20States%29%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvMTAxc3RfQWlyYm9ybmVfRGl2aXNpb25fKFVuaXRlZF9TdGF0ZXMpP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D%5C%22%3EUS%20101st%20Airborne%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20in%20Eindhoven%20during%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220167%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Operation%20Market%20Garden%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvT3BlcmF0aW9uX01hcmtldF9HYXJkZW4%5C%2FYWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x%5C%22%3EOperation%20Market%20Garden%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20in%20September%201944.%22%7D%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/180px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg" width="180" height="133" class="image thumb withCaption" data-image-name="101st with members of dutch resistance.jpg" data-image-key="101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg" type="image" /> <!-- RTE::{"spaces":0,"type":"LINE_BREAK"} -->Local fascists and anti-Bolsheviks joined the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Waffen-SS%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Waffen-SS%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWaffen-SS%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Waffen-SS (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvV2FmZmVuLVNTP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Waffen-SS</a> in the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%224th%20SS%20Volunteer%20Panzergrenadier%20Brigade%20Netherlands%22%2C%22link%22%3A%224th%20SS%20Volunteer%20Panzergrenadier%20Brigade%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B4th%20SS%20Volunteer%20Panzergrenadier%20Brigade%20Netherlands%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvNHRoX1NTX1ZvbHVudGVlcl9QYW56ZXJncmVuYWRpZXJfQnJpZ2FkZV9OZXRoZXJsYW5kcz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands</a>, fighting on the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Eastern%20Front%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Eastern%20Front%20%28World%20War%20II%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BEastern%20Front%20%28World%20War%20II%29%7CEastern%20Front%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Eastern Front (World War II) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRWFzdGVybl9Gcm9udF8oV29ybGRfV2FyX0lJKT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Eastern Front</a> as well as other units. Racial restrictions were relaxed to the extent that even Asians from Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) units were recruited.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%7B%7Bcite%20web%7Cauthor%3DMOOXE%20from%20Close%20Combat%20Series%20%7Curl%3Dhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.closecombatseries.net%5C%2FCCS%5C%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DForums%26file%3Dviewtopic%26t%3D7686%26highlight%3D%20%7Ctitle%3DIndonesian%20SS%20Volunteers%20%7Cpublisher%3DClosecombatseries.net%20%7Caccessdate%3D28%20October%202011%7D%7D%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-13 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000030-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E14%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000031-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-13%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-13%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22341%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E14%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22342%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-13"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>14<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> Political collaborators were members of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22fascist%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Fascism%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFascism%7Cfascist%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Fascism (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRmFzY2lzbT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">fascist</a> <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22NSB%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22National%20Socialist%20Movement%20in%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNational%20Socialist%20Movement%20in%20the%20Netherlands%7CNSB%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTmF0aW9uYWxfU29jaWFsaXN0X01vdmVtZW50X2luX3RoZV9OZXRoZXJsYW5kcz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">NSB</a>, the only legal political party in the occupied Netherlands. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">On 8 December 1941, the Netherlands declared war on Japan.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%7B%7Bcite%20web%20%7Curl%3Dhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%5C%2Fpha%5C%2Fpolicy%5C%2F1941%5C%2F411208c.html%20%7Ctitle%3DThe%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%20declares%20war%20with%20Japan%20%7Cpublisher%3Dibiblio%20%7Caccessdate%3D2%20October%202009%7D%7D%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-14 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000033-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E15%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000034-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-14%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-14%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22347%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E15%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22348%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-14"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>15<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> The government-in-exile then lost control of its major colonial stronghold, the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Netherlands%20East%20Indies%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Netherlands%20East%20Indies%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNetherlands%20East%20Indies%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Netherlands East Indies (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTmV0aGVybGFuZHNfRWFzdF9JbmRpZXM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Netherlands East Indies</a> (Indonesia), to <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Japanese%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Empire%20of%20Japan%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BEmpire%20of%20Japan%7CJapanese%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Empire of Japan (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRW1waXJlX29mX0phcGFuP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Japanese</a> forces in March 1942. "<a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22American-British-Dutch-Australian%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22American-British-Dutch-Australian%20Command%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BAmerican-British-Dutch-Australian%20Command%7CAmerican-British-Dutch-Australian%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQW1lcmljYW4tQnJpdGlzaC1EdXRjaC1BdXN0cmFsaWFuX0NvbW1hbmQ/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">American-British-Dutch-Australian</a>" (ABDA) forces <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22fought%20hard%20in%20some%20instances%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Netherlands%20East%20Indies%20campaign%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNetherlands%20East%20Indies%20campaign%7Cfought%20hard%20in%20some%20instances%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Netherlands East Indies campaign (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTmV0aGVybGFuZHNfRWFzdF9JbmRpZXNfY2FtcGFpZ24/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">fought hard in some instances</a> but were overwhelmed. During the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Japanese%20occupation%20of%20Indonesia%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Japanese%20occupation%20of%20Indonesia%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BJapanese%20occupation%20of%20Indonesia%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Japanese occupation of Indonesia (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSmFwYW5lc2Vfb2NjdXBhdGlvbl9vZl9JbmRvbmVzaWE/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Japanese occupation of Indonesia</a>, the Japanese interned Dutch civilians and used Dutch and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Indos%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Indo%20people%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BIndo%20people%7CIndos%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Indo people (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSW5kb19wZW9wbGU/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Indos</a> (Eurasians of Dutch and Indonesian descent) alike as <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22forced%20labour%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22forced%20labour%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bforced%20labour%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Forced labour (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRm9yY2VkX2xhYm91cj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">forced labour</a>, both in the Netherlands East Indies and in neighbouring countries.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%5Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%5C%2Fcgi-bin%5C%2Fquery%5C%2Fr%3Ffrd%5C%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bid0029%29%20Library%20of%20Congress%2C%201992%2C%20%5C%22Indonesia%3A%20World%20War%20II%20and%20the%20Struggle%20For%20Independence%2C%201942%5Cu201350%3B%20The%20Japanese%20Occupation%2C%201942%5Cu201345%5C%22%5D%20Access%20date%3A%209%20February%202007.%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-15 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000036-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E16%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000037-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-15%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-15%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22353%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E16%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22354%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-15"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>16<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1"><img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22image%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFile%3ALiberation%20of%20Eindhoven%2002.jpg%7Cthumb%7CCrowds%20during%20the%20liberation%20of%20%5B%5BEindhoven%5D%5D%2C%20September%201944.%5D%5D%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg%22%2C%22params%22%3A%7B%22alt%22%3A%22Liberation%20of%20Eindhoven%2002%22%2C%22thumbnail%22%3Atrue%2C%22caption%22%3A%22Crowds%20during%20the%20liberation%20of%20%5B%5BEindhoven%5D%5D%2C%20September%201944.%22%2C%22captionParsed%22%3A%22Crowds%20during%20the%20liberation%20of%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220181%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Eindhoven%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvRWluZGhvdmVuP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D%5C%22%3EEindhoven%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%20September%201944.%22%7D%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg/180px-Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg" width="180" height="106" class="image thumb withCaption" data-image-name="Liberation of Eindhoven 02.jpg" data-image-key="Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg" type="image" /> <!-- RTE::{"spaces":0,"type":"LINE_BREAK"} -->The Dutch Red Cross reported the deaths in Japanese custody of 14,800 European civilians out of 80,000 interned and 12,500 of the 34,000 POW captured.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3EAziz%2C%20M.%20Z.%20%281955%29%20%27%27Japan%27s%20Colonialism%20and%20Indonesia.%27%27%20The%20Hague.%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-16 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000039-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E17%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000003A-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-16%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-16%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22359%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E17%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22360%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-16"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>17<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> A later UN report stated that 4<span data-rte-entity="nbsp"> </span>million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour (known as <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22romusha%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22romusha%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bromusha%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Romusha (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUm9tdXNoYT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">romusha</a>) during the Japanese occupation.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3ECited%20in%3A%20Dower%2C%20John%20W.%20%27%27War%20Without%20Mercy%3A%20Race%20and%20Power%20in%20the%20Pacific%20War%27%27%20%281986%3B%20Pantheon%3B%20ISBN%200-394-75172-8%29%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-17 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000003C-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E18%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000003D-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-17%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-17%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22365%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E18%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22366%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-17"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>18<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> Some military personnel escaped to Australia and other Allied countries from where they carried on the fight against Japan. Soon after <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22VE%20day%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22VE%20day%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BVE%20day%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="VE day (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvVkVfZGF5P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">VE day</a>, the Dutch fought a <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22colonial%20war%20against%20the%20new%20republic%20of%20Indonesia%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Indonesian%20National%20Revolution%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BIndonesian%20National%20Revolution%7Ccolonial%20war%20against%20the%20new%20republic%20of%20Indonesia%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Indonesian National Revolution (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSW5kb25lc2lhbl9OYXRpb25hbF9SZXZvbHV0aW9uP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">colonial war against the new republic of Indonesia</a>. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, the only child of Queen Wilhelmina and heir to the throne, sought refuge in <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Ottawa%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Ottawa%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BOttawa%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Canada, with her two daughters, Beatrix and Irene, during the war. During Princess Juliana's stay in Canada, preparations were made for the birth of her third child. To ensure the Dutch citizenship of this royal baby, the Canadian Parliament passed a special law declaring Princess Juliana's suite at the Ottawa Civic Hospital "extraterritorial". <!-- RTE::{"spaces":0,"type":"LINE_BREAK"} --><img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22comment%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3C%21--%20%20Commented%20out%3A%20%5B%5BFile%3ASigning%20of%20the%20Maastricht%20Treaty.jpg%7Cthumb%7Cupright%7CThe%20Netherlands%20became%20a%20founding%20member%20of%20the%20%5B%5BEuropean%20Union%5D%5D%20in%201993.%20%28Signing%20of%20the%20%5B%5BMaastricht%20Treaty%5D%5D%29%5D%5D%20--%3E%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="placeholder placeholder-comment" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAABAAEAQAICTAEAOw%3D%3D" type="comment" /> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">On 19 January 1943, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Princess%20Margriet%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Princess%20Margriet%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BPrincess%20Margriet%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CPrincess%20Margriet%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Princess Margriet of the Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUHJpbmNlc3NfTWFyZ3JpZXRfb2ZfdGhlX05ldGhlcmxhbmRzP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Princess Margriet</a> was born. The day after Princess Margriet's birth, the Dutch flag was flown on the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Peace%20Tower%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Peace%20Tower%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BPeace%20Tower%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Peace Tower (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGVhY2VfVG93ZXI/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Peace Tower</a>. This was the only time in history a foreign flag has waved above <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Canada%27s%20parliament%20buildings%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Parliament%20Hill%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BParliament%20Hill%7CCanada%27s%20parliament%20buildings%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Parliament Hill (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGFybGlhbWVudF9IaWxsP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Canada's parliament buildings</a>. In 1944–45, the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22First%20Canadian%20Army%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22First%20Canadian%20Army%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFirst%20Canadian%20Army%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="First Canadian Army (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRmlyc3RfQ2FuYWRpYW5fQXJteT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">First Canadian Army</a>, which included Canadian, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22British%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22I%20Corps%20%28United%20Kingdom%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BI%20Corps%20%28United%20Kingdom%29%7CBritish%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="I Corps (United Kingdom) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSV9Db3Jwc18oVW5pdGVkX0tpbmdkb20pP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">British</a> and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Polish%22%2C%22link%22%3A%221st%20Armoured%20Division%20%28Poland%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B1st%20Armoured%20Division%20%28Poland%29%7CPolish%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="1st Armoured Division (Poland) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvMXN0X0FybW91cmVkX0RpdmlzaW9uXyhQb2xhbmQpP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Polish</a> troops, was responsible for liberating much of the Netherlands<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%7B%7Bcite%20video%5Cn%20%7C%20year%20%3D1944%5Cn%20%7C%20title%20%3DVideo%3A%20Allies%20Set%20For%20Offensive%5Cn%20%7C%20url%20%3Dhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.archive.org%5C%2Fdetails%5C%2Fgov.archives.arc.39141%5Cn%20%7C%20publisher%20%3D%5B%5BUniversal%20Newsreel%5D%5D%5Cn%20%7C%20accessdate%20%3D21%20February%202012%5Cn%7D%7D%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-18 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-0000003F-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E19%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000040-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-18%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-18%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22371%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E19%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22372%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-18"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>19<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> from German occupation. The joyous "Canadian summer" that ensued after the liberation, forged deep and long-lasting bonds of friendship between the Netherlands and Canada<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%5Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.com%5C%2Findex.cfm%3FPgNm%3DTCE%26Params%3DA1ARTA0004672%20Liberation%20of%20Holland%5D%20from%20%27%27The%20Canadian%20Encyclopedia.%27%27%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-19 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000042-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E20%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000043-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-19%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-19%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22377%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E20%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22378%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-19"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>20<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> (See <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Canada%5Cu2013Netherlands%20relations%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Canada%5Cu2013Netherlands%20relations%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCanada%5Cu2013Netherlands%20relations%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Canada–Netherlands relations (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ2FuYWRhJUUyJTgwJTkzTmV0aGVybGFuZHNfcmVsYXRpb25zP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Canada–Netherlands relations</a>). In 1949, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20troops%20occupied%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20annexation%20of%20German%20territory%20after%20World%20War%20II%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20annexation%20of%20German%20territory%20after%20World%20War%20II%7CDutch%20troops%20occupied%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfYW5uZXhhdGlvbl9vZl9HZXJtYW5fdGVycml0b3J5X2FmdGVyX1dvcmxkX1dhcl9JST9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Dutch troops occupied</a> an area of <span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7Bconvert%7C69%7Ckm%5Cu00b2%7C0%7Cabbr%3Dout%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22convert%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​69 square kilometres (27 sq mi)​</span> of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22British%20zone%20of%20occupied%20Germany%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Allied-occupied%20Germany%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BAllied-occupied%20Germany%7CBritish%20zone%20of%20occupied%20Germany%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Allied-occupied Germany (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQWxsaWVkLW9jY3VwaWVkX0dlcm1hbnk/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">British zone of occupied Germany</a>, including <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Elten%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Elten%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BElten%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Elten (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRWx0ZW4/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Elten</a> and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Selfkant%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Selfkant%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSelfkant%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Selfkant (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU2VsZmthbnQ/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Selfkant</a>, and annexed it. At that time, these areas were inhabited by almost 10,000 people. As the result of a Dutch-German agreement, signed on 8 April 1960 in The Hague, the territory was returned to Germany on 1 August 1963, except one small hill (about 3<span data-rte-entity="nbsp"> </span>km²) called Duivelsberg which was annexed by the Netherlands. <span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BCitation%20needed%7Cdate%3DFebruary%202010%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Citation%20needed%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​​</span> </p> <h3 data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Post-war history (1945–present)</h3> <p data-rte-fromparser="true"><img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22image%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFile%3ATratado%20de%20Lisboa%2013%2012%202007%20%28081%29.jpg%7Cthumb%7Cright%7CThe%20Netherlands%20is%20a%20founding%20member%20of%20the%20%5B%5BEuropean%20Union%5D%5D.%5D%5D%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg%22%2C%22params%22%3A%7B%22alt%22%3A%22Tratado%20de%20Lisboa%2013%2012%202007%20%28081%29%22%2C%22thumbnail%22%3Atrue%2C%22align%22%3A%22right%22%2C%22caption%22%3A%22The%20Netherlands%20is%20a%20founding%20member%20of%20the%20%5B%5BEuropean%20Union%5D%5D.%22%2C%22captionParsed%22%3A%22The%20Netherlands%20is%20a%20founding%20member%20of%20the%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220198%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22European%20Union%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvRXVyb3BlYW5fVW5pb24%5C%2FYWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x%5C%22%3EEuropean%20Union%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%22%7D%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/180px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg" width="180" height="107" class="image thumb alignRight withCaption" data-image-name="Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg" data-image-key="Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg" type="image" /> <!-- RTE::{"spaces":0,"type":"LINE_BREAK"} -->After the war, the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20economy%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Economy%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BEconomy%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CDutch%20economy%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Economy of the Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRWNvbm9teV9vZl90aGVfTmV0aGVybGFuZHM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Dutch economy</a> prospered by leaving behind an era of neutrality and gaining closer ties with neighbouring states. Government-encouraged emigration efforts to reduce <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22population%20density%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22population%20density%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bpopulation%20density%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> prompted some 500,000 <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20people%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20people%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20people%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch people</a> to leave the country after the war.<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%7B%7Bcite%20web%20%7Curl%3Dhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.britannica.com%5C%2FEBchecked%5C%2Ftopic%5C%2F409956%5C%2FNetherlands%20%7Ctitle%3DNetherlands%20%7Cauthor%3D%20%7Cwork%3D%5B%5BEncyclop%5Cu00e6dia%20Britannica%20Online%5D%5D%20%7Cpublisher%3D%5B%5BEncyclop%5Cu00e6dia%20Britannica%2C%20Inc.%5D%5D%20%7Caccessdate%3D8%20September%202012%7D%7D%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-20 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000045-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E21%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-17721661005e2d7d83e575c%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ3223a6892a62347c-nowiki-00000046-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-20%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-20%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22383%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E21%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%22384%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="#cite_note-20"><span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>21<span data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> The Netherlands was one of the founding members of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Benelux%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Benelux%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BBenelux%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Benelux (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQmVuZWx1eD9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Benelux</a> (<b>Be</b>lgium, the <b>Ne</b>therlands and <b>Lux</b>embourg) grouping, was among the twelve founding members of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22North%20Atlantic%20Treaty%20Organisation%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22NATO%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNATO%7CNorth%20Atlantic%20Treaty%20Organisation%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="NATO (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTkFUTz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</a> (NATO), and was among the six founding members of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22European%20Coal%20and%20Steel%20Community%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22European%20Coal%20and%20Steel%20Community%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BEuropean%20Coal%20and%20Steel%20Community%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="European Coal and Steel Community (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRXVyb3BlYW5fQ29hbF9hbmRfU3RlZWxfQ29tbXVuaXR5P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, which would evolve into the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22EEC%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22European%20Economic%20Community%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BEuropean%20Economic%20Community%7CEEC%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="European Economic Community (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRXVyb3BlYW5fRWNvbm9taWNfQ29tbXVuaXR5P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">EEC</a> (<a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Common%20Market%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Common%20Market%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCommon%20Market%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Common Market (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ29tbW9uX01hcmtldD9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Common Market</a>) and later the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22European%20Union%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22European%20Union%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BEuropean%20Union%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="European Union (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRXVyb3BlYW5fVW5pb24/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">European Union</a>. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">In 1954, the political structure of the Kingdom of the Netherlands was reformed when <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Queen%20Juliana%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Juliana%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BJuliana%20of%20the%20Netherlands%7CQueen%20Juliana%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Queen Juliana</a> signed the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Charter%20for%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Charter%20for%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCharter%20for%20the%20Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ2hhcnRlcl9mb3JfdGhlX0tpbmdkb21fb2ZfdGhlX05ldGhlcmxhbmRzP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>. The Dutch colonies of <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Suriname%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Surinam%20%28Dutch%20colony%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSurinam%20%28Dutch%20colony%29%7CSuriname%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Surinam (Dutch colony) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3VyaW5hbV8oRHV0Y2hfY29sb255KT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Suriname</a> and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Cura%5Cu00e7ao%20and%20Dependencies%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Cura%5Cu00e7ao%20and%20Dependencies%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCura%5Cu00e7ao%20and%20Dependencies%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Curaçao and Dependencies (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ3VyYSVDMyVBN2FvX2FuZF9EZXBlbmRlbmNpZXM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> became integral parts of the Kingdom as the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22constituent%20countries%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22constituent%20countries%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bconstituent%20countries%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Constituent countries (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ29uc3RpdHVlbnRfY291bnRyaWVzP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">constituent countries</a> of <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Suriname%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Suriname%20%28Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSuriname%20%28Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%29%7CSuriname%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3VyaW5hbWVfKEtpbmdkb21fb2ZfdGhlX05ldGhlcmxhbmRzKT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Suriname</a> and the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Netherlands%20Antilles%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Netherlands%20Antilles%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNetherlands%20Antilles%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Netherlands Antilles (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTmV0aGVybGFuZHNfQW50aWxsZXM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Netherlands Antilles</a>. At the same time, the European country known until then as the <i>Kingdom of the Netherlands</i> became the constituent country of the <i>Netherlands</i> within the now expanded Kingdom, on a basis of equality with the other constituent countries. The reformed <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Kingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BKingdom%20of%20the%20Netherlands%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> was a result of the desire to review the relations between the Netherlands and its colonies (especially the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Dutch%20East%20Indies%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dutch%20East%20Indies%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDutch%20East%20Indies%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Dutch East Indies (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRHV0Y2hfRWFzdF9JbmRpZXM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Dutch East Indies</a>, now <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Indonesia%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Indonesia%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BIndonesia%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>). International pressure to carry out <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22decolonisation%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22decolonisation%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bdecolonisation%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Decolonisation (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRGVjb2xvbmlzYXRpb24/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">decolonisation</a> was an important motivator for the reforms. Before the reform was completed, Indonesia declared its independence in August 1945, which was recognised in 1949, and thus has never been part of the Kingdom. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural change, such as rapid <i><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22ontzuiling%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22pillarization%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bpillarization%7Contzuiling%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Pillarization (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUGlsbGFyaXphdGlvbj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">ontzuiling</a></i> (literally: depillarisation), a term that describes the decay of the old divisions along political and religious lines. Youths, and students in particular, rejected traditional mores and pushed for change in matters such as <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22women%27s%20rights%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22women%27s%20rights%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bwomen%27s%20rights%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Women's rights (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvV29tZW4lMjdzX3JpZ2h0cz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">women's rights</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22sexuality%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Human%20sexuality%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHuman%20sexuality%7Csexuality%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Human sexuality (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSHVtYW5fc2V4dWFsaXR5P2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">sexuality</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22disarmament%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22disarmament%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bdisarmament%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Disarmament (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRGlzYXJtYW1lbnQ/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">disarmament</a> and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22environmental%20issues%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22environmental%20issues%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Benvironmental%20issues%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Environmental issues (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRW52aXJvbm1lbnRhbF9pc3N1ZXM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">environmental issues</a>. </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">On 10 October 2010, the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Netherlands%20Antilles%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Netherlands%20Antilles%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BNetherlands%20Antilles%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Netherlands Antilles (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTmV0aGVybGFuZHNfQW50aWxsZXM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Netherlands Antilles</a> was <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22dissolved%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Dissolution%20of%20the%20Netherlands%20Antilles%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BDissolution%20of%20the%20Netherlands%20Antilles%7Cdissolved%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvRGlzc29sdXRpb25fb2ZfdGhlX05ldGhlcmxhbmRzX0FudGlsbGVzP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">dissolved</a>. Referendums were held on each island of the Netherlands Antilles between June 2000 and April 2005 to determine their future status. As a result the islands of <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Bonaire%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Bonaire%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BBonaire%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Bonaire (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQm9uYWlyZT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Bonaire</a>, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Sint%20Eustatius%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Sint%20Eustatius%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSint%20Eustatius%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU2ludF9FdXN0YXRpdXM/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Sint Eustatius</a> and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Saba%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Saba%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSaba%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Saba (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU2FiYT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Saba</a> (the BES islands) were to obtain closer ties with the Netherlands. This led to the incorporation of these three islands into the country of the Netherlands as <i><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22special%20municipalities%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Special%20municipality%20%28Netherlands%29%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BSpecial%20municipality%20%28Netherlands%29%7Cspecial%20municipalities%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Special municipality (Netherlands) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvU3BlY2lhbF9tdW5pY2lwYWxpdHlfKE5ldGhlcmxhbmRzKT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">special municipalities</a></i> upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The special municipalities are collectively known as the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Caribbean%20Netherlands%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Caribbean%20Netherlands%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BCaribbean%20Netherlands%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-17721661005e2d7d83e575c" class="new" title="Caribbean Netherlands (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQ2FyaWJiZWFuX05ldGhlcmxhbmRzP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Caribbean Netherlands</a>. </p> <br /><strong data-rte-washtml="1" class="error" data-rte-attribs=" class=error">Cite error: <code data-rte-washtml="1"><ref></code> tags exist, but no <code data-rte-washtml="1"><references/></code> tag was found</strong><p /> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key genealogy:rte-parser-cache:68778 --> Loading editor Below are some commonly used wiki markup codes. Simply click on what you want to use and it will appear in the edit box above. Insert: – — … ° ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Sign your username: ~~~~ Wiki markup: {{}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> {{Reflist}} <references/> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span> Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ¹ ² ³ ½ ⅓ ⅔ ¼ ¾ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ∞ ‘ “ ’ ” «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ View this template This page is a member of 5 hidden categories: Category:Articles with Dutch-language external links Category:Articles with French-language external links Category:Articles with German-language external links Category:Pages with incorrect protection templates Category:Valid name- nation This field is a spam trap. DO NOT fill it in! Edit summary Preview Mobile Desktop Show changes
