Familypedi… Editing (section) Massachusetts 0 You are not logged in. The rich text editor does not work with JavaScript switched off. Please either enable it in your browser options, or visit your preferences to switch to the old MediaWiki editor <h3>19th century</h3> <p data-rte-fromparser="true">In 1820, <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Maine%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Maine%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BMaine%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> separated from Massachusetts, of which it had been first a contiguous and then a non-contiguous part, and entered the Union as the 23rd state as a result of the ratification of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Missouri%20Compromise%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Missouri%20Compromise%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BMissouri%20Compromise%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="Missouri Compromise (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvTWlzc291cmlfQ29tcHJvbWlzZT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Missouri Compromise</a>.<span data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%7B%7Bcite%20web%7C%20url%20%3D%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.maine.gov%5C%2Flegis%5C%2Fsenate%5C%2Fstatehouse%5C%2Fhistory%5C%2Fhstry5.htm%20%7C%20location%20%3DMaine%20%7C%20work%20%3D%20History%20%7C%20title%20%3D%20Statehood%20%7C%20publisher%20%3D%20Senate%20%7C%20accessdate%20%3D%20April%2011%2C%202008%7D%7D%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-0 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-8111661516010c535f12ec%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ178c2b004255e57d-nowiki-00000001-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E1%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-8111661516010c535f12ec%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ178c2b004255e57d-nowiki-00000002-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-0%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-0%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%2234%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E1%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%2235%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" href="#cite_note-0"><span data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>1<span data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1"><img data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22image%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BFile%3AMill%20Building%20%28now%20museum%29%2C%20Lowell%2C%20Massachusetts.JPG%7Cthumb%7C250px%7C%5B%5BTextile%20mill%5D%5Ds%20such%20as%20the%20Boott%20Mills%20in%20%5B%5BLowell%2C%20Massachusetts%20%7CLowell%5D%5D%20made%20Massachusetts%20a%20leader%20in%20the%20US%20%5B%5Bindustrial%20revolution%5D%5D.%5D%5D%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Mill_Building_%28now_museum%29%2C_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.JPG%22%2C%22params%22%3A%7B%22alt%22%3A%22Mill%20Building%20%28now%20museum%29%2C%20Lowell%2C%20Massachusetts%22%2C%22thumbnail%22%3Atrue%2C%22caption%22%3A%22%5B%5BTextile%20mill%5D%5Ds%20such%20as%20the%20Boott%20Mills%20in%20%5B%5BLowell%2C%20Massachusetts%20%7CLowell%5D%5D%20made%20Massachusetts%20a%20leader%20in%20the%20US%20%5B%5Bindustrial%20revolution%5D%5D.%22%2C%22width%22%3A250%2C%22captionParsed%22%3A%22%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220005%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Textile%20mill%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvVGV4dGlsZV9taWxsP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D%5C%22%3ETextile%20mills%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20such%20as%20the%20Boott%20Mills%20in%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220006%5C%22%20href%3D%5C%22%5C%2Fwiki%5C%2FLowell%2C_Massachusetts%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Lowell%2C%20Massachusetts%5C%22%3ELowell%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20made%20Massachusetts%20a%20leader%20in%20the%20US%20%3Ca%20_rte_dataidx%3D%5C%220007%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22new%5C%22%20title%3D%5C%22Industrial%20revolution%20%28page%20does%20not%20exist%29%5C%22%20rel%3D%5C%22nofollow%5C%22%20data-uncrawlable-url%3D%5C%22L3dpa2kvSW5kdXN0cmlhbF9yZXZvbHV0aW9uP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ%3D%3D%5C%22%3Eindustrial%20revolution%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%22%7D%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mill_Building_%28now_museum%29%2C_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/250px-Mill_Building_%28now_museum%29%2C_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" width="250" height="188" class="image thumb withCaption" data-image-name="Mill Building (now museum), Lowell, Massachusetts.JPG" data-image-key="Mill_Building_%28now_museum%29%2C_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" type="image" /> <!-- RTE::{"spaces":0,"type":"LINE_BREAK"} -->During the 19th century, Massachusetts became a national leader in the American <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Industrial%20Revolution%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Industrial%20Revolution%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BIndustrial%20Revolution%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="Industrial Revolution (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSW5kdXN0cmlhbF9SZXZvbHV0aW9uP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Industrial Revolution</a>, with factories around Boston producing textiles and shoes, and factories around Springfield producing precision manufacturing tools and paper.<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BSfn%20%7C%20Brown%20%7C%20Tager%20%7C%202000%20%7C%20p%20%3D%20129%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sfn%20%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000129_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000129-1">[2]</a></sup>​</span><span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BSfn%20%7C%20Brown%20%7C%20Tager%20%7C%202000%20%7C%20p%20%3D%20211%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sfn%20%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000211_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000211-2">[3]</a></sup>​</span> The economy transformed from one based primarily on agriculture to an industrial one, initially making use of waterpower and later the steam engine to power factories, and canals and later railroads for transporting goods and materials.<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BSfn%20%7C%20Brown%20%7C%20Tager%20%7C%202000%20%7C%20p%20%3D%20202%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sfn%20%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000202_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000202-3">[4]</a></sup>​</span> At first, the new industries drew labor from <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Yankee%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Yankee%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BYankee%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="Yankee (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvWWFua2VlP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ==">Yankees</a> on nearby subsistence farms, and later relied upon <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22immigrant%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Immigration%20to%20United%20States%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BImmigration%20to%20United%20States%7Cimmigrant%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="Immigration to United States (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSW1taWdyYXRpb25fdG9fVW5pdGVkX1N0YXRlcz9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">immigrant</a> labor from Europe and Canada.<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BSfn%20%7C%20Brown%20%7C%20Tager%20%7C%202000%20%7C%20pp%20%3D%20133%5Cu201336%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sfn%20%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000133.E2.80.9336_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000133.E2.80.9336-4">[5]</a></sup>​</span><span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BSfn%20%7C%20Brown%20%7C%20Tager%20%7C%202000%20%7C%20p%20%3D%20179%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sfn%20%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000179_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000179-5">[6]</a></sup>​</span> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">In the years leading up to the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Civil%20War%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22American%20Civil%20War%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BAmerican%20Civil%20War%7CCivil%20War%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Massachusetts was a center of <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22progressivism%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22progressivism%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Bprogressivism%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="Progressivism (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvUHJvZ3Jlc3NpdmlzbT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">progressivism</a> and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%20abolitionist%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22abolitionism%20%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Babolitionism%20%7C%20abolitionist%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="Abolitionism (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQWJvbGl0aW9uaXNtP2FjdGlvbj1lZGl0JnJlZGxpbms9MQ=="> abolitionist</a> activity. <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Horace%20Mann%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Horace%20Mann%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHorace%20Mann%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="Horace Mann (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSG9yYWNlX01hbm4/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">Horace Mann</a> made the state system of schools the national model.<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BSfn%20%7C%20Goldfield%20%7C%20Abbott%20%7C%20Anderson%20%7C%20Argersinger%20%7C%201998%20%7C%20p%20%3D%20251%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sfn%20%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldfieldAbbottAndersonArgersinger1998251_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldfieldAbbottAndersonArgersinger1998251-6">[7]</a></sup>​</span> <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Henry%20David%20Thoreau%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Henry%20David%20Thoreau%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BHenry%20David%20Thoreau%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="Henry David Thoreau (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvSGVucnlfRGF2aWRfVGhvcmVhdT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Henry David Thoreau</a> and <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Ralph%20Waldo%20Emerson%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Ralph%20Waldo%20Emerson%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BRalph%20Waldo%20Emerson%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson" class="mw-redirect">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> made major contributions to American thought.<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BSfn%20%7C%20Goldfield%20%7C%20Abbott%20%7C%20Anderson%20%7C%20Argersinger%20%7C%201998%20%7C%20p%20%3D%20254%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sfn%20%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldfieldAbbottAndersonArgersinger1998254_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldfieldAbbottAndersonArgersinger1998254-7">[8]</a></sup>​</span> Members of the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22transcendentalist%20movement%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22transcendentalism%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5Btranscendentalism%7Ctranscendentalist%20movement%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="Transcendentalism (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvVHJhbnNjZW5kZW50YWxpc20/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">transcendentalist movement</a>, they emphasized the importance of the natural world and emotion to humanity.<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BSfn%20%7C%20Goldfield%20%7C%20Abbott%20%7C%20Anderson%20%7C%20Argersinger%20%7C%201998%20%7C%20p%20%3D%20254%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sfn%20%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldfieldAbbottAndersonArgersinger1998254_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldfieldAbbottAndersonArgersinger1998254-7">[8]</a></sup>​</span> </p><p data-rte-fromparser="true" data-rte-empty-lines-before="1">Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837,<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BSfn%20%7C%20Brown%20%7C%20Tager%20%7C%202000%20%7C%20p%20%3D%20185%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sfn%20%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000185_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000185-8">[9]</a></sup>​</span> opposition to slavery gradually increased in the next few decades.<span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BSfn%20%7C%20Brown%20%7C%20Tager%20%7C%202000%20%7C%20p%20%3D%20183%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sfn%20%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000183_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000183-9">[10]</a></sup>​</span><span class="placeholder placeholder-double-brackets" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22double-brackets%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%7B%7BSfn%20%7C%20Brown%20%7C%20Tager%20%7C%202000%20%7C%20pp%20%3D%20187%5Cu201393%7D%7D%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sfn%20%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%7D" contenteditable="false">​<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000187.E2.80.9393_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownTager2000187.E2.80.9393-10">[11]</a></sup>​</span> The works of abolitionists contributed to subsequent actions of the state during the Civil War. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train, and arm a <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Black%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22African-American%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BAfrican-American%7CBlack%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="African-American (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQWZyaWNhbi1BbWVyaWNhbj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Black</a> regiment with <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22White%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22White%20%28people%29%20%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BWhite%20%28people%29%20%7CWhite%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="White (people) (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvV2hpdGVfKHBlb3BsZSk/YWN0aW9uPWVkaXQmcmVkbGluaz0x">White</a> officers, the <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%2254th%20Massachusetts%20Volunteer%20Infantry%22%2C%22link%22%3A%2254th%20Massachusetts%20Volunteer%20Infantry%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B54th%20Massachusetts%20Volunteer%20Infantry%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvNTR0aF9NYXNzYWNodXNldHRzX1ZvbHVudGVlcl9JbmZhbnRyeT9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry</a>.<span data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%7B%7Bcite%20web%20%7C%20title%20%3D%20Robert%20Gould%20Shaw%20and%20the%2054th%20Regiment%20%7C%20publisher%3D%5B%5BNational%20Park%20Service%5D%5D%20%7C%20accessdate%20%3DOctober%2019%2C%202009%20%7C%20url%20%3D%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nps.gov%5C%2Fboaf%5C%2Fhistoryculture%5C%2Fshaw.htm%7D%7D%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-11 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-8111661516010c535f12ec%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ178c2b004255e57d-nowiki-00000025-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E12%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-8111661516010c535f12ec%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ178c2b004255e57d-nowiki-00000026-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-11%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-11%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%2240%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E12%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%2241%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" href="#cite_note-11"><span data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>12<span data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial in <a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22Boston%20Common%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22Boston%20Common%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Atrue%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5BBoston%20Common%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" class="new" title="Boston Common (page does not exist)" rel="nofollow" data-uncrawlable-url="L3dpa2kvQm9zdG9uX0NvbW1vbj9hY3Rpb249ZWRpdCZyZWRsaW5rPTE=">Boston Common</a> contains a relief depicting the 54th regiment.<span data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cref%3E%7B%7Bcite%20web%20%7C%20title%20%3D%20Augustus%20Saint-Gaudens%20%7C%20publisher%3D%5B%5BNational%20Gallery%20of%20Art%5D%5D%20%7C%20accessdate%20%3D%20October%2019%2C%202009%20%7C%20url%20%3D%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nga.gov%5C%2Feducation%5C%2Fschoolarts%5C%2Fgaudens.htm%7D%7D%3C%5C%2Fref%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22ref%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false"><sup data-rte-washtml="1" id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" data-rte-attribs=" id=cite_ref-12 class=reference"><a data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22internal%22%2C%22text%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-8111661516010c535f12ec%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255B%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ178c2b004255e57d-nowiki-00000028-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E13%3Cspan%20data-rte-instance%3D%5C%2240-8111661516010c535f12ec%5C%22%20data-rte-meta%3D%5C%22%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522ext%2522%252C%2522wikitext%2522%253A%2522%253Cnowiki%253E%255D%253C%255C%252Fnowiki%253E%2522%252C%2522lineStart%2522%253A%2522%2522%252C%2522placeholder%2522%253A1%252C%2522extName%2522%253A%2522nowiki%2522%257D%5C%22%20class%3D%5C%22placeholder%20placeholder-ext%5C%22%20contenteditable%3D%5C%22false%5C%22%3E%7F%27%5C%22%60UNIQ178c2b004255e57d-nowiki-00000029-QINU%60%5C%22%27%7F%26%23x0200B%3B%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22link%22%3A%22%23cite_note-12%22%2C%22wasblank%22%3Afalse%2C%22noforce%22%3Atrue%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%5B%5B%23cite_note-12%7C%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%2246%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E13%3Cext%20_rte_wikitextidx%3D%5C%2247%5C%22%3E%3Cname%3Enowiki%3C%5C%2Fname%3E%3Cattr%3E%3C%5C%2Fattr%3E%3Cinner%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Finner%3E%3Cclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%3C%5C%2Fclose%3E%3C%5C%2Fext%3E%5D%5D%22%7D" data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" href="#cite_note-12"><span data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5B%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">[​</span>13<span data-rte-instance="40-8111661516010c535f12ec" data-rte-meta="%7B%22type%22%3A%22ext%22%2C%22wikitext%22%3A%22%3Cnowiki%3E%5D%3C%5C%2Fnowiki%3E%22%2C%22lineStart%22%3A%22%22%2C%22placeholder%22%3A1%2C%22extName%22%3A%22nowiki%22%7D" class="placeholder placeholder-ext" contenteditable="false">]​</span></a></sup>​</span> </p> <br /><strong data-rte-washtml="1" class="error" data-rte-attribs=" class=error">Cite error: <code data-rte-washtml="1"><ref></code> tags exist, but no <code data-rte-washtml="1"><references/></code> tag was found</strong><p /> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key 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