Liberia

Republic of Liberia
Republic of Liberia
	Motto: "The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here"
	Anthem: All Hail, Liberia, Hail!;
	Location of Liberia (dark blue) – in Africa (light blue & dark grey); – in the African Union (light blue)
Capital; and largest city	Monrovia
Official languages	English
Spoken and national languages	Liberian English;
Ethnic groups (2008)	20.3% Kpelle ; 13.4% Bassa ; 10.0% Gio ; 8.0% Grebo ; 7.9% Mano ; 6.0% Kru ; 5.1% Lorma ; 4.8% Kissi ; 4.4% Gola ;
Demonym	Liberian
Government	Unitary presidential constitutional republic
Legislature	Legislature of Liberia
Formation and Independence
Area
Population
GDP (PPP)	2018 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2018 estimate
Gini (2007)	38.2; medium
HDI (2015)	0.427; low · 177th
Currency	Liberian dollar (LRD); United States dollar (USD, de facto)
Time zone	GMT (UTC+0)
Drives on the	right
Calling code	+231
Internet TLD	.lr

Coordinates: 6°30′N 9°30′W / 6.5, -9.5

Liberia ( /laɪˈbɪəriə/), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its west, Guinea to its north and Ivory Coast to its east, the Atlantic Ocean to its south. It covers an area of 111,369 square kilometers (43,000 sq mi) and has a population of around 4,700,000 people.^[7] English is the official language and over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, representing the numerous ethnic groups who make up more than 95% of the population. The country's capital and largest city is Monrovia.

The Republic of Liberia began as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), who believed black people would face better chances for freedom and prosperity in Africa than in the United States.^[8] The country declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The U.S. did not recognize Liberia's independence until February 5, 1862, during the American Civil War. Between January 7, 1822, and the American Civil War, more than 15,000 freed and free-born black people who faced legislated limits in the U.S., and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans, relocated to the settlement.^[9] The black settlers carried their culture and tradition with them to Liberia. The Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after those of the U.S. On January 3, 1848, Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a wealthy, free-born African American from Virginia who settled in Liberia, was elected as Liberia's first president after the people proclaimed independence.^[9]

Liberia was the first African republic to proclaim its independence, and is Africa's first and oldest modern republic. Liberia retained its independence during the Scramble for Africa. During World War II, Liberia supported the United States war efforts against Germany and in turn, the U.S. invested in considerable infrastructure in Liberia to help its war effort, which also aided the country in modernizing and improving its major air transportation facilities. In addition, President William Tubman encouraged economic changes. Internationally, Liberia was a founding member of the League of Nations, United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity.

The Americo-Liberian settlers did not relate well to the indigenous peoples they encountered, especially those in communities of the more isolated "bush". The colonial settlements were raided by the Kru and Grebo from their inland chiefdoms. Americo-Liberians developed as a small elite that held on to political power, and the indigenous tribesmen were excluded from birthright citizenship in their own lands until 1904, in a repetition of the United States' treatment of Native Americans.^[10] The Americo-Liberians promoted religious organizations to set up missions and schools to educate the indigenous peoples.

Political tensions from the rule of William R. Tolbert resulted in a military coup in 1980 that overthrew his leadership soon after his death, marking the beginning of years-long political instability. Five years of military rule by the People's Redemption Council and five years of civilian rule by the National Democratic Party of Liberia were followed by the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. These resulted in the deaths of 250,000 people (about 8% of the population), the displacement of many more and shrunk Liberia's economy by 90%.^[11] A peace agreement in 2003 led to democratic elections in 2005, in which Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was elected President. Recovery proceeds but about 85% of the population lives below the international poverty line. Liberia's economic and political stability was threatened in the 2010s by an Ebola virus epidemic; it originated in Guinea in December 2013, entered Liberia in March 2014, and was declared officially ended on May 8, 2015.^[12]^[13]^[14]

History[]

Main article: History of Liberia

The Pepper Coast, also known as the Grain Coast, has been inhabited by indigenous peoples of Africa at least as far back as the 12th century. Mende-speaking people expanded westward from the Sudan, forcing many smaller ethnic groups southward toward the Atlantic Ocean. The Dei, Bassa, Kru, Gola and Kissi were some of the earliest documented peoples in the area.^[15]

This influx of these groups was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591. Liberia was a part of the Kingdom of Koya from 1450 to 1898. As inland regions underwent desertification, inhabitants moved to the wetter coast. These new inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political institutions from the Mali and Songhai empires.^[15] Shortly after the Mane conquered the region, the Vai people of the former Mali Empire immigrated into the Grand Cape Mount County region. The ethnic Kru opposed the influx of Vai, forming an alliance with the Mane to stop further influx of Vai.^[16]

People along the coast built canoes and traded with other West Africans from Cap-Vert to the Gold Coast. Arab traders entered the region from the north, and a long-established slave trade took captives to north and east Africa.

Early colonization[]

Between 1461 and the late 17th century, Portuguese, Dutch and British traders had contacts and trading posts in the region. The Portuguese named the area Costa da Pimenta ("Pepper Coast") but it later came to be known as the Grain Coast, due to the abundance of melegueta pepper grains. European traders would barter commodities and goods with local people.

In the United States, there was a movement to resettle free-born blacks and freed slaves who faced racial discrimination in the form of political disenfranchisement, and the denial of civil, religious and social privileges in the United States.^[17] Most whites and later a small cadre of black nationalists believed that blacks would face better chances for freedom in Africa than in the U.S.^[8] The American Colonization Society was founded in 1816 in Washington, DC, for this purpose, by a group of prominent politicians and slaveholders, but its membership grew to include mostly people who supported the abolition of slavery. Slaveholders wanted to get free people of color out of the South, where they were thought to threaten the stability of the slave societies. Some abolitionists collaborated on the relocation of free blacks, as they were discouraged by racial discrimination against them in the North and believed they would never be accepted in the larger society.^[18] Most blacks, who were native-born by this time, wanted to work toward justice in the United States rather than emigrate.^[8] Leading activists in the North strongly opposed the ACS, but some free blacks were ready to try a different environment.

In 1822, the American Colonization Society began sending black volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed blacks. By 1867, the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 blacks to Liberia.^[19] These free African-Americans and their descendants married within their community and came to identify as Americo-Liberians. Many were of mixed race and educated in American culture; they did not identify with the indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered. They intermarried largely within the colonial community, developing an ethnic group that had a cultural tradition infused with American notions of political republicanism and Protestant Christianity.^[20]

The ACS, the private organization supported by prominent American politicians such as Abraham Lincoln, Henry Clay, and James Monroe, believed repatriation of free African Americans was preferable to widespread emancipation of slaves.^[18] Similar state-based organizations established colonies in Mississippi-in-Africa and the Republic of Maryland, which were later annexed by Liberia.

The Americo-Liberian settlers did not relate well to the indigenous peoples they encountered, especially those in communities of the more isolated "bush", They knew nothing of their cultures, languages or animist religion. Encounters with tribal Africans in the bush often developed as violent confrontations. The colonial settlements were raided by the Kru and Grebo from their inland chiefdoms. Because of feeling set apart and superior by their culture and education to the indigenous peoples, the Americo-Liberians developed as a small elite that held on to political power. It excluded the indigenous tribesmen from birthright citizenship in their own lands until 1904, in a repetition of the United States' treatment of Native Americans.^[10] Because of ethnocentrism and the cultural gap, the Americo-Liberians envisioned creating a western-style state to which the tribesmen should assimilate. They promoted religious organizations to set up missions and schools to educate the indigenous peoples.

Government[]

On July 26, 1847, the settlers issued a Declaration of Independence and promulgated a constitution. Based on the political principles denoted in the United States Constitution, it established the independent Republic of Liberia.^[21]^[22] The United Kingdom was the first country to recognize Liberia's independence.^[23]

The leadership of the new nation consisted largely of the Americo-Liberians, who initially established political and economic dominance in the coastal areas that had been purchased by the ACS; they maintained relations with United States contacts in developing these areas and the resulting trade. Their passage of the 1865 Ports of Entry Act prohibited foreign commerce with the inland tribes, ostensibly to "encourage the growth of civilized values" before such trade was allowed in the region.^[21]

By 1877, the Americo-Liberian True Whig Party was the most powerful political power in the country.^[24] It was made up primarily of people from the Americo-Liberian ethnic group, who maintained social, economic and political dominance well into the 20th century, repeating patterns of European colonists in other nations in Africa. Competition for office was usually contained within the party; a party nomination virtually ensured election.^[24]

Pressure from the United Kingdom, which controlled Sierra Leone to the west, and France with its interests in the north and east led to a loss of Liberia's claims to extensive territories. Both Sierra Leone and the Ivory Coast annexed some territories.^[25] Liberia struggled to attract investment in order to develop infrastructure and a larger, industrial economy.

There was a decline in production of Liberian goods in the late 19th century, and the government struggled financially, resulting in indebtedness on a series of international loans.^[26] On July 16, 1892, Martha Ann Erskine Ricks met Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle and presented her a hand made quilt, Liberia's first diplomatic gift. Born into slavery in Tennessee, Ricks stated, "I had heard it often, from the time I was a child, how good the Queen had been to my people – to slaves – and how she wanted us to be free."^[23]

20th century[]

LiberiaKing — Charles D. B. King, 17th President of Liberia (1920–1930), with his entourage on the steps of the Peace Palace, The Hague (the Netherlands), 1927.

American and other international interests emphasized resource extraction, with rubber production a major industry in the early 20th century.^[27]

In 1929 allegations of modern slavery in Liberia led the League of Nations to establish the Christy commission. Findings included government involvement in widespread "Forced or compulsory labour", minority ethnic groups especially were exploited in a system which enriched well connected elites within Liberia.^[28] As a result of the Christy report, President Charles D. B. King and Vice-president Allen N. Yancy both resigned.^[29]

In the mid-20th century, Liberia gradually began to modernize with American assistance. During World War II, the United States made major infrastructure improvements to support its military efforts in Africa and Europe against the Nazis. It built the Freeport of Monrovia and Roberts International Airport under the Lend-Lease program before its entry into the Second World War.^[30]

After the war, President William Tubman encouraged foreign investment in the country. Liberia had the second-highest rate of economic growth in the world during the 1950s.^[30]

Liberia also began to take a more active role in international affairs. It was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and became a vocal critic of the South African apartheid regime.^[31] Liberia also served as a proponent both of African independence from the European colonial powers and of Pan-Africanism, and helped to fund the Organisation of African Unity.^[32]

On April 12, 1980, a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group overthrew and killed President William R. Tolbert, Jr.. Doe and the other plotters later executed a majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members.^[33] The coup leaders formed the People's Redemption Council (PRC) to govern the country.^[33] A strategic Cold War ally of the West, Doe received significant financial backing from the United States while critics condemned the PRC for corruption and political repression.^[33]

After Liberia adopted a new constitution in 1985, Doe was elected president in subsequent elections, which were internationally condemned as fraudulent.^[33] On November 12, 1985, a failed counter-coup was launched by Thomas Quiwonkpa, whose soldiers briefly occupied the national radio station.^[34] Government repression intensified in response, as Doe's troops retaliated by executing members of the Gio and Mano ethnic groups in Nimba County.^[34]

The National Patriotic Front of Liberia, a rebel group led by Charles Taylor, launched an insurrection in December 1989 against Doe's government with the backing of neighboring countries such as Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. This triggered the First Liberian Civil War.^[35] By September 1990, Doe's forces controlled only a small area just outside the capital, and Doe was captured and executed in that month by rebel forces.^[36]

The rebels soon split into various factions fighting one another. The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States organized a military task force to intervene in the crisis.^[36] From 1989 to 1996 one of Africa's bloodiest civil wars broke out, claiming the lives of more than 200,000 Liberians and displacing a million others into refugee camps in neighboring countries.^[10] A peace deal between warring parties was reached in 1995, leading to Taylor's election as president in 1997.^[36]

Under Taylor's leadership, Liberia became internationally known as a pariah state due to its use of blood diamonds and illegal timber exports to fund the Revolutionary United Front in the Sierra Leone Civil War.^[37] The Second Liberian Civil War began in 1999 when Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, a rebel group based in the northwest of the country, launched an armed insurrection against Taylor.^[38]

2000s[]

In March 2003, a second rebel group, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, began launching attacks against Taylor from the southeast.^[38] Peace talks between the factions began in Accra in June of that year, and Taylor was indicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone for crimes against humanity the same month.^[37] By July 2003, the rebels had launched an assault on Monrovia.^[39] Under heavy pressure from the international community and the domestic Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace movement,^[40] Taylor resigned in August 2003 and went into exile in Nigeria.^[41]

A peace deal was signed later that month.^[42] The United Nations Mission in Liberia began arriving in September 2003 to provide security and monitor the peace accord,^[43] and an interim government took power the following October.^[44]

The subsequent 2005 elections were internationally regarded as the most free and fair in Liberian history.^[45] Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance, was elected as the first female president in Africa.^[45] Upon her inauguration, Sirleaf requested the extradition of Taylor from Nigeria and transferred him to the SCSL for trial in The Hague.^[46]^[47]

In 2006, the government established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address the causes and crimes of the civil war.^[48]

Geography[]

Main article: Geography of Liberia

Liberia is situated in West Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean to the country's southwest. It lies between latitudes 4° and 9°N, and longitudes 7° and 12°W.

The landscape is characterized by mostly flat to rolling coastal plains that contain mangroves and swamps, which rise to a rolling plateau and low mountains in the northeast.^[49]

Tropical rainforests cover the hills, while elephant grass and semi-deciduous forests make up the dominant vegetation in the northern sections.^[49] The equatorial climate is hot year-round with heavy rainfall from May to October with a short interlude in mid-July to August.^[49] During the winter months of November to March, dry dust-laden harmattan winds blow inland, causing many problems for residents.^[49]

Liberia's watershed tends to move in a southwestern pattern towards the sea as new rains move down the forested plateau off the inland mountain range of Guinée Forestière, in Guinea. Cape Mount near the border with Sierra Leone receives the most precipitation in the nation.^[49]

Liberia's main northwestern boundary is traversed by the Mano River while its southeast limits are bounded by the Cavalla River.^[49] Liberia's three largest rivers are St. Paul exiting near Monrovia, the river St. John at Buchanan and the Cestos River, all of which flow into the Atlantic. The Cavalla is the longest river in the nation at 515 kilometers (320 mi).^[49]

The highest point wholly within Liberia is Mount Wuteve at 1,440 meters (4,724 ft) above sea level in the northwestern Liberia range of the West Africa Mountains and the Guinea Highlands.^[49] However, Mount Nimba near Yekepa, is higher at 1,752 meters (5,748 ft) above sea level but is not wholly within Liberia as Nimba shares a border with Guinea and Ivory Coast and is their tallest mountain as well.^[50]

Forests[]

Forests on the coastline are composed mostly of salt-tolerant mangrove trees, while the more sparsely populated inland has forests opening onto a plateau of drier grasslands. The climate is equatorial, with significant rainfall during the May–October rainy season and harsh harmattan winds the remainder of the year. Liberia possesses about forty percent of the remaining Upper Guinean rainforest. It was an important producer of rubber in the early 20th century.

Administrative divisions[]

Main article: Administrative divisions of Liberia

Template:Counties of Liberia Image Map

Liberia is divided into fifteen counties, which, in turn, are subdivided into a total of 90 districts and further subdivided into clans. The oldest counties are Grand Bassa and Montserrado, both founded in 1839 prior to Liberian independence. Gbarpolu is the newest county, created in 2001. Nimba is the largest of the counties in size at 11,551 km² (4,460 sq mi), while Montserrado is the smallest at 1,909 km² (737 sq mi).^[51] Montserrado is also the most populous county with 1,144,806 residents as of the 2008 census.^[51]

The fifteen counties are administered by superintendents appointed by the president. The Constitution calls for the election of various chiefs at the county and local level, but these elections have not taken place since 1985 due to war and financial constraints.^[52]

Parallel to the administrative divisions of the country are the local and municipal divisions. Liberia currently does not have any constitutional framework or uniform statutes which deal with the creation or revocation of local governments.^[53] All existing local governments - cities, townships, and a borough - were created by specific acts of the Liberian government, and thus the structure and duties/responsibilities of each local government varies greatly from one to the other.^[54]

Map #	County	Capital	Population (2008 Census)^[51]	Area (km²)^[51]	Number of Districts	Date Created
1	Bomi	Tubmanburg	82,036	1,942 km² (750 sq mi)	4	1984
2	Bong	Gbarnga	328,919	8,772 km² (3,387 sq mi)	12	1964
3	Gbarpolu	Bopolu	83,758	9,689 km² (3,741 sq mi)	6	2001
4	Grand Bassa	Buchanan	224,839	7,936 km² (3,064 sq mi)	8	1839
5	Grand Cape Mount	Robertsport	129,055	5,162 km² (1,993 sq mi)	5	1844
6	Grand Gedeh	Zwedru	126,146	10,484 km² (4,048 sq mi)	3	1964
7	Grand Kru	Barclayville	57,106	3,895 km² (1,504 sq mi)	18	1984
8	Lofa	Voinjama	270,114	9,982 km² (3,854 sq mi)	6	1964
9	Margibi	Kakata	199,689	2,616 km² (1,010 sq mi)	4	1985
10	Maryland	Harper	136,404	2,297 km² (887 sq mi)	2	1857
11	Montserrado	Bensonville	1,144,806	1,909 km² (737 sq mi)	4	1839
12	Nimba	Sanniquellie	468,088	11,551 km² (4,460 sq mi)	6	1964
13	Rivercess	Rivercess	65,862	5,594 km² (2,160 sq mi)	6	1985
14	River Gee	Fish Town	67,318	5,113 km² (1,974 sq mi)	6	2000
15	Sinoe	Greenville	104,932	10,137 km² (3,914 sq mi)	17	1843

Environmental issues[]

Further information: Environmental issues in Liberia

Choeropsis — Pygmy hippos are among the species illegally hunted for food in Liberia.^[55] The World Conservation Union estimates that there are fewer than 3,000 pygmy hippos remaining in the wild.^[56]

Endangered species are hunted for human consumption as bushmeat in Liberia.^[55] Species hunted for food in Liberia include elephants, pygmy hippopotamus, chimpanzees, leopards, duikers, and other monkeys.^[55] Bushmeat is often exported to neighboring Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast, despite a ban on the cross-border sale of wild animals.^[55]

Bushmeat is widely eaten in Liberia, and is considered a delicacy.^[57] A 2004 public opinion survey found that bushmeat ranked second behind fish amongst residents of the capital Monrovia as a preferred source of protein.^[57] Of households where bushmeat was served, 80% of residents said they cooked it "once in a while," while 13% cooked it once a week and 7% cooked bushmeat daily.^[57] The survey was conducted during the last civil war, and bushmeat consumption is now believed to be far higher.^[57]

Liberia is a global biodiversity hotspot – a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans.^[58]

Slash-and-burn agriculture is one of the human activities eroding Liberia's natural forests.^[59] A 2004 UN report estimated that 99 per cent of Liberians burnt charcoal and fuel wood for cooking and heating, resulting in deforestation.^[59]

Illegal logging has increased in Liberia since the end of the Second Civil War in 2003.^[58] In 2012, President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf granted licenses to companies to cut down 58% of all the primary rainforest left in Liberia.^[58] After international protests, many of those logging permits were canceled.^[58] Liberia and Norway struck an agreement in September 2014 whereby Liberia ceases all logging in exchange for $150 million in development aid.^[58]

Pollution is a significant issue in Liberia's capital city Monrovia.^[60] Since 2006 the international community has paid for all garbage collection and disposal in Monrovia via the World Bank.^[61]

Politics[]

Main article: Politics of Liberia

The government of Liberia, modeled on the government of the United States, is a unitary constitutional republic and representative democracy as established by the Constitution. The government has three co-equal branches of government: the executive, headed by the president; the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Legislature of Liberia; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and several lower courts.

The president serves as head of government, head of state and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Liberia.^[2] Among the other duties of the president are to sign or veto legislative bills, grant pardons, and appoint Cabinet members, judges and other public officials. Together with the vice president, the president is elected to a six-year term by majority vote in a two-round system and can serve up to two terms in office.^[2]

The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members.^[2] Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn by the National Elections Commission and is elected by a plurality of the popular vote of their district into a six-year term. The Senate is made up of two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators.^[2] Senators serve nine-year terms and are elected at-large by a plurality of the popular vote.^[2] The vice president serves as the President of the Senate, with a President pro tempore serving in their absence.

Liberia's highest judicial authority is the Supreme Court, made up of five members and headed by the Chief Justice of Liberia. Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate, serving until the age of 70. The judiciary is further divided into circuit and speciality courts, magistrate courts and justices of the peace.^[62] The judicial system is a blend of common law, based on Anglo-American law, and customary law.^[2] An informal system of traditional courts still exists within the rural areas of the country, with trial by ordeal remaining common despite being officially outlawed.^[62]

Between 1877 and 1980, the government was dominated by the True Whig Party.^[24] Today, over 20 political parties are registered in the country, based largely around personalities and ethnic groups.^[45] Most parties suffer from poor organizational capacity.^[45] The 2005 elections marked the first time that the president's party did not gain a majority of seats in the Legislature.^[45]

Corruption[]

Further information: Corruption in Liberia

Corruption is endemic at every level of the Liberian government.^[63] When President Sirleaf took office in 2006, she announced that corruption was "the major public enemy."^[64] In 2014, the US ambassador to Liberia stated that corruption there was harming people through "unnecessary costs to products and services that are already difficult for many Liberians to afford".^[65]

Liberia scored a 3.3 on a scale from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index. This gave it a ranking 87th of 178 countries worldwide and 11th of 47 in Sub-Saharan Africa.^[66] This score did, however, represent a significant improvement since 2007, when the country scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries.^[67] When dealing with public-facing government functionaries 89% of Liberians say they have had to pay a bribe, the highest national percentage in the world according to the organization's 2010 Global Corruption Barometer.^[68]

Military[]

Main article: Armed Forces of Liberia

The Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) are the armed forces of the Republic of Liberia. Founded as the Liberian Frontier Force in 1908, the military was retitled in 1956. For virtually all of its history, the AFL has received considerable material and training assistance from the United States. For most of the 1941–89 period, training was largely provided by U.S. advisers. After the UN Security Council Resolution 1509 of September 2003, the United Nations Mission in Liberia arrived to referee the ceasefire with units from Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China with the view to assist the National Transitional Government of Liberia in forming the new Liberian military.^[69]

Foreign relations[]

Further information: Foreign relations of Liberia

After the turmoil following the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars, Liberia's internal stabilization in the 21st century brought a return to cordial relations with neighboring countries and much of the Western world. As in other African countries, China is an important part of the post-conflict reconstruction.^[70]

In the past, both of Liberia's neighbors, Guinea and Sierra Leone, have accused Liberia of backing rebels inside their countries.^[64]

Law enforcement[]

Further information: Law enforcement in Liberia

The Liberian National Police are the national police force of the country. It has 844 officers in 33 stations in Montserrado County, which contains the capital Monrovia, as of October 2007.^[71] The National Police Training Academy is in Montserrado County in Paynesville City.^[72] A history of corruption among the police officers diminishes the public trust and operational effectiveness. The internal security is characterized by a general lawlessness coupled with the danger that former combatants in the late civil war might reestablish militias to challenge the civil authorities.^[73]

Economy and infrastructure[]

Main article: Economy of Liberia

The Central Bank of Liberia is responsible for printing and maintaining the Liberian dollar, which is the primary form of currency in Liberia. Liberia is one of the world's poorest countries, with a formal employment rate of 15%.^[62] GDP per capita peaked in 1980 at US$496, when it was comparable to Egypt's (at the time).^[76] In 2011, the country's nominal GDP was US$1.154 billion, while nominal GDP per capita stood at US$297, the third-lowest in the world.^[4] Historically, the Liberian economy has depended heavily on foreign aid, foreign direct investment and exports of natural resources such as iron ore, rubber, and timber.^[49]

Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup.^[77] This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one of the fastest declines in history.^[77] Upon the end of the war in 2003, GDP growth began to accelerate, reaching 9.4% in 2007.^[78] The global financial crisis slowed GDP growth to 4.6% in 2009,^[78] though a strengthening agricultural sector led by rubber and timber exports increased growth to 5.1% in 2010 and an expected 7.3% in 2011, making the economy one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.^[79]^[80]

Current impediments to growth include a small domestic market, lack of adequate infrastructure, high transportation costs, poor trade links with neighboring countries and the high dollarization of the economy.^[79] Liberia used the United States dollar as its currency from 1943 until 1982 and continues to use the U.S. dollar alongside the Liberian dollar.^[81]

Following a decrease in inflation beginning in 2003, inflation spiked in 2008 as a result of worldwide food and energy crises,^[82] reaching 17.5% before declining to 7.4% in 2009.^[78] Liberia's external debt was estimated in 2006 at approximately $4.5 billion, 800% of GDP.^[77] As a result of bilateral, multilateral and commercial debt relief from 2007 to 2010, the country's external debt fell to $222.9 million by 2011.^[83]

While official commodity exports declined during the 1990s as many investors fled the civil war, Liberia's wartime economy featured the exploitation of the region's diamond wealth.^[84] The country acted as a major trader in Sierra Leonian blood diamonds, exporting over US$300 million in diamonds in 1999.^[85] This led to a United Nations ban on Liberian diamond exports in 2001, which was lifted in 2007 following Liberia's accession to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.^[86]

In 2003, additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports, which had risen from US$5 million in 1997 to over US$100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone.^[87]^[88] These sanctions were lifted in 2006.^[89] Due in large part to foreign aid and investment inflow following the end of the war, Liberia maintains a large account deficit, which peaked at nearly 60% in 2008.^[79] Liberia gained observer status with the World Trade Organization in 2010 and is in the process of acquiring full member status.^[90]

Liberia has the highest ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world, with US$16 billion in investment since 2006.^[80] Following the inauguration of the Sirleaf administration in 2006, Liberia signed several multibillion-dollar concession agreements in the iron ore and palm oil industries with numerous multinational corporations, including BHP Billiton, ArcelorMittal, and Sime Darby.^[91] Especially palm oil companies like Sime Darby (Malaysia) and Golden Veroleum (USA) are being accused by critics of the destruction of livelihoods and the displacement of local communities, enabled through government concessions.^[92] The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company has operated the world's largest rubber plantation in Harbel, Margibi County since 1926 with more than 8,000 mostly Liberian employees in 2015, making Firestone Liberia the largest private employer in Liberia.^[93]^[94]

Shipping flag of convenience[]

Due to its status as a flag of convenience, Liberia has the second-largest maritime registry in the world behind Panama. It has 3500 vessels registered under its flag accounting for 11% of ships worldwide.^[74]^[75]

Telecommunications[]

Main article: Communications in Liberia

There are six major newspapers in Liberia, and 45% of the population has a mobile phone service. Much of Liberia's communications infrastructure was destroyed or plundered during the two civil wars (1989–1996 and 1999–2003).^[95] With low rates of adult literacy and high poverty rates, television and newspaper use is limited, leaving radio as the predominant means of communicating with the public.^[96]

Transportation[]

Main article: Transport in Liberia

Liberia's economic main links to the outside world come through Monrovia, via the port and airport in the capital.

Energy[]

Further information: Energy in Liberia

Formal electricity services are provided solely by the state-owned Liberia Electricity Corporation, which operates a small grid almost exclusively in the Greater Monrovia District.^[97] The vast majority of electric energy services is provided by small privately owned generators. At $0.54 per kWh, the electricity tariff in Liberia is among the highest in the world. Total installed capacity in 2013 was 20 MW, a sharp decline from a peak of 191 MW in 1989 before the wars.^[97]

Completion of the repair and expansion of the Mount Coffee Hydropower Plant, with a maximum capacity of 80 MW, is scheduled to be completed by 2018.^[98] Construction of three new heavy fuel oil power plants is expected to boost electrical capacity by 38 MW.^[99] In 2013, Liberia began importing power from neighboring Ivory Coast and Guinea through the West African Power Pool.^[100]

Liberia has begun exploration for offshore oil; unproven oil reserves may be in excess of one billion barrels.^[101] The government divided its offshore waters into 17 blocks and began auctioning off exploration licenses for the blocks in 2004, with further auctions in 2007 and 2009.^[102]^[103]^[104] An additional 13 ultra-deep offshore blocks were demarcated in 2011 and planned for auction.^[105] Among the companies to have won licenses are Repsol, Chevron, Anadarko and Woodside Petroleum.^[106]

Demographics[]

Liberia-demography — Liberia's population from 1961–2013, in millions.^[107] Liberia's population tripled in 40 years.^[107]

Main article: Demographics of Liberia

Ethnic groups[]

The population includes 16 indigenous ethnic groups and various foreign minorities. Indigenous peoples comprise about 95 percent of the population. The 16 officially recognized ethnic groups include the Kpelle, Bassa, Mano, Gio or Dan, Kru, Grebo, Krahn, Vai, Gola, Mandingo or Mandinka, Mende, Kissi, Gbandi, Loma, Fante, Dei or Dewoin, Belleh, and Americo-Liberians or Congo people.

The Kpelle comprise more than 20% of the population and are the largest ethnic group in Liberia, residing mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia.^[112] Americo-Liberians, who are descendants of African American and West Indian, mostly Barbadian settlers, make up 2.5%. Congo people, descendants of repatriated Congo and Afro-Caribbean slaves who arrived in 1825, make up an estimated 2.5%.^[2]^[113] These latter two groups established political control in the 19th century which they kept well into the 20th century.

Numerous immigrants have come as merchants and become a major part of the business community, including Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals. There is a high percentage of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese, resulting in a significant mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia. A small minority of Liberians who are White Africans of European descent reside in the country.^[2] The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship to people of African descent.^[114]

Languages[]

Further information: Languages of Liberia

English is the official language and serves as the lingua franca of Liberia.^[115] Thirty-one indigenous languages are spoken within Liberia, none of which is a first language to more than a small percentage of the population.^[116] Liberians also speak a variety of creolized dialects collectively known as Liberian English.^[115]

Largest cities[]

Template:Largest cities of Liberia

Religion[]

Main article: Religion in Liberia

Religion in Liberia (2010)^[117]
Religion			percent
Protestant			76.3%
Muslim			12.2%
Catholic			7.2%
Other Christian			1.6%
Unaffiliated			1.4%
Other faith			1.3%

According to the 2008 National Census, 85.6% of the population practices Christianity, while Muslims represent a minority of 12.2%.^[118] A multitude of diverse Protestant confessions such as Lutheran, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Pentecostal, United Methodist, African Methodist Episcopal (AME) and African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AME Zion) denominations form the bulk of the Christian population, followed by adherents of the Roman Catholic Church and other non-Protestant Christians. Most of these Christian denominations were brought by African American settlers moving from the United States into Liberia via the American Colonization Society, while some are indigenous—especially Pentecostal and evangelical Protestant ones. Protestantism was originally associated with Black American settlers and their Americo-Liberian descendants, while native peoples held to their own animist forms of African traditional religion. Indigenous people were subject to Christian missionary, as well as Americo-Liberian efforts to close the cultural gap by means of education. This proved successful, leaving Christians a majority in the country.

Muslims comprise 12.2% of the population, largely represented by the Mandingo and Vai ethnic groups. Sunnis, Shias, Ahmadiyyas, Sufis, and non-denominational Muslims constitute the bulk of the Liberian Muslims.^[119]

Traditional indigenous religions are practiced by 0.5% of the population, while 1.5% subscribe to no religion. A small number of people are Bahá'í, Hindu, Sikh, or Buddhist. While Christian, many Liberians also participate in traditional, gender-based indigenous religious secret societies, such as Poro for men and Sande for women. The all-female Sande society practices female circumcision.^[120]

The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right.^[120] While separation of church and state is mandated by the Constitution, Liberia is considered a Christian state in practice.^[45] Public schools offer biblical studies, though parents may opt their children out. Commerce is prohibited by law on Sundays and major Christian holidays. The government does not require businesses or schools to excuse Muslims for Friday prayers.^[120]

Education[]

Main article: Education in Liberia

In 2010, the literacy rate of Liberia was estimated at 60.8% (64.8% for males and 56.8% for females).^[121] In some areas primary and secondary education is free and compulsory from the ages of 6 to 16, though enforcement of attendance is lax.^[122] In other areas children are required to pay a tuition fee to attend school. On average, children attain 10 years of education (11 for boys and 8 for girls).^[2] The country's education sector is hampered by inadequate schools and supplies, as well as a lack of qualified teachers.^[123]

Higher education is provided by a number of public and private universities. The University of Liberia is the country's largest and oldest university. Located in Monrovia, the university opened in 1862. Today it has six colleges, including a medical school and the nation's only law school, Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law.^[124]

Cuttington University was established by the Episcopal Church of the USA in 1889 in Suakoko, Bong County, as part of its missionary education work among indigenous peoples. It is the nation's oldest private university.

In 2009, Tubman University in Harper, Maryland County was established as the second public university in Liberia.^[125] Since 2006, the government has also opened community colleges in Buchanan, Sanniquellie, and Voinjama.^[126]^[127]^[128]

Health[]

Further information: Health in Liberia

Hospitals in Liberia include the John F. Kennedy Medical Center in Monrovia and several others. Life expectancy in Liberia is estimated to be 57.4 years in 2012.^[129] With a fertility rate of 5.9 births per woman, the maternal mortality rate stood at 990 per 100,000 births in 2010.^[130] A number of highly communicable diseases are widespread, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases and malaria. In 2007, the HIV infection rates stood at 2% of the population aged 15–49^[131] whereas the incidence of tuberculosis was 420 per 100,000 people in 2008.^[132] Approximately 58.2%^[133] – 66%^[134] of women are estimated to have undergone female genital mutilation.

Liberia imports 90% of its rice, a staple food, and is extremely vulnerable to food shortages.^[135] In 2007, 20.4% of children under the age of five were malnourished.^[136] In 2008, only 17% of the population had access to adequate sanitation facilities.^[137]

Approximately 95% of the country's healthcare facilities had been destroyed by the time civil war ended in 2003.^[138] In 2009, government expenditure on health care per capita was US$22,^[139] accounting for 10.6% of total GDP.^[140] In 2008, Liberia had only one doctor and 27 nurses per 100,000 people.^[132]

In 2014, an outbreak of Ebola virus in Guinea spread to Liberia.^[141] As of November 17, 2014, there were 2,812 confirmed deaths from the ongoing outbreak.^[142] In early August 2014 Guinea closed its borders to Liberia to help contain the spread of the virus, as more new cases were being reported in Liberia than in Guinea. On May 9, 2015, Liberia was declared Ebola free after six weeks with no new cases.^[143]

According to an Overseas Development Institute report, private health expenditure accounts for 64.1% of total spending on health.^[144]

Crime[]

Rape and sexual assault are frequent in the post-conflict era in Liberia. The country has one of the highest incidences of sexual violence against women in the world. Rape is the most frequently reported crime, accounting for more than one-third of sexual violence cases. Adolescent girls are the most frequently assaulted, and almost 40% of perpetrators are adult men known to victims.^[145]

Both male and female homosexuality is illegal in Liberia.^[146] On July 20, 2012, the Liberian senate voted unanimously to enact legislation to prohibit and criminalize same-sex marriages.^[147]

Culture[]

Main article: Culture of Liberia

The religious practices, social customs and cultural standards of the Americo-Liberians had their roots in the antebellum American South. The settlers wore top hat and tails and modeled their homes on those of Southern slaveowners.^[148] Most Americo-Liberian men were members of the Masonic Order of Liberia, which became heavily involved in the nation's politics.^[149]

Liberia has a long, rich history in textile arts and quilting, as the settlers brought with them their sewing and quilting skills. Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes were awarded for various needle arts. One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks,^[150] who presented a quilt featuring the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892. When President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf moved into the Executive Mansion, she reportedly had a Liberian-made quilt installed in her presidential office.^[151]

A rich literary tradition has existed in Liberia for over a century. Edward Wilmot Blyden, Bai T. Moore, Roland T. Dempster and Wilton G. S. Sankawulo are among Liberia's more prominent authors.^[152] Moore's novella Murder in the Cassava Patch is considered Liberia's most celebrated novel.^[153]

Polygamy[]

Further information: Polygamy in Liberia

One-third of married Liberian women between the ages of 15–49 are in polygamous marriages.^[154] Customary law allows men to have up to four wives.^[155]

Cuisine[]

Main article: Liberian cuisine

Liberian cuisine heavily incorporates rice, the country's staple food. Other ingredients include cassava, fish, bananas, citrus fruit, plantains, coconut, okra and sweet potatoes.^[156] Heavy stews spiced with habanero and scotch bonnet chillies are popular and eaten with fufu.^[157] Liberia also has a tradition of baking imported from the United States that is unique in West Africa.^[158]

Sport[]

The most popular sport in Liberia is association football, with President George Weah — the only African to be named FIFA World Player of the Year — being the nation's most famous athlete.^[159] The Liberia national football team has reached the Africa Cup of Nations twice, in 1996 and 2002.

The second most popular sport in Liberia is basketball. The Liberian national basketball team has reached the AfroBasket twice, in 1983 and 2007.

In Liberia, the Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex serves as a multi-purpose stadium. It hosts FIFA World Cup qualifying matches in addition to international concerts and national political events.^[160]

Measurement system[]

Liberia is one of only three countries that have not officially adopted the International System of Units (short SI, also called the metric system), the others being the United States and Myanmar.

In the United States, the Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act amended the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 and designated the metric system as "the Preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce", but is mixed in consumer usage, with the population generally preferring customary units and industries either fully metric or mixed.^[161]

Myanmar, has made an official decision to metricate and, since 2013, has been transitioning away from Imperial and Burmese units in the past few years. Gasoline sales are now in litres.^[162]

The Liberian government has begun transitioning away from use of United States Customary Units to the metric system.^[163] However, this change has been gradual, with government reports concurrently using both United States Customary and metric units.^[164]^[165]

References[]

^ Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds (2015). "Liberia". Dallas, Texas: SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com/country/lr/languages.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Liberia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html.
^ "Liberia". The World Bank country page for Liberia. The World Bank. 2015. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Liberia". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=98&pr.y=20&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=668&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=.
^ "GINI index". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=1. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
^ "2016 Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. 2016. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
^ "Central African Republic". http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/central-african-republic-population/. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Background on conflict in Liberia", Friends Committee on National Legislation, July 30, 2003 Archived February 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b "July 26, 1847 Liberian independence proclaimed", This Day In History, History website.
^ ^a ^b ^c U.S. State Department. "Liberia". https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6618.htm.
^ "Praise for the woman who put Liberia back on its feet". The Economist. October 5, 2017. https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21730015-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-has-not-been-perfect-president-she-has-been-good-enough-praise.
^ "Help in the time of Ebola". September 20, 2014. https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21618909-there-scramble-control-runaway-epidemic-help-time-ebola. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
^ "Ebola in west Africa". May 9, 2015. https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21650584-wonderful-news-liberia-after-plague. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
^ "WHO – Latest Ebola outbreak over in Liberia; West Africa is at zero, but new flare-ups are likely to occur". World Health Organization. http://who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/ebola-zero-liberia/en/. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
^ ^a ^b (April 2005) "Liberians: An Introduction to their History and Culture" (PDF). Culture Profile (19): 5–6. Retrieved on July 23, 2011.
^ Jesse N. Mongrue M. Ed (2011). Liberia-America's Footprint in Africa: Making the Cultural, Social, and Political Connections. iUniverse. p. 24. ISBN 1462021646.
^ Howard Brotz, ed., African American Social & Political Thought 1850–1920 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1996), 38–39.
^ ^a ^b Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity, Duke University Press, 1997, p. 264. ISBN 0-8223-1992-6
^ "The African-American Mosaic". https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam002.html. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
^ Wegmann, Andrew N (May 5, 2010). "Christian Community and the Development of an Americo-Liberian Identity, 1824–1878". Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on June 30, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100630111501/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-06092010-200522/.
^ ^a ^b Johnston, Harry Hamilton; Stapf, Otto (1906). Liberia, Volume I. Hutchinson & Co,. ISBN 1-143-31505-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=XTYbAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover.
^ Adekeye Adebajo (2002). "Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa". International Peace Academy. p. 21. ISBN 1588260526.
^ ^a ^b "How a former slave gave a quilt to Queen Victoria". BBC. July 11, 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c Pike, John (1985). "The True Whig Ascendancy". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/liberia_1_truewhigascend.htm. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ John Pike (1985). "Lost Territories". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/liberia_1_lostterr.htm. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ John Pike (1985). "Lost Markets and Economic Decline". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/liberia_1_lostmarkets.htm. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ Robert Jefferson Norrell (January 1, 2009). Up from History: The Life of Booker T. Washington. Harvard University Press. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-674-03211-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=aRvXOr7atbMC&pg=PA374.
Rosenberg, Emily S. (June 1, 2007). "The Invisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution of Neocolonialism, 1909–40". Diplomatic History 9 (3): 191–214. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1985.tb00532.x.
^ Christy, Cuthbert (15 December 1930). "COMMISSION’S REPORT: INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF ENQUIRY IN LIBERIA". LEAGUE OF NATIONS: 127.
^ Van der Kraaij, Fred PM. "President Charles D.B. King". http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/1926FirestoneCA.htm. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
^ ^a ^b (1964) "Liberia's Open Door Policy". The Journal of Modern African Studies 2 (1): 91–98. DOI:10.1017/s0022278x00003694.
^ "Africa: A Vote on Apartheid". Time. July 29, 1966. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899287,00.html. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
^ (July 2008) "Pan-Africanism Revisited: Vision and Reality of African Unity and Development". African Review of Integration 2 (2). Retrieved on July 20, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Anjali Mitter Duva (2002). "Liberia and the United States: A Complex Relationship". PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/liberia/essays/uspolicy/. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
^ ^a ^b staff writers (November 25, 1985). "LIBERIA Comrades Turned Enemies". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050633,00.html. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ Ellis, Stephen (2001). The Mask of Anarchy Updated Edition: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War. NYU Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-8147-2238-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Liberia country profile". BBC News. May 4, 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1043500.stm. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Arrest warrant for Liberian leader". BBC News. June 4, 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2961390.stm. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Indepth: Liberia, Land of the free". CBC News. July 23, 2009. Archived from the original on September 8, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130908174543/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/liberia/.
^ "Liberia's civil war: Fiddling while Monrovia burns". The Economist. July 24, 2003. http://www.economist.com/node/1944472?story_id=E1_TJQQQSN. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "Profile: Leymah Gbowee—Liberia's 'peace warrior'". BBC News. October 7, 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15215312. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
^ Simmons, Ann M. (August 12, 2003). "Taylor resigns as president of Liberia, leaves the country". Baltimore Sune. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2003-08-12/news/0308120316_1_charles-taylor-liberia-sierra-leone. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ "Liberian rebels sign peace deal". The Guardian. August 19, 2003. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/19/westafrica. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ "Liberia: UNMIL extends deployment as more troops arrive". IRIN News. December 24, 2003. http://newsite.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=47807. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ "Bryant takes power in Liberia". The Guardian. October 14, 2003. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/14/westafrica. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Freedom in the World 2011 – Liberia". Freedom House. UNHCR. July 7, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e16b8f91a.html. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "LIBERIA-NIGERIA: "Time to bring Taylor issue to closure," says Sirleaf". IRIN News. March 17, 2006. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58474. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ "Taylor Sent Off to Face War Crimes Charges". AFP. UNMIL. March 29, 2006. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111005100159/http://unmil.org/1article.asp?id=1157&zdoc=1. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ "LIBERIA: War-battered nation launches truth commission". IRIN Africa. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58220. Retrieved May 16, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Bateman, Graham; Victoria Egan; Fiona Gold; Philip Gardner (2000). Encyclopedia of World Geography. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 161. ISBN 1-56619-291-9.
^ Financial Time's World Desk Reference (2004) Dorling Kindersley Publishing, p. 368.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "2008 National Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results". Government of the Republic of Liberia. 2008. http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/census_2008provisionalresults.pdf. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
^ "Liberia cannot afford local polls". BBC News. January 14, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7187906.stm.
^ KIEH, JR., GEORGE KLAY. [1.pdf "THE MODEL CITY STATUTE FOR THE LIBERIAN CITY"]. GOVERNANCE COMMISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA. http://governancecommissionlr.org/pg_img/THE_STATUTE_FOR_THE_MODEL_LIBERIAN_CITY[1].pdf. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GLC
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Anne Look, "Poaching in Liberia's Forests Threatens Rare Animals", Voice of America News, May 8, 2012.
^ Template:IUCN2008 Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of endangered.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wynfred Russell, "Extinction is forever: A crisis that is Liberia's endangered wildlife", Front Page Africa, January 15, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e McGrath, Matt (September 23, 2014). "Liberia in 'trees for cash' deal". https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29321143.
^ ^a ^b "Restoring the Battered and Broken Environment of Liberia One of the Keys to a New and Sustainable Future" Archived November 8, 2014, at archive.today, United Nations Environment Program, February 13, 2014.
^ "Monrovia's 'Never-Ending' Pollution Issues In 2013", Edwin M. Fayia III, The Liberian Observer, December 30, 2014. Archived December 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ "IDA - Liberia: Digging Out Monrovia from the Waste of War". http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:22301640~menuPK:4754051~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Background Note: Liberia". Bureau of African Affairs. United States Department of State. March 8, 2011. https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6618.htm.
^ "2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia". US Department of State. https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Liberia: Police Corruption Harms Rights, Progress", Human Rights Watch, August 22, 2013.
^ ""Liberia: Corruption Is Liberia's Problem, US Ambassador to Liberia Alarms", Al-Varney Rogers, allAfrica, 21 February 2014.". allAfrica.com. http://allafrica.com/stories/201402211033.html. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
^ "2010 Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International. October 26, 2010. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2007". Transparency International. 2007. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "Global Corruption Barometer 2010". Transparency International. December 9, 2010. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/gcb/2010/results. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ Moumouni, Guillaume. (April 2014). "China and Liberia: Engagement in a Post-Conflict Country 2003–2013". Global Powers and Africa Programme. Paper No. 182. Johannesburg, South Africa: The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA). p. 8.
^ Moumouni, Guillaume. (2018). "China and Liberia: Engagement in a Post-Conflict Country (2003–2013)". In: Alden C., Alao A., Chun Z., Barber L. (eds) China and Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Chamin. pp. 225-251. Online ISBN 978-3-319-52893-9. Springer Link website https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52893-9_12 Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ "Montserrado County Development Agenda". Republic of Liberia. 2008. http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/MontserradoCDA.pdf. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
^ "Nine officials commissioned". The Analyst. October 11, 2008.
^ Crane, Keith; Gompert, David C ; Oliker, Olga ; Riley, Kevin Jack ; and Lawson, Brooke Stearns. (2007). Making Liberia safe : transformation of the national security sector. Santa Monica, CA : Rand. pp. 9-11. ISBN 9780833040084. Rand Corp website Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ ^a ^b Schoenurl, John W. (August 11, 2003). "Liberian shipping draws scrutiny". msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3072983/t/liberian-shipping-draws-scrutiny/.
^ ^a ^b "About the Liberian Registry". Liberian Registry. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141110180209/http://www.liscr.com/liscr/AboutUs/AboutLiberianRegistry/tabid/206/Default.aspx.
^ "GDP per capita (current US$) |Data |Graph". Data.worldbank.org. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD/countries/LR-EG?display=graph. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Challenges of Post-War Reconstruction—the Liberian Experience". Government of Liberia. allAfrica.com. June 13, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201106140356.html.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: Liberia". International Monetary Fund. June 20, 2011. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&pr.y=12&sy=2000&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=668&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a=.
^ ^a ^b ^c "IMF Country Report No. 10/37". International Monetary Fund. 2010. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10373.pdf.
^ ^a ^b "Liberian President: Government and People are Partners in Progress". Africa Governance Initiative. January 27, 2011. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220103119/http://www.africagovernance.org/article/liberian-president-government-and-people-are-partners-progress.
^ "Liberia Economic Recovery Assessment". USAID. July 2008. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:rjgZxrEkytAJ:www.countrycompass.com/_docs/assessments/Liberia_Economic_Recovery_Assessment.pdf+Liberian+dollar+1982&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgB5jM-McEY_lEOfi7dtjUAbUY3FHNMS-1b7c1mewxokLnC7PucnxlcZgbC4H60-44s9Kyw4SlVD0s8pI0lznK8MH_FSOPkOAEW8OgbhuDeI2kiEZ81wf4E0kNLQHndpFSE3jFO&sig=AHIEtbRULHwk2ifRoYIE__U6MRXyGwsreQ.
^ "Quarter Three Fiscal Outturn, Fiscal Year 2010/11". Ministry of Finance. May 2011. http://mof.gov.lr/doc/Published%20Fiscal%20Outturns.pdf.
^ "Second Quarter 2010/2011 Public Debt Management Report". Debt Management Unit. Ministry of Finance. March 25, 2011. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130910014431/http://mof.gov.lr/doc/2nd%20Qrt%20Debt%20Management%20Report.pdf.
^ "Liberia's diamond links". BBC News. July 18, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/839206.stm.
^ "CBC News Indepth: Liberia". CBC News. March 29, 2006. Archived from the original on September 8, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130908174543/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/liberia/.
^ "Liberia restarts diamond industry". USA Today. May 1, 2007. https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-05-01-liberia_N.htm.
^ "Bloody timber off the market". Greenpeace. May 7, 2003. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/bloody-timber-off-the-market/.
^ Strieker, Gary (January 13, 2002). "U.N. mulls embargo on Liberian timber". CNN. http://www.edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/01/13/liberian.timber/index.html.
^ Xu, Chenni (June 20, 2006). "UN Lifts Liberia Timber Sanctions". Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2006-06-20-voa64.html.
^ "Liberia gains WTO observer status". Star Radio Liberia. March 17, 2010. http://www.starradio.org.lr/content/view/15063/59/.
^ "Government Announces Agreement with Chevron to Explore Liberian Waters". allAfrica.com. August 27, 2010. http://allafrica.com/stories/201008271043.html.
^ "Palm oil industry accused of land grabs in Liberia". globalpost.com. December 27, 2012. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/rights/palm-oil-companys-deal-liberia-sparks-controversy.
^ Fred van der Kraaij, From the love of liberty to paradise lost, p. 144, Leiden, African Studies Centre 2015, pdf
^ "Firestone and Liberia – Company History". Firestone Natural Rubber Company. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110612171553/http://www.firestonenaturalrubber.com/company_history.htm.
^ "PPIAF Supports Telecommunications Reform and Liberalization in Liberia". Public-Private Infrastructure Facility (PPIAF). July 2011. http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/PPIAF-Impact-Stories-Reforming-Liberia-Telecom-Sector.pdf. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
^ "Introduction to Communication and Development in Liberia", AudienceScapes. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Options for the Development of Liberia's Energy Sector". International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. World Bank Group. 2011. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPENERGY/Resources/717305-1266613906108/Liberia_Energy_ESW_11-4-11web.pdf.
^ MacDougall, Clair (July 18, 2012). "Liberia: Stepping Back Into The Light?". ThinkPressAfrica.
^ "Liberia: Massive Electrification Boost". allAfrica.com. November 27, 2013. http://allafrica.com/stories/201311280681.html.
^ Teh, Joe (July 30, 2013). "Behind The Power Switch in Nimba, An optimism for Vibrant Economy". The News Pinnacle. http://cmiliberia.org/blog/2013/07/30/behind-the-power-switch-in-nimba-an-optimism-for-vibtant-economy/.
^ "Liberia may have over 1 bln barrels in oil resources". Reuters Africa. November 3, 2009. https://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFWEA839820091103.
^ "NOCAL 2004 Liberia Offshore Bid Round Announcement". Business Wire. February 2, 2004. http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040202005192/en/NOCAL-2004-Liberia-Offshore-Bid-Announcement.
^ Pearson, Natalie Obiko (December 10, 2007). "Liberia Opens Bidding for 10 Offshore Oil Blocks". RigZone. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=53828.
^ "Third Liberian Offshore Petroleum Licensing Round 2009". Deloitte Petroleum Services. Deloitte. August 27, 2009. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131104072748/https://www.psg.deloitte.com/NewsLicensingRounds_LR_0909.asp.
^ Toweh, Alphonso (July 21, 2011). "Liberia marks out new oil blocks, auction seen soon". Reuters. https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE76K01J20110721?sp=true. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
^ Konneh, Ansu (August 30, 2010). "Chevron, Liberia Sign Deepwater Offshore Exploration Agreement". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-30/chevron-liberia-sign-deepwater-offshore-exploration-agreement.html.
^ ^a ^b Data of FAO, year 2005
^ ^a ^b Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision Archived August 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
^ Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (May 2009). "2008 National Population and Housing Census Final Results: Population by County". 2017 Population and Housing Census. Republic of Liberia. http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Population_by_County.pdf. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (May 2009). "2008 National Population and Housing Census Final Results: Population by County". 2008 Population and Housing Census. Republic of Liberia. http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Population_by_County.pdf. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
^ United Nations World Population Prospects: 2006 revision – Table A.8
^ Fiske, Alan. "Kpelle". http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/135b/kpelle.htm.
^ "Liberia's Ugly Past: Re-writing Liberian History". Theperspective.org. http://www.theperspective.org/rewriting_history.html. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
^ "Lebanese demand Liberia poll rights". BBC News. July 22, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4703029.stm.
^ ^a ^b Moore, Jina (October 19, 2009). "Liberia: Ma Ellen talk plenty plenty Liberian English". Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/liberia-ma-ellen-talk-plenty-plenty-liberian-english. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "Languages of Liberia". Ethnologue. 2009. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111018114601/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Liberia. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "Religions in Liberia - PEW-GRF". http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/liberia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015.
^ "2008 Population and Housing Census: Final Results" (PDF). Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services. May 2009. p. A4-84. https://www.lisgis.net/pg_img/NPHC%202008%20Final%20Report.pdf. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
^ Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. August 9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2013
^ ^a ^b ^c "International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Liberia". United States Department of State. November 17, 2010. https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148698.htm. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ "Education profile – Liberia". Institute for Statistics. UNESCO. 2010. http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4300&BR_Region=40540. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
^ "LIBERIA: Go to school or go to jail". IRN. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. September 21, 2007. http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74422. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
^ Trawally, Sidiki; Reeves, Derek (2009). "Making Quality Education Affordable And Assessable To All—Prez. Sirleaf's Vision With Passion". Lift Liberia. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060404/http://www.liftliberia.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=100&related=Press%20Release. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
^ Jallah, David A. B. "Notes, Presented by Professor and Dean of the Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University of Liberia, David A. B. Jallah to the International Association of Law Schools Conference Learning From Each Other: Enriching the Law School Curriculum in an Interrelated World Held at Soochow University Kenneth Wang School of Law, Suzhou, China, October 17–19, 2007." International Association of Law Schools. Retrieved on September 1, 2008.
^ "Ellen Describes Tubman University's Opening As PRS Success". The New Dawn. March 3, 2010. http://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=340:ellen-describes-tubman-universitys-opening-as-prs-success&catid=3:general&Itemid=68. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
^ "Remarks by H.E. President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf At Official Launch and Fundraising Program Of the Grand Bassa Community College". The Executive Mansion. October 21, 2010. http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/20101023President_Remarks_GBCC_Launch_Ground_Breaking.pdf. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
^ Fahn, Peter A. (July 7, 2011). "Government Moves Ahead With Education Decentralization Plans". Government Moves Ahead with Education Decentralization Plans. http://www.micat.gov.lr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156:government-moves-ahead-with-education-decentralization-plans&catid=47:new-liberia&Itemid=91. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
^ "July 26 Celebrations Kick Off in Lofa As President Sirleaf Arrives". The Executive Mansion. July 25, 2011. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111004060405/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1951. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
^ "CIA World Factbook: Life Expectancy ranks". CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html?countryName=Guyana&countryCode=gy&regionCode=soa&rank=159#gy. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
^ "The State of the World's Midwifery 2011: Liberia". United Nations Population Fund. http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Liberia_SoWMy_Profile.pdf. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
^ "Data: Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15–49)". The World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS/countries. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Liberia: Health profile". World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/gho/countries/lbr.pdf. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
^ "Female genital mutilation (FGM)". World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/.
^ UNICEF 2013, p. 27.
^ "Liberia: Nurtitional "crisis" in Monrovia". Integrated Regional Information Networks. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?InDepthID=72&ReportID=77811. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
^ "Data: Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5). The". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MALN.ZS/countries. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
^ "Data: Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access)". The World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ACSN/countries. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
^ "Liberia: Breathing Life into ailing healthcare system". Integrated Regional Information Networks. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=60788. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
^ "Data: Health expenditure per capita (current US$)". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP/countries. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
^ "Data: Health expenditure, total (% of GDP)". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS/countries. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
^ Toweh, Alphonso (March 30, 2014). "Liberian health authorities confirm two cases of Ebola: WHO". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/30/us-liberia-ebola-idUSBREA2T0ON20140330. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
^ "How Liberia (Might Have) Beat Ebola". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/17/how-liberia-might-have-beat-ebola.html. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
^ "Wonderful News Liberia after plague". https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21650584-wonderful-news-liberia-after-plague. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
^ Marc DuBois and Caitlin Wake, with Scarlett Sturridge and Christina Bennett (2015) The Ebola response in West Africa: Exposing the politics and culture of international aid London: Overseas Development Institute
^ Nicola Jones, Janice Cooper, Elizabeth Presler-Marshall and David Walker, June 2014; "The fallout of rape as a weapon of war", ODI; http://www.odi.org/publications/8464-rape-weapon-war-liberia
^ "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition". International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. May 17, 2016. http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf.
^ "Senate Passes 'No Same Sex Marriage' Bill ", Daily Observer, 21 July 2012 Archived August 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Wiltz, Teresa (December 2, 2010). "Liberia: War-Weary, With Echoes of Old Dixie". The Root. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110901031105/http://www.theroot.com/views/liberia-war-weary-echoes-old-dixie. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ "Monrovia—Masonic Grand Lodge". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/liberia/monrovia-mason.htm. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ "Martha Ricks". National Portrait Gallery. http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp63618&rNo=0&role=sit. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
^ "Liberia: It's the Little Things—A Reflection on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's Journey to the Presidency". allAfrica.com. http://allafrica.com/stories/200603240593.html?page=2. Retrieved May 16, 2008.
^ Kamara, Varney (July 20, 2010). "Liberia: "Literature Must Be Given Priority"". The Analyst (allAfrica.com). http://allafrica.com/stories/201007200709.html. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ Doe, J. Kpanneh (October 31, 2000). "Baa Salaka: Sacrificial Lamb – A Book Review & Commentary". The Perspective. http://www.theperspective.org/bookreview.html. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ OECD Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, 2010. p 236.
^ Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Gender Roles, Marriage and Family", Culture and Customs of Liberia. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006, p. 97.
^ "Celtnet Liberian Recipes and Cookery". Celtnet Recipes. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110903234346/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/liberia.php. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ "Liberia". Food in Every Country. http://www.foodbycountry.com/Kazakhstan-to-South-Africa/Liberia.html. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
^ "The Baking Recipes of Liberia". Africa Aid. http://gwydion.weebly.com/liberian-baking.html. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
^ "Iconic Weah a true great". FIFA.com. Retrieved November 17, 2013
^ "Liberia:Chaos Mars Grand Bassa and Nimba Clash". All Africa. January 21, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201401211272.html. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
^ Metrication in the United States
^ "CIA The World Factbook". Appendix G: Weights and Measures. US Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
^ Wilcox, Michael D., Jr. Department of Agricultural Economics University of Tennessee (2008). "Reforming Cocoa and Coffee Marketing in Liberia". Presentation and Policy Brief. University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100624032539/http://trend.ag.utk.edu/international/ReformingCocoaCoffeeMarketingLiberia.pdf. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ Government of Liberia (2008). "County Development Agendas". Government of the Republic of Liberia. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100114003713/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/content.php?sub=County%20Development%20Agendas&related=CDAs. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
^ Shannon, Eugene H. (December 31, 2009). "Annual report". Annual report. Liberian Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy. http://www.molme.gov.lr/doc/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Annual%20Report%20Jan%201%20-%20Dec%2031%202009.pdf. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

External links[]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Liberia.

Chief of State and Cabinet Members
CIA World Factbook entry on Liberia

Liberia from UCB Libraries GovPubs.
Liberia at the Open Directory Project
Liberia profile from the BBC News.
Liberia profile from the African Studies Centre Leiden Country portal.
"Liberia Maps", Perry-Castañeda Library, University of Texas at Austin.
Wikimedia Atlas of Liberia

Template:Liberia topics

This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Liberia. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.

[1] Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds (2015). "Liberia". Dallas, Texas: SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com/country/lr/languages.

[CIA-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Liberia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html.

[WorldBank-3] "Liberia". The World Bank country page for Liberia. The World Bank. 2015. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia. Retrieved September 4, 2014.

[IMF_GDP-4] "Liberia". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=98&pr.y=20&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=668&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=.

[gini-index-5] "GINI index". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=1. Retrieved August 14, 2015.

[HDI-6] "2016 Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. 2016. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf. Retrieved March 21, 2017.

[7] "Central African Republic". http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/central-african-republic-population/. Retrieved 19 March 2018.

[AFP-8] "Background on conflict in Liberia", Friends Committee on National Legislation, July 30, 2003 Archived February 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

[TDIH-9] "July 26, 1847 Liberian independence proclaimed", This Day In History, History website.

[Liberia-10] U.S. State Department. "Liberia". https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6618.htm.

[veconomist-11] "Praise for the woman who put Liberia back on its feet". The Economist. October 5, 2017. https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21730015-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-has-not-been-perfect-president-she-has-been-good-enough-praise.

[12] "Help in the time of Ebola". September 20, 2014. https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21618909-there-scramble-control-runaway-epidemic-help-time-ebola. Retrieved October 3, 2014.

[13] "Ebola in west Africa". May 9, 2015. https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21650584-wonderful-news-liberia-after-plague. Retrieved May 10, 2015.

[14who16-14] "WHO – Latest Ebola outbreak over in Liberia; West Africa is at zero, but new flare-ups are likely to occur". World Health Organization. http://who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/ebola-zero-liberia/en/. Retrieved January 14, 2016.

[introprof-15] (April 2005) "Liberians: An Introduction to their History and Culture" (PDF). Culture Profile (19): 5–6. Retrieved on July 23, 2011.

[16] Jesse N. Mongrue M. Ed (2011). Liberia-America's Footprint in Africa: Making the Cultural, Social, and Political Connections. iUniverse. p. 24. ISBN 1462021646.

[17] Howard Brotz, ed., African American Social & Political Thought 1850–1920 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1996), 38–39.

[Sale-18] Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity, Duke University Press, 1997, p. 264. ISBN 0-8223-1992-6

[19] "The African-American Mosaic". https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam002.html. Retrieved March 31, 2015.

[20] Wegmann, Andrew N (May 5, 2010). "Christian Community and the Development of an Americo-Liberian Identity, 1824–1878". Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on June 30, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100630111501/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-06092010-200522/.

[volume-21] Johnston, Harry Hamilton; Stapf, Otto (1906). Liberia, Volume I. Hutchinson & Co,. ISBN 1-143-31505-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=XTYbAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover.

[22] Adekeye Adebajo (2002). "Liberia's Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa". International Peace Academy. p. 21. ISBN 1588260526.

[Ricks-23] "How a former slave gave a quilt to Queen Victoria". BBC. July 11, 2017

[ascendency-24] Pike, John (1985). "The True Whig Ascendancy". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/liberia_1_truewhigascend.htm. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[25] John Pike (1985). "Lost Territories". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/liberia_1_lostterr.htm. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[26] John Pike (1985). "Lost Markets and Economic Decline". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/liberia_1_lostmarkets.htm. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[27] Robert Jefferson Norrell (January 1, 2009). Up from History: The Life of Booker T. Washington. Harvard University Press. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-674-03211-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=aRvXOr7atbMC&pg=PA374.
Rosenberg, Emily S. (June 1, 2007). "The Invisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution of Neocolonialism, 1909–40". Diplomatic History 9 (3): 191–214. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1985.tb00532.x.

[28] Christy, Cuthbert (15 December 1930). "COMMISSION’S REPORT: INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF ENQUIRY IN LIBERIA". LEAGUE OF NATIONS: 127.

[29] Van der Kraaij, Fred PM. "President Charles D.B. King". http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/1926FirestoneCA.htm. Retrieved February 5, 2018.

[opendoor-30] (1964) "Liberia's Open Door Policy". The Journal of Modern African Studies 2 (1): 91–98. DOI:10.1017/s0022278x00003694.

[31] "Africa: A Vote on Apartheid". Time. July 29, 1966. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899287,00.html. Retrieved July 20, 2011.

[32] (July 2008) "Pan-Africanism Revisited: Vision and Reality of African Unity and Development". African Review of Integration 2 (2). Retrieved on July 20, 2011.

[global-33] Anjali Mitter Duva (2002). "Liberia and the United States: A Complex Relationship". PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/liberia/essays/uspolicy/. Retrieved July 20, 2011.

[notes-34] staff writers (November 25, 1985). "LIBERIA Comrades Turned Enemies". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050633,00.html. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[35] Ellis, Stephen (2001). The Mask of Anarchy Updated Edition: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War. NYU Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-8147-2238-5.

[bbc-36] "Liberia country profile". BBC News. May 4, 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1043500.stm. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[warrant-37] "Arrest warrant for Liberian leader". BBC News. June 4, 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2961390.stm. Retrieved July 20, 2011.

[cbc-38] "Indepth: Liberia, Land of the free". CBC News. July 23, 2009. Archived from the original on September 8, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130908174543/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/liberia/.

[39] "Liberia's civil war: Fiddling while Monrovia burns". The Economist. July 24, 2003. http://www.economist.com/node/1944472?story_id=E1_TJQQQSN. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[40] "Profile: Leymah Gbowee—Liberia's 'peace warrior'". BBC News. October 7, 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15215312. Retrieved October 20, 2011.

[41] Simmons, Ann M. (August 12, 2003). "Taylor resigns as president of Liberia, leaves the country". Baltimore Sune. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2003-08-12/news/0308120316_1_charles-taylor-liberia-sierra-leone. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[42] "Liberian rebels sign peace deal". The Guardian. August 19, 2003. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/19/westafrica. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[43] "Liberia: UNMIL extends deployment as more troops arrive". IRIN News. December 24, 2003. http://newsite.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=47807. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[44] "Bryant takes power in Liberia". The Guardian. October 14, 2003. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/14/westafrica. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[freedom-45] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Freedom in the World 2011 – Liberia". Freedom House. UNHCR. July 7, 2011. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e16b8f91a.html. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[46] "LIBERIA-NIGERIA: "Time to bring Taylor issue to closure," says Sirleaf". IRIN News. March 17, 2006. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58474. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[47] "Taylor Sent Off to Face War Crimes Charges". AFP. UNMIL. March 29, 2006. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111005100159/http://unmil.org/1article.asp?id=1157&zdoc=1. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[48] "LIBERIA: War-battered nation launches truth commission". IRIN Africa. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58220. Retrieved May 16, 2008.

[eowg-49] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Bateman, Graham; Victoria Egan; Fiona Gold; Philip Gardner (2000). Encyclopedia of World Geography. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 161. ISBN 1-56619-291-9.

[50] Financial Time's World Desk Reference (2004) Dorling Kindersley Publishing, p. 368.

[census2008-51] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "2008 National Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Results". Government of the Republic of Liberia. 2008. http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/census_2008provisionalresults.pdf. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

[polls-52] "Liberia cannot afford local polls". BBC News. January 14, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7187906.stm.

[GCL-53] KIEH, JR., GEORGE KLAY. [1.pdf "THE MODEL CITY STATUTE FOR THE LIBERIAN CITY"]. GOVERNANCE COMMISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA. http://governancecommissionlr.org/pg_img/THE_STATUTE_FOR_THE_MODEL_LIBERIAN_CITY[1].pdf. Retrieved 20 July 2018.

[GLC-54] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GLC

[Anne_Look-55] Anne Look, "Poaching in Liberia's Forests Threatens Rare Animals", Voice of America News, May 8, 2012.

[Redlist-56] Template:IUCN2008 Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of endangered.

[Wynfred_Russell-57] Wynfred Russell, "Extinction is forever: A crisis that is Liberia's endangered wildlife", Front Page Africa, January 15, 2014.

[mmg-58] McGrath, Matt (September 23, 2014). "Liberia in 'trees for cash' deal". https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29321143.

[Restoring_the_Battered-59] "Restoring the Battered and Broken Environment of Liberia One of the Keys to a New and Sustainable Future" Archived November 8, 2014, at archive.today, United Nations Environment Program, February 13, 2014.

[obs-60] "Monrovia's 'Never-Ending' Pollution Issues In 2013", Edwin M. Fayia III, The Liberian Observer, December 30, 2014. Archived December 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

[61] "IDA - Liberia: Digging Out Monrovia from the Waste of War". http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/IDA/0,,contentMDK:22301640~menuPK:4754051~pagePK:51236175~piPK:437394~theSitePK:73154,00.html.

[state-62] "Background Note: Liberia". Bureau of African Affairs. United States Department of State. March 8, 2011. https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6618.htm.

[2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Liberia-63] "2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia". US Department of State. https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm. Retrieved January 10, 2013.

[hrw-64] "Liberia: Police Corruption Harms Rights, Progress", Human Rights Watch, August 22, 2013.

[65] ""Liberia: Corruption Is Liberia's Problem, US Ambassador to Liberia Alarms", Al-Varney Rogers, allAfrica, 21 February 2014.". allAfrica.com. http://allafrica.com/stories/201402211033.html. Retrieved October 17, 2014.

[66] "2010 Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International. October 26, 2010. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[67] "Corruption Perceptions Index 2007". Transparency International. 2007. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[68] "Global Corruption Barometer 2010". Transparency International. December 9, 2010. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/gcb/2010/results. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[69] Moumouni, Guillaume. (April 2014). "China and Liberia: Engagement in a Post-Conflict Country 2003–2013". Global Powers and Africa Programme. Paper No. 182. Johannesburg, South Africa: The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA). p. 8.

[70] Moumouni, Guillaume. (2018). "China and Liberia: Engagement in a Post-Conflict Country (2003–2013)". In: Alden C., Alao A., Chun Z., Barber L. (eds) China and Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Chamin. pp. 225-251. Online ISBN 978-3-319-52893-9. Springer Link website https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52893-9_12 Retrieved 7 December 2017.

[cdaMontserrado-71] "Montserrado County Development Agenda". Republic of Liberia. 2008. http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/MontserradoCDA.pdf. Retrieved October 14, 2008.

[72] "Nine officials commissioned". The Analyst. October 11, 2008.

[73] Crane, Keith; Gompert, David C ; Oliker, Olga ; Riley, Kevin Jack ; and Lawson, Brooke Stearns. (2007). Making Liberia safe : transformation of the national security sector. Santa Monica, CA : Rand. pp. 9-11. ISBN 9780833040084. Rand Corp website Retrieved 7 December 2017.

[Schoenurl-74] Schoenurl, John W. (August 11, 2003). "Liberian shipping draws scrutiny". msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3072983/t/liberian-shipping-draws-scrutiny/.

[About_the_Liberian_Registry-75] "About the Liberian Registry". Liberian Registry. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141110180209/http://www.liscr.com/liscr/AboutUs/AboutLiberianRegistry/tabid/206/Default.aspx.

[76] "GDP per capita (current US$) |Data |Graph". Data.worldbank.org. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD/countries/LR-EG?display=graph. Retrieved March 26, 2013.

[challenges-77] "The Challenges of Post-War Reconstruction—the Liberian Experience". Government of Liberia. allAfrica.com. June 13, 2011. http://allafrica.com/stories/201106140356.html.

[imf-78] "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: Liberia". International Monetary Fund. June 20, 2011. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=41&pr.y=12&sy=2000&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=668&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a=.

[consultation-79] "IMF Country Report No. 10/37". International Monetary Fund. 2010. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10373.pdf.

[agi-80] "Liberian President: Government and People are Partners in Progress". Africa Governance Initiative. January 27, 2011. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220103119/http://www.africagovernance.org/article/liberian-president-government-and-people-are-partners-progress.

[81] "Liberia Economic Recovery Assessment". USAID. July 2008. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:rjgZxrEkytAJ:www.countrycompass.com/_docs/assessments/Liberia_Economic_Recovery_Assessment.pdf+Liberian+dollar+1982&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgB5jM-McEY_lEOfi7dtjUAbUY3FHNMS-1b7c1mewxokLnC7PucnxlcZgbC4H60-44s9Kyw4SlVD0s8pI0lznK8MH_FSOPkOAEW8OgbhuDeI2kiEZ81wf4E0kNLQHndpFSE3jFO&sig=AHIEtbRULHwk2ifRoYIE__U6MRXyGwsreQ.

[82] "Quarter Three Fiscal Outturn, Fiscal Year 2010/11". Ministry of Finance. May 2011. http://mof.gov.lr/doc/Published%20Fiscal%20Outturns.pdf.

[83] "Second Quarter 2010/2011 Public Debt Management Report". Debt Management Unit. Ministry of Finance. March 25, 2011. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130910014431/http://mof.gov.lr/doc/2nd%20Qrt%20Debt%20Management%20Report.pdf.

[84] "Liberia's diamond links". BBC News. July 18, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/839206.stm.

[85] "CBC News Indepth: Liberia". CBC News. March 29, 2006. Archived from the original on September 8, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130908174543/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/liberia/.

[86] "Liberia restarts diamond industry". USA Today. May 1, 2007. https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-05-01-liberia_N.htm.

[87] "Bloody timber off the market". Greenpeace. May 7, 2003. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/bloody-timber-off-the-market/.

[88] Strieker, Gary (January 13, 2002). "U.N. mulls embargo on Liberian timber". CNN. http://www.edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/01/13/liberian.timber/index.html.

[89] Xu, Chenni (June 20, 2006). "UN Lifts Liberia Timber Sanctions". Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2006-06-20-voa64.html.

[90] "Liberia gains WTO observer status". Star Radio Liberia. March 17, 2010. http://www.starradio.org.lr/content/view/15063/59/.

[91] "Government Announces Agreement with Chevron to Explore Liberian Waters". allAfrica.com. August 27, 2010. http://allafrica.com/stories/201008271043.html.

[92] "Palm oil industry accused of land grabs in Liberia". globalpost.com. December 27, 2012. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/rights/palm-oil-companys-deal-liberia-sparks-controversy.

[93] Fred van der Kraaij, From the love of liberty to paradise lost, p. 144, Leiden, African Studies Centre 2015, pdf

[94] "Firestone and Liberia – Company History". Firestone Natural Rubber Company. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110612171553/http://www.firestonenaturalrubber.com/company_history.htm.

[reform-95] "PPIAF Supports Telecommunications Reform and Liberalization in Liberia". Public-Private Infrastructure Facility (PPIAF). July 2011. http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/publication/PPIAF-Impact-Stories-Reforming-Liberia-Telecom-Sector.pdf. Retrieved September 3, 2011.

[96] "Introduction to Communication and Development in Liberia", AudienceScapes. Retrieved February 8, 2014.

[Options-97] "Options for the Development of Liberia's Energy Sector". International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. World Bank Group. 2011. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPENERGY/Resources/717305-1266613906108/Liberia_Energy_ESW_11-4-11web.pdf.

[98] MacDougall, Clair (July 18, 2012). "Liberia: Stepping Back Into The Light?". ThinkPressAfrica.

[99] "Liberia: Massive Electrification Boost". allAfrica.com. November 27, 2013. http://allafrica.com/stories/201311280681.html.

[100] Teh, Joe (July 30, 2013). "Behind The Power Switch in Nimba, An optimism for Vibrant Economy". The News Pinnacle. http://cmiliberia.org/blog/2013/07/30/behind-the-power-switch-in-nimba-an-optimism-for-vibtant-economy/.

[101] "Liberia may have over 1 bln barrels in oil resources". Reuters Africa. November 3, 2009. https://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFWEA839820091103.

[102] "NOCAL 2004 Liberia Offshore Bid Round Announcement". Business Wire. February 2, 2004. http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040202005192/en/NOCAL-2004-Liberia-Offshore-Bid-Announcement.

[bidding-103] Pearson, Natalie Obiko (December 10, 2007). "Liberia Opens Bidding for 10 Offshore Oil Blocks". RigZone. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=53828.

[104] "Third Liberian Offshore Petroleum Licensing Round 2009". Deloitte Petroleum Services. Deloitte. August 27, 2009. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131104072748/https://www.psg.deloitte.com/NewsLicensingRounds_LR_0909.asp.

[105] Toweh, Alphonso (July 21, 2011). "Liberia marks out new oil blocks, auction seen soon". Reuters. https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE76K01J20110721?sp=true. Retrieved August 22, 2011.

[106] Konneh, Ansu (August 30, 2010). "Chevron, Liberia Sign Deepwater Offshore Exploration Agreement". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-30/chevron-liberia-sign-deepwater-offshore-exploration-agreement.html.

[Data_of_FAO,_year_2005-107] Data of FAO, year 2005

[WPP_2010-108] Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision Archived August 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine

[census2017final-109] Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (May 2009). "2008 National Population and Housing Census Final Results: Population by County". 2017 Population and Housing Census. Republic of Liberia. http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Population_by_County.pdf. Retrieved June 10, 2009.

[census2008final-110] Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (May 2009). "2008 National Population and Housing Census Final Results: Population by County". 2008 Population and Housing Census. Republic of Liberia. http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/Population_by_County.pdf. Retrieved June 10, 2009.

[111] United Nations World Population Prospects: 2006 revision – Table A.8

[112] Fiske, Alan. "Kpelle". http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/135b/kpelle.htm.

[113] "Liberia's Ugly Past: Re-writing Liberian History". Theperspective.org. http://www.theperspective.org/rewriting_history.html. Retrieved January 3, 2010.

[114] "Lebanese demand Liberia poll rights". BBC News. July 22, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4703029.stm.

[pulitzer-115] Moore, Jina (October 19, 2009). "Liberia: Ma Ellen talk plenty plenty Liberian English". Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/liberia-ma-ellen-talk-plenty-plenty-liberian-english. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[116] "Languages of Liberia". Ethnologue. 2009. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111018114601/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Liberia. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[117] "Religions in Liberia - PEW-GRF". http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/liberia#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015.

[Census_2008-118] "2008 Population and Housing Census: Final Results" (PDF). Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services. May 2009. p. A4-84. https://www.lisgis.net/pg_img/NPHC%202008%20Final%20Report.pdf. Retrieved 21 April 2018.

[119] Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. August 9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2013

[irfr-120] "International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Liberia". United States Department of State. November 17, 2010. https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148698.htm. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[121] "Education profile – Liberia". Institute for Statistics. UNESCO. 2010. http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4300&BR_Region=40540. Retrieved July 20, 2011.

[122] "LIBERIA: Go to school or go to jail". IRN. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. September 21, 2007. http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74422. Retrieved April 8, 2009.

[123] Trawally, Sidiki; Reeves, Derek (2009). "Making Quality Education Affordable And Assessable To All—Prez. Sirleaf's Vision With Passion". Lift Liberia. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130512060404/http://www.liftliberia.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=100&related=Press%20Release. Retrieved July 20, 2011.

[124] Jallah, David A. B. "Notes, Presented by Professor and Dean of the Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University of Liberia, David A. B. Jallah to the International Association of Law Schools Conference Learning From Each Other: Enriching the Law School Curriculum in an Interrelated World Held at Soochow University Kenneth Wang School of Law, Suzhou, China, October 17–19, 2007." International Association of Law Schools. Retrieved on September 1, 2008.

[125] "Ellen Describes Tubman University's Opening As PRS Success". The New Dawn. March 3, 2010. http://www.thenewdawnliberia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=340:ellen-describes-tubman-universitys-opening-as-prs-success&catid=3:general&Itemid=68. Retrieved July 22, 2010.

[126] "Remarks by H.E. President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf At Official Launch and Fundraising Program Of the Grand Bassa Community College". The Executive Mansion. October 21, 2010. http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/20101023President_Remarks_GBCC_Launch_Ground_Breaking.pdf. Retrieved July 22, 2011.

[127] Fahn, Peter A. (July 7, 2011). "Government Moves Ahead With Education Decentralization Plans". Government Moves Ahead with Education Decentralization Plans. http://www.micat.gov.lr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156:government-moves-ahead-with-education-decentralization-plans&catid=47:new-liberia&Itemid=91. Retrieved August 3, 2011.

[128] "July 26 Celebrations Kick Off in Lofa As President Sirleaf Arrives". The Executive Mansion. July 25, 2011. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111004060405/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/press.php?news_id=1951. Retrieved August 29, 2013.

[129] "CIA World Factbook: Life Expectancy ranks". CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html?countryName=Guyana&countryCode=gy&regionCode=soa&rank=159#gy. Retrieved April 26, 2012.

[130] "The State of the World's Midwifery 2011: Liberia". United Nations Population Fund. http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Liberia_SoWMy_Profile.pdf. Retrieved August 2, 2011.

[131] "Data: Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15–49)". The World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS/countries. Retrieved February 23, 2011.

[profile-132] "Liberia: Health profile". World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/gho/countries/lbr.pdf. Retrieved February 23, 2011.

[133] "Female genital mutilation (FGM)". World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/.

[UNICEF2013p27-134] UNICEF 2013, p. 27.

[135] "Liberia: Nurtitional "crisis" in Monrovia". Integrated Regional Information Networks. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?InDepthID=72&ReportID=77811. Retrieved February 24, 2011.

[136] "Data: Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5). The". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MALN.ZS/countries. Retrieved February 23, 2011.

[137] "Data: Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access)". The World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ACSN/countries. Retrieved February 23, 2011.

[138] "Liberia: Breathing Life into ailing healthcare system". Integrated Regional Information Networks. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=60788. Retrieved February 24, 2011.

[139] "Data: Health expenditure per capita (current US$)". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP/countries. Retrieved February 23, 2011.

[140] "Data: Health expenditure, total (% of GDP)". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS/countries. Retrieved February 23, 2011.

[141] Toweh, Alphonso (March 30, 2014). "Liberian health authorities confirm two cases of Ebola: WHO". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/30/us-liberia-ebola-idUSBREA2T0ON20140330. Retrieved March 30, 2014.

[142] "How Liberia (Might Have) Beat Ebola". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/17/how-liberia-might-have-beat-ebola.html. Retrieved November 17, 2014.

[143] "Wonderful News Liberia after plague". https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21650584-wonderful-news-liberia-after-plague. Retrieved May 11, 2015.

[144] Marc DuBois and Caitlin Wake, with Scarlett Sturridge and Christina Bennett (2015) The Ebola response in West Africa: Exposing the politics and culture of international aid London: Overseas Development Institute

[145] Nicola Jones, Janice Cooper, Elizabeth Presler-Marshall and David Walker, June 2014; "The fallout of rape as a weapon of war", ODI; http://www.odi.org/publications/8464-rape-weapon-war-liberia

[146] "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition". International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. May 17, 2016. http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf.

[147] "Senate Passes 'No Same Sex Marriage' Bill ", Daily Observer, 21 July 2012 Archived August 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

[148] Wiltz, Teresa (December 2, 2010). "Liberia: War-Weary, With Echoes of Old Dixie". The Root. Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110901031105/http://www.theroot.com/views/liberia-war-weary-echoes-old-dixie. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[149] "Monrovia—Masonic Grand Lodge". Global Security. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/liberia/monrovia-mason.htm. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[150] "Martha Ricks". National Portrait Gallery. http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp63618&rNo=0&role=sit. Retrieved December 12, 2008.

[151] "Liberia: It's the Little Things—A Reflection on Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's Journey to the Presidency". allAfrica.com. http://allafrica.com/stories/200603240593.html?page=2. Retrieved May 16, 2008.

[152] Kamara, Varney (July 20, 2010). "Liberia: "Literature Must Be Given Priority"". The Analyst (allAfrica.com). http://allafrica.com/stories/201007200709.html. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[153] Doe, J. Kpanneh (October 31, 2000). "Baa Salaka: Sacrificial Lamb – A Book Review & Commentary". The Perspective. http://www.theperspective.org/bookreview.html. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[Atlasof-154] OECD Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, 2010. p 236.

[155] Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Gender Roles, Marriage and Family", Culture and Customs of Liberia. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006, p. 97.

[156] "Celtnet Liberian Recipes and Cookery". Celtnet Recipes. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110903234346/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/liberia.php. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[157] "Liberia". Food in Every Country. http://www.foodbycountry.com/Kazakhstan-to-South-Africa/Liberia.html. Retrieved August 27, 2013.

[158] "The Baking Recipes of Liberia". Africa Aid. http://gwydion.weebly.com/liberian-baking.html. Retrieved July 23, 2011.

[FIFA-159] "Iconic Weah a true great". FIFA.com. Retrieved November 17, 2013

[160] "Liberia:Chaos Mars Grand Bassa and Nimba Clash". All Africa. January 21, 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201401211272.html. Retrieved October 9, 2016.

[161] Metrication in the United States

[162] "CIA The World Factbook". Appendix G: Weights and Measures. US Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html. Retrieved April 24, 2010.

[ut-163] Wilcox, Michael D., Jr. Department of Agricultural Economics University of Tennessee (2008). "Reforming Cocoa and Coffee Marketing in Liberia". Presentation and Policy Brief. University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100624032539/http://trend.ag.utk.edu/international/ReformingCocoaCoffeeMarketingLiberia.pdf. Retrieved April 25, 2010.

[164] Government of Liberia (2008). "County Development Agendas". Government of the Republic of Liberia. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100114003713/http://www.emansion.gov.lr/content.php?sub=County%20Development%20Agendas&related=CDAs. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

[165] Shannon, Eugene H. (December 31, 2009). "Annual report". Annual report. Liberian Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy. http://www.molme.gov.lr/doc/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Annual%20Report%20Jan%201%20-%20Dec%2031%202009.pdf. Retrieved May 1, 2010.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]