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| Arkhangelsk (English) Архангельск (Russian) | ||||||||
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 Arkhangelsk | ||||||||
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| City Day | Last Sunday of June[2] | |||||||
| Administrative status (as of May 2010) | ||||||||
| Country | Russia | |||||||
| Federal subject | Arkhangelsk Oblast[1] | |||||||
| Administratively subordinated to | city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk[3] | |||||||
| Administrative center of | Arkhangelsk Oblast,[3] city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk,[3] Primorsky District[4] | |||||||
| Municipal status (as of November 2015) | ||||||||
| Urban okrug | Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug[5] | |||||||
| Administrative center of | Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug,[5] Primorsky Municipal District[5] | |||||||
| Head[6] | Igor Godzish[6] | |||||||
| Representative body | City Council of Deputies | |||||||
| Statistics | ||||||||
| Area | 294.42 km2 (113.68 sq mi)[7] | |||||||
| Population (2010 Census) | 348,783 inhabitants[8] | |||||||
| - Rank in 2010 | 50th | |||||||
| Population (2013 est.) | 350,985 inhabitants[9] | |||||||
| Density (2012) | 1,185 /km2 (3,070 /sq mi) | |||||||
| Time zone | MSK (UTC+04:00)[10] | |||||||
| Novo-Kholmogory | 1584[11] | |||||||
| City status since | 1584 | |||||||
| Postal code(s) | 163000-163071[12] | |||||||
| Dialing code(s) | +7 8182[13] | |||||||
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Arkhangelsk (UK /ˌɑːrkæŋˈɡɛlsk,_ɑːrˈkæŋɡɛlsk/, US /ɑːrˈkɑːnɡɛlsk/;[14] Russian: Арха́нгельск, IPA: [ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk]), also known in English as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, in the north of Western Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near its exit into the White Sea. The city spreads for over 40 kilometers (25 mi) along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its delta. Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval and early modern Russia until 1703 (when it was replaced by Saint Petersburg). A 1,133-kilometer-long (704 mi) railway runs from Arkhangelsk to Moscow via Vologda and Yaroslavl, and air travel is served by the Talagi Airport and a smaller Vaskovo Airport. As of the 2010 Census, the city's population was 348,783,[8] down from 356,051 recorded in the 2002 Census,[15] and further down from 415,921 recorded in the 1989 Census.[16]
Coat of arms[]
The arms of the city display the Archangel Michael in the act of defeating the Devil. Legend states that this victory took place near where the city stands, hence its name, and that Michael still stands watch over the city to prevent the Devil's return.[17]
History[]
Early history[]
Vikings knew the area around Arkhangelsk as Bjarmaland. Ohthere of Hålogaland told circa 890 of his travels in an area by a river and the White Sea with many buildings. This was probably the place later known as Arkhangelsk. According to Snorri Sturluson, Vikings led by Thorir Hund raided this area in 1027.
In 1989, an unusually impressive silver treasure was found by local farm workers by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present-day Arkhangelsk.[18] It was probably buried in the beginning of the 12th century, and contained articles that may have been up to two hundred years old at that time.
Most of the findings comprised a total of 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb) of silver, largely in the form of coins. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry come from Russia or neighboring areas. The majority of the coins were German, but the hoard also included a smaller number of Kufan, English, Bohemian, Hungarian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coins.
It is hard to place this find historically until further research is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether from Scandinavia, the Baltic area, or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity.
Alternatively, like the Russian scientists who published the find in 1992,[18] one may see it as evidence of a stronger case of Russian colonization than previously thought.
Novgorodians arrive[]
In the 12th century, the Novgorodians established the Archangel Michael Monastery (named after Michael the Archangel) in the estuary of the Northern Dvina.
The main trade center of the area at that time was Kholmogory, located 75 kilometers (47 mi) southeast of Arkhangelsk, up the Dvina River, about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) downstream from where the Pinega River flows into the Dvina. Written sources indicate that Kholmogory existed early in the 12th century, but there is no archeological material to illuminate the early history of the town. It is not known whether the origin of this settlement was Russian, or if it goes back to pre-Russian times. In the center of the small town (or Gorodok) that is there today is a large mound of building remains and river sand, but it has not been archeologically excavated.
Norwegian-Russian conflict[]
Location of Arkhangelsk in northwestern Russia
The area of Arkhangelsk came to be important in the rivalry between Norwegian and Russian interests in the northern areas. From Novgorod, the spectrum of Russian interest was extended far north to the Kola Peninsula in the 12th century. However, here Norway enforced taxes and rights to the fur trade. A compromise agreement entered in 1251 was soon broken.
In 1411, Yakov Stepanovich from Novgorod went to attack Northern Norway. This was the beginning of a series of clashes. In 1419, Norwegian ships with five hundred soldiers entered the White Sea. The "Murmaners", as the Norwegians were called (cf. Murmansk), plundered many Russian settlements along the coast, among them the Archangel Michael Monastery.[19]
Novgorod managed to drive the Norwegians back. However, in 1478 the area was taken over by Ivan III and passed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow with the rest of the Novgorod Republic.
Trade with England, Scotland, and the Netherlands[]
Three English ships the Bona Esperanza, Edward Bonaventure, and Bona Confidentia set out to find the Northeast passage to China in 1553; two disappeared, and one, the Edward Bonaventure ended up in the White Sea at Nyonoksa, eventually coming across the area of Arkhangelsk at the mouth of the Dvina River where the St. Nicolas Monastery stood. Subsequently, the English named the sea the St. Nicolas Bay which is now known as the White Sea. Ivan the Terrible found out about this, and brokered a trade agreement with the ship's captain, Richard Chancellor. Trade privileges were granted to English merchants in 1555, leading to the founding of the Company of Merchant Adventurers, which began sending ships annually into the estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also started bringing their ships into the White Sea from the 1560s.[20] Scottish and English merchants also traded in the 16th century; however, by the 17th century it was mainly the Dutch that sailed to the White Sea area.
Founding and further development[]
Plan of New Dvina Fort in Arkhangelsk
In 1584 Ivan ordered the founding of New Kholmogory (which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery). At the time access to the Baltic Sea was still mostly controlled by Sweden, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade. Local inhabitants, called Pomors, were the first to explore trade routes to Northern Siberia as far as the trans-Urals city of Mangazeya and beyond. In December 1613, during the Time of Troubles, Arkhangelsk was besieged by Polish-Lithuanian marauders commanded by Stanislaw Jasinski (Lisowczycy), who failed to capture the fortified town. In 1619 and in 1637 a fire broke out, and the complete city was burned down.
In 1693, Peter the Great ordered the creation of a state shipyard in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships Svyatoye Prorochestvo (Holy Prophecy), Apostol Pavel (Apostle Paul), and the yacht Svyatoy Pyotr (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However, he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a successful campaign against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded St. Petersburg in May 1703. Nonetheless, Arkhangelsk continued to be an important naval base and maritime centre in the Russian north.[21]
Icon of Archangel Michael, shown as protector of Arkhangelsk
In 1722, Peter the Great decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods that amounted to more than was sufficient for the town (for so-called domestic consumption). It was due to the Tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to St. Petersburg. This factor greatly contributed to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to 1762 when this decree was canceled.
Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. In the early years of the 19th century, the arrest and prolonged detention by Russian authorities of John Bellingham, an English export representative based at Arkhangelsk, was the indirect cause of Bellingham later assassinating British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval.
Arkhangelsk's economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railway to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. The city resisted Bolshevik rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army supported by the military intervention of British-led Entente forces along an Allied expedition, including a North American contingent known as the Polar Bear Expedition.[22] It was also the scene of Mudyug concentration camp.
During both world wars, Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. During World War II, the city became known in the West as one of the two main destinations (along with Murmansk) of the Arctic Convoys bringing supplies in to assist the Soviet Union. During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Arkhangelsk was one of two cities (the other being Astrakhan) selected to mark the envisioned eastern limit of Nazi control. This military operation was to be halted at this A-A line but never reached it as the German forces failed to capture either of the two cities and also failed to capture Moscow.
Arkhangelsk was also the site of Arkhangelsk ITL, or the Arkhangelsk Labour Camp, in the 1930s and 1940s.
Today, Arkhangelsk remains a major seaport, now open year-round due to improvements in icebreakers. The city is primarily a center for the timber and fishing industries.
On March 16, 2004, 58 people were killed in an explosion at an apartment block in the city.
Administrative and municipal status[]
Arkhangelsk is the administrative center of the oblast[3] and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Primorsky District, even though it is not a part of it.[4] As an administrative division, it is, together with five rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[3] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk is incorporated as Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug.[5]
The mayor (as of July 2017) is Igor Viktorovich Godzish, who was elected in 2015.[23]
City divisions[]
For administrative purposes, the city is divided into nine territorial okrugs:[24]
- Isakogorsky
- Lomonosovsky
- Maymaksansky
- Mayskaya Gorka
- Oktyabrsky
- Severny
- Solombalsky
- Tsiglomensky
- Varavino-Faktoriya
Economy and infrastructure[]
Economy[]
Transportation[]
Arkhangelsk is the final destination of Northern Railway. In addition, the city is host to two airports, Vaskovo Airport and Talagi Airport where they host the 2nd Arkhangelsk United Aviation Division and Smartavia Airline,[25] respectively. M8 highway provides a direct link to Moscow, Yaroslavl and Severodvinsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Local public transit is provided by buses and minibuses called marshrutkas. Until 2004 there were also streetcars (trams), and until 2008, trolleybuses.
Education[]
A monument to Peter the Great, a sailing ship, and the sea terminal in Arkhangelsk are depicted on a 500-ruble banknote[26]
Arkhangelsk was home to Pomorsky State University and Arkhangelsk State Technical University which merged with several other institutions of higher learning in 2010 to form the Northern (Arctic) Federal University.
Arkhangelsk is also home to the Northern State Medical University, Makarov state Maritime Academy, and a branch of the All-Russian Distance Institute of Finance and Economics.
Culture[]
The city's Cathedral of the Archangel Michael nearing completion in 2014
The Sutyagin House, claimed to be the world's tallest wooden single-family house
Mikhail Lomonosov came from a Pomor village near Kholmogory. A monument to him was installed to a design by Ivan Martos in 1829. A monument to Peter the Great was designed by Mark Antokolsky in 1872 and installed in 1914.
After its historic churches were destroyed during Joseph Stalin's rule, the city's main extant landmarks are the fort-like Merchant Yards (1668–1684) and the New Dvina Fortress (1701–1705). The Assumption Church on the Dvina embankment (1742–1744) was rebuilt in 2004.
In 2008, it was decided that the city's cathedral, dedicated to the Archangel Michael, which had been destroyed under the Soviets, would be rebuilt. The foundation stone was laid in November 2008 by the regional Bishop Tikhon.[27] The cathedral, situated near the city's main bus station and river port, is expected to be completed and consecrated in 2019.[28]
Another remarkable structure is the Arkhangelsk TV Mast, a 151-meter (495 ft) tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting built in 1964. This tubular steel mast has six crossbars equipped with gangways, which run in two levels from the central mast structure out to the each of the three guys. On these crossbars there are also several antennas installed (image).
An unusual example of local "vernacular architecture" was the so-called Sutyagin house. This thirteen-story, 44-meter (144 ft) tall[29][30] residence of the local entrepreneur Nikolay Petrovich Sutyagin was reported to be the world's, or at least Russia's, tallest wooden house. Constructed by Mr. Sutyagin and his family over the course of fifteen years (starting in 1992), without plans or a building permit, the structure deteriorated while Mr. Sutyagin spent a few years in prison on racketeering charges. In 2008, it was condemned by the city as a fire hazard, and the courts ordered it to be demolished by February 1, 2009.[29][31] On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down,[32][33] and the remainder of the building was dismantled manually by early February 2009.[34][35]
The promenade alongside River Dvina
The cultural life of Arkhangelsk includes:
- The Arkhangelsk Lomonosov Drama Theater
- Arkhangelsk Philarmonia
- Arkhangelsk Youth Theater
- Arkhangelsk Oblast Museum
- Arkhangelsk Art Museum
- Stepan Pisakhov Museum
An airstrip in Arkhangelsk was the fictional setting for a level in the 1997 hit videogame Goldeneye 007.[36]
Literature[]
The Russian North, and, in particular, the area of Arkhangelsk, is notable for its folklore. Until the mid-20th century, fairy tales and bylinas were still performed on the daily basis by performers who became professionals. Starting from the 1890s, folkloric expeditions have been organized to the White Sea area and later to other areas of the Arkhangelsk Governorate in order to write down the tales and the bylinas, especially in Pomor dialects. In the 1920s, mostly due to the efforts of Anna Astakhova, these expeditions became systematic. By the 1960s, the performing art was basically extinct. These folkloric motives and fairy tales inspired the literary works of Stepan Pisakhov and Boris Shergin, who were both natives of Arkhangelsk.
Geography[]
Climate[]
Arkhangelsk experiences a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc), with long (November–March), very cold winters and short (June–August), cool summers. Arkhangelsk is the largest city in the world with a subarctic climate. Much of Western Calgary in Canada experiences a subarctic climate, and has a much larger population, but not all of the city has a subarctic climate so it technically fails to meet the criterion. The same applies to Krasnoyarsk in Siberia, which also has a borderline subarctic climate with the suburbs and northern parts of the city experiencing a subarctic climate and has a population over 1 million.
| Climate data for Arkhangelsk | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
5.2 (41.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
25.3 (77.5) |
31.7 (89.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
33.4 (92.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.8 (42.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −9.2 (15.4) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
5.4 (41.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
12.2 (54.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
5.5 (41.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.7 (9.1) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
0.4 (32.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.3 (61.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
1.3 (34.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −16.5 (2.3) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
7.7 (45.9) |
11.3 (52.3) |
8.9 (48.0) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −45.2 (−49.4) |
−41.2 (−42.2) |
−37.1 (−34.8) |
−27.3 (−17.1) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−36.5 (−33.7) |
−43.2 (−45.8) |
−45.2 (−49.4) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 38 (1.5) |
29 (1.14) |
30 (1.18) |
30 (1.18) |
49 (1.93) |
61 (2.4) |
73 (2.87) |
70 (2.76) |
61 (2.4) |
66 (2.6) |
53 (2.09) |
46 (1.81) |
606 (23.86) |
| Snowfall cm (inches) | 36 (14.2) |
45 (17.7) |
48 (18.9) |
19 (7.5) |
1 (0.4) |
0.1 (0.04) |
0 (0) |
trace | 1 (0.4) |
2 (0.8) |
11 (4.3) |
24 (9.4) |
|
| Avg. rainy days | 2 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 22 | 19 | 9 | 4 | 143 |
| Avg. snowy days | 27 | 26 | 23 | 13 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0.03 | 1 | 13 | 25 | 28 | 163 |
| % humidity | 85 | 84 | 80 | 72 | 68 | 69 | 75 | 81 | 85 | 88 | 89 | 87 | 80 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 13 | 56 | 117 | 193 | 262 | 298 | 301 | 203 | 116 | 59 | 19 | 6 | 1,643 |
| Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[37] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[38] | |||||||||||||
Sports[]
Vodnik's home stadium Trud, the arena for the final of the 2011–2012 season
Women in bridal dress celebrate the 450th anniversary of the founding of Arkhangelsk.
The tallest building in Arkhangelsk
Bandy is the biggest sport in the city and is considered a national sport in Russia.[39] Vodnik, the local team, nine times became the Russian champion (1996–2000 and 2002–2005). Their home arena has the capacity of 10000.[40] Arkhangelsk hosted the Bandy World Championship in 1999 and 2003.[41] The 2011–2012 season Russian Bandy League final was played here on March 25, 2012.[42][43] The 2016 Youth-17 Bandy World Championship was played in Arkhangelsk between 28–31 January.[44]
Notable people[]
- Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), Russian polymath
- Piter Poel (1760–1837), Dutch diplomat and publisher
- Johann Abraham Nüske (1796–1865), German-British guitarist and composer
- Ilya Shumov (1819–1881), Russian chess master and officer in the Russian Navy
- Wilhelm Greiffenhagen (1821–1890), Baltic German journalist and politician
- Eduard Schensnovich (1852–1911), Polish admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy
- Stepan Pisakhov (1879–1960), Russian and Soviet writer
- Stepan Balmashov (1882–1902), Russian student and assassin
- Boris Shergin (1896–1973), Russian and Soviet writer
- Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski (1899–1962), Polish soldier and historian
- Sofya Kondakova (1922–2012), Soviet speed skater
- Boris Lukoshkov (1922–1989), Russian painter
- Timur Gaidar (1926–1999), Soviet and Russian admiral
- Mikhail Kalik (1927–2017), Soviet and Israeli film director and screenwriter
- Vladimir Tarasov (born 1939), Russian percussionist and constellation artist
- Boris Skrynnik (born 1948), President in Federation of International Bandy and Russian Bandy Federation
- Slava Polunin (born 1950), Russian clown
- Vladimir Malaniuk (1957–2017), Ukrainian chess player (GM)
- Mikhail Pletnev (born 1957), Russian pianist and conductor
- Alexander Dobrunov (1959–2006), Russian judo fighter
- Victor Ferin (born 1969), Russian actor and filmmaker
- Alexander Kravchenko (born 1971), Russian poker player
- Anatoli Tebloyev (born 1974), Russian football player
- Yuliya Fomenko (born 1979), Russian athlete (middle distance runner)
- Ilya Halyuza (born 1979), Ukrainian football player
- Sergei Bykov (born 1983), Russian basketball player
- Nadezhda Kosintseva (born 1985), Russian chess player (GM)
- Andrei Pervyshin (born 1985), Russian ice hockey player
- Tatiana Kosintseva (born 1986), Russian chess player (GM)
- Alex Gilbert (born 1992), Russian-born New Zealand adoption advocate
Twin towns – sister cities[]
Arkhangelsk is twinned with:[45]
Portland, Maine, United States (1988)- Vardø, Norway (1989)
- Słupsk, Poland (1989)
- Emden, Germany (1989)
- Oulu, Finland (1993)
- Kiruna, Sweden (1999)
- Sukhumi, Georgia (2011)
- Tromsø, Norway (2011)
- Ashdod, Israel (2012)
- Jermuk, Armenia (2018)
References[]
Notes[]
- ^ a b Template:OKATO reference
- ^ "www.arhcity.ru" (in ru). Мэрия Архангельска. http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=275/0.
- ^ a b c d e Oblast Law #65-5-OZ
- ^ a b Template:OKATO reference
- ^ a b c d Oblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ
- ^ a b "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). Мэрия Архангельска. http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=3/1. - ^ "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). Мэрия Архангельска. http://www.arhcity.ru/?page=1/1. - ^ a b "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1)]" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census). Federal State Statistics Service. 2011. http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- ^ Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2013 года. — М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики Росстат, 2013. — 528 с. (Табл. 33. Численность населения городских округов, муниципальных районов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов)
- ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication.).
- ^ Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 25. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ "List of postal codes" (in ru). Russian Post. http://info.russianpost.ru/database/ops.html.
- ^ "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). Beeline. http://mobile.beeline.ru/media/Abonents/Geography/For_guests/City%20codes%20%28rus%29.pdf. - ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000]" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. May 21, 2004. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров. [All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers]" (in Russian). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989). Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ "Archangel: Heraldic Argument in Russia". The Baronage Press. http://www.baronage.co.uk/2003b/russia-1.html.
- ^ a b Nosov, E.N (1992). "THE ARKHANGELSK HOARD". http://www.sarks.fi/fa/PDF/FA9_3.pdf.
- ^ Жилинский, К. А. (1919). "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). Кольские карты. http://www.kolamap.ru/library/1919_zhilinskiy/2_1.htm. - ^ Ван Салинген, Симон (Van Salingen, Seemon) (1591). "Сообщение о Земле Лопий: Русские в Лапландии в XVI веке.". kolamap.ru website. https://www.kolamap.ru/library/1901_filippov.html. "A Dutch letter about Russian interests in Lapland from 1562 to 1583. It includes Vardo's fortress Vardegus, the Pechenga Monastery, Malmus (aka Kola, Russia), and the St. Nicolas Monastery near the mouth of the Dvina River at what is now Arkhangelsk. Flemish pirates robbed the Edward Bonaventure in 1554 as Edward Bonaventure was returning from Nyonoksa, Russia."
- ^ Hill, Alexander (2007). "Russian and Soviet Naval Power and the Arctic from the XVI Century to the Beginning of the Great Patriotic War". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 20 (3): 359–392. DOI:10.1080/13518040701532958.
- ^ "Detroit's Polar Bears and their confusing war". The Detroit News. http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=178&category=life.
- ^ "Google Translate". https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&nv=1&rurl=translate.google.co.uk&sl=auto&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=http://m.arhcity.ru/%3Fpage%3D3/0&usg=ALkJrhiaREs6OKTK6fY13zYOqK6gw7WKeQ.
- ^ Архангельский городской Совет народных депутатов. Решение №88 от 15 ноября 1991 г. «Об образовании территориальных городских округов». (Arkhangelsk City Council of People's Deputies. Decision #88 of November 15, 1991 On Establishing the City Territorial Okrugs. ).
- ^ "Contact Us". Nordavia. Archived at the Wayback Machine. http://www.nordavia.ru/eng/contact/.
- ^ The 500-ruble Bank of Russia note
- ^ "Archangelsk invests in new cathedral". Barents Observer. 25 November 2008. http://barentsobserver.com/en/node/20754.
- ^ "Archangel Mikhail Cathedral". Lonely Planet. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/russia/arkhangelsk/attractions/archangel-mikhail-cathedral/a/poi-sig/1575275/360432.
- ^ a b Sutyagin House, Arkhangelsk, Russia: Standing tall. WorldArchitectureNews.com, Wednesday Mar 7, 2007. (Includes photo)
- ^ According to other sources, twelve stories, 38 meters (125 ft)
- ^ Ponomaryova, Hope (June 26, 2008). "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Moscow, Russia. http://www.rg.ru/2008/06/26/gangster.html. - ^ "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). NEWSru.com Realty (Недвижимость). Moscow, Russia. December 26, 2008. http://realty.newsru.com/article/26Dec2008/wooden. - ^ mihai055 (December 26, 2008). "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru) (Flash video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa_Ahn29Myw. - ^ "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). NEWSru.com Realty (Недвижимость). Moscow, Russia. February 6, 2009. http://realty.newsru.com/article/06Feb2009/sutyagin. - ^ "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru) (flash video and text). Channel One Russia. Moscow, Russia: Web-службой Первого канала. February 6, 2009. http://www.1tv.ru/newsvideo/137558. - ^ "GoldenEye 007 N64 - Facility - 00 Agent". YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iiILn_fKX0.
- ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Arkhangelsk" (in ru). Weather and Climate. http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/22550.htm.
- ^ "Arhangelsk (Arkhangelsk) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/RE/22550.TXT.
- ^ "Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan". Tatar-Inform. January 21, 2011. http://eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/.
- ^ "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ru). Федерация хоккея с мячом России. http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/10/. - ^ Video from a home game against Baykal-Energiya from Irkutsk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uAVZxVEoe0
- ^ "Официальный сайт хоккейного клуба "Кузбасс" (Кемерово) — www.kuzbassbandyclub.ru". Kuzbassbandyclub.ru. 2011-11-27. http://www.kuzbassbandyclub.ru/mainnews/archive/769.
- ^ Video from the final of the Russian Championships in 2012 Archived June 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Состав юношеской сборной России (U-17) на ЧМ-2016" (in ru). Russian Bandy Federation. http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/8597/.
- ^ "Города-побратимы Архангельска" (in ru). Arkhangelsk. http://m.arhcity.ru/?page=232/0.
Sources[]
- Template:RussiaAdmMunRef/ark/admlaw
- Template:RussiaAdmMunRef/ark/munlist
Further reading[]
- (in Russian) Ogorodnikov Stepan. (1890) Очерк истории города Архангельска в торгово-промышленном отношении at Runivers.ru in DjVu and PDF formats
External links[]
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Arkhangelsk. |
- (in Russian) Official website of Arkhangelsk
- (in Russian) The Regional Museum
- (in Russian) Arkhangelsk Oblast Museum of Fine Arts
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| This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Arkhangelsk. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License. |