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Aroostook County, Maine
HoultonME AroostookCountyCourthouse
Aroostook County Courthouse
Flag of Aroostook County, Maine
Flag
Seal of Aroostook County, Maine
Seal
Map of Maine highlighting Aroostook County
Location in the state of Maine
Map of the U.S
Maine's location in the U.S.
Founded May 1, 1839
Named for Miꞌkmaq word meaning "beautiful water"[1][2]
Seat Houlton
Largest city Presque Isle
Area
 - Total
 - Land
 - Water

6,828 sq mi (17,684 km²)
6,671 sq mi (17,278 km²)
156 sq mi (404 km²), 2.3
Population
 - (2020)
 - Density

67,105
Congressional district 2nd
Time zone Eastern: UTC-5/-4
Website www.aroostook.me.us

Aroostook County ( /əˈrstək/ ə-ROOS-tək; French: Comté d'Aroostook) is a county in the U.S. state of Maine along the Canada–U.S. border. As of the 2020 census, the population was 67,105.[3] Its seat is Houlton[4] with offices in Caribou and Fort Kent.[5]

Known locally in Maine as "The County",[6][7] it is the largest county in Maine by total area, and the second largest in the United States by land area east of the Mississippi River,[8][9][10] behind St. Louis County, Minnesota. With over 6,800 square miles of land it is larger than three U.S. states. It is Maine's northernmost county. Its northernmost village, Estcourt Station, is also the northernmost community in New England and in the contiguous United States east of the Great Lakes.

Aroostook County is known for its potato crops. The county is also an emerging hub for wind power. Its Acadian culture is also well-known. In the Saint John Valley in the northern part of the county, which borders Madawaska County, New Brunswick, many of the residents are bilingual in English and Acadian French, whereas elsewhere in Maine, New England French is the predominant form of French spoken.

History[]

The sparsely populated Maine North Woods, roughly defined as the headwaters of the Saint John, Penobscot and Kennebec Rivers, was populated through the colonial era by refugees fleeing unfriendly governments. Native Americans retreating from hostile European colonists, and smugglers trading with these Native Americans and between English Massachusetts and French Acadia lived in small communities along the Atlantic coast on the disputed border between those colonies. As England dominated the Gulf of Maine following the French and Indian Wars, these occupants of the border region retreated up the large rivers into the interior joined by Acadians escaping the Acadian Expulsion. Although the survivors might have preferred to remain independent, surrounding governments dividing their refuge perceived Aroostook County as the west bank of the Saint John River drainage upstream of Canada. Under United States control, the area was initially dominated by lumber manufacturing interests, although agriculture became important as population increased. Transportation along the Saint John River and early rail connections into New Brunswick caused strong business links with Canada until the county was connected to the United States rail network by the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad in 1894. Aroostook County residents retain an independent cultural identity established during their history of isolation on the border frontier.[11]

Aroostook County was formed in 1839 from parts of Penobscot and Washington counties. In 1843, Aroostook gained land from Penobscot County; in 1844, Aroostook again gained land from Penobscot, plus it exchanged land with Piscataquis County. In 1889, Aroostook gained slightly from Penobscot, but gave back the land in 1903 when Aroostook County gained its final form.[12] Some of the territory in this county was part of the land dispute that led to the "Aroostook War" that would be settled by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty.

Child Laborers in a Maine field (1940)

Children gathering potatoes on a large farm in Aroostook County, 1940. Schools did not open until the potatoes were harvested. Photo by Jack Delano.

The county was also part of a route on the Underground Railroad, and was one of the last stops before entering Canada. Slaves would meet and hide just outside Aroostook[13] or in deserted areas. Friends Quaker Church near Fort Fairfield was often a final stop.[14]

Much of Aroostook County's economy was dominated by military spending through the Cold War. Limestone Army Air Field was built in Limestone, Maine in 1947. It was renamed Loring Air Force Base (AFB) in 1953 as the home of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) 42d Bombardment Wing operating Convair B-36 Peacemaker bombers. Aroostook County was chosen due to its strategic location as the closest point in the Continental United States to the Middle East and Europe including the Soviet Union west of the Ural Mountains. Loring AFB could accommodate one hundred of these large bombers; and had both the largest fuel storage capacity, at Template:Convert/gal, and the largest weapons storage capacity, at 4700 tonnes NEW, of any SAC base. The 42d Bombardment Wing at Loring operated Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bombers[15] until the 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended closure and the base closed in 1994.[16]

The 2014 Acadian World Congress was held along the Canada–United States border, co-hosted by Aroostook County and a number of neighboring counties in Canada (Témiscouata in Quebec, and Victoria, Madawaska and Restigouche in New Brunswick). Organizers planned a Tintamarre that was held in the town of Madawaska, Maine, as well as a giant tug of war across the Saint John River.[17]

Geography[]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 6,828 square miles (17,680 km2), of which 6,671 square miles (17,280 km2) is land and 156 square miles (400 km2) (2.3%) is water.[18] Aroostook County is Maine's largest county by area, about the size of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined. The county high point is Peaked Mountain, elevation 2230 feet, whose western slopes are in the north east corner of Piscataquis County.

Adjacent counties and municipalities[]

  • Washington County, Maine – southeast
  • Penobscot County, Maine – south
  • Piscataquis County, Maine – south
  • Somerset County, Maine – southwest
  • Montmagny Regional County Municipality, Quebec – west
  • L'Islet Regional County Municipality, Quebec – west
  • Kamouraska Regional County Municipality, Quebec – northwest
  • Témiscouata Regional County Municipality, Quebec – north
  • Madawaska County, New Brunswick – northeast
  • Victoria County, New Brunswick – east
  • Carleton County, New Brunswick – east
  • York County, New Brunswick – southeast

National protected area[]

  • Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge

Major highways[]

  • I-95 I-95
  • US 1 US 1
  • US 1A US 1A
  • US 2 US 2
  • US 2A US 2A
  • [[Template:Infobox road/ME/link ME|Template:Infobox road/ME/abbrev ME]]
  • [[Template:Infobox road/ME/link ME|Template:Infobox road/ME/abbrev ME]]
  • [[Template:Infobox road/ME/link ME|Template:Infobox road/ME/abbrev ME]]
  • [[Template:Infobox road/ME/link ME|Template:Infobox road/ME/abbrev ME]]
  • [[Template:Infobox road/ME/link ME|Template:Infobox road/ME/abbrev ME]]
  • [[Template:Infobox road/ME/link ME|Template:Infobox road/ME/abbrev ME]]

Government and politics[]

Although the county is more socially conservative than Maine's southern and coastal counties, it was won by the Democratic Presidential candidate in the six elections from 1992 – 2012[19] before going for the Republican candidate in 2016.[20] In the Maine Legislature, the county's delegation in 2013 included three Democrats and seven Republicans.[21] In 2009 it voted 73% in favor of a referendum rejecting same-sex marriage and 54% against the Maine Medical Marijuana Act.[22] In 2012, it voted 67% against a measure to legalize same-sex marriage in Maine,[23] the highest opposition percentage of any county in the state. From 2016 to 2020, the margin increased from 55-38% to 59-39%, respectively. This makes Aroostook County the only county in New England to have a more major Republican shift.

Due to the remoteness from the rest of Maine and a perceived lack of connection with the Maine government, as well as a strong connection with neighboring Canada, politicians of Aroostook County, Maine, have proposed making Aroostook part of New Brunswick or spinning off the county as its own state, probably named Aroostook, since the 1990s. As recently as 2005 the question has been brought up before the state legislature.[24]

Voter registration[]

Voter registration and party enrollment as of May 2019 [25]
style="background-color:#ffffcc;" width=10px | Unenrolled 16,738 33.31%
style="background-color:#3333FF;" width=10px | Democratic 15,817 31.48%
style="background-color:#FF3333;" width=10px | Republican 15,746 31.34%
style="background-color:#0BDA51;" width=10px | Green Independent 1,942 3.87%
Total 50,243 100%

Politics[]

United States presidential election results for Aroostook County, Maine[26]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 21,113 59.06% 13,956 39.04% 677 1.89%
2016 19,419 55.33% 13,386 38.14% 2,292 6.53%
2012 15,196 44.88% 17,777 52.50% 887 2.62%
2008 15,898 44.17% 19,345 53.75% 751 2.09%
2004 17,564 46.55% 19,569 51.86% 600 1.59%
2000 16,555 47.11% 17,196 48.93% 1,392 3.96%
1996 10,400 29.89% 18,022 51.80% 6,370 18.31%
1992 12,409 32.16% 15,682 40.64% 10,494 27.20%
1988 17,213 53.38% 14,850 46.05% 183 0.57%
1984 21,837 63.59% 12,348 35.96% 153 0.45%
1980 16,343 48.29% 14,492 42.82% 3,011 8.90%
1976 15,550 48.52% 15,484 48.31% 1,017 3.17%
1972 19,051 62.37% 11,474 37.56% 22 0.07%
1968 13,919 47.61% 15,044 51.46% 273 0.93%
1964 9,994 36.28% 17,552 63.71% 3 0.01%
1960 18,698 55.82% 14,799 44.18% 0 0.00%
1956 16,001 72.44% 6,089 27.56% 0 0.00%
1952 16,851 68.85% 7,561 30.89% 64 0.26%
1948 9,459 56.51% 7,183 42.91% 98 0.59%
1944 11,678 59.23% 8,017 40.66% 22 0.11%
1940 13,888 58.34% 9,877 41.49% 39 0.16%
1936 14,708 64.69% 7,704 33.88% 324 1.43%
1932 14,054 59.47% 9,409 39.82% 168 0.71%
1928 14,545 71.45% 5,771 28.35% 41 0.20%
1924 9,554 81.61% 1,510 12.90% 643 5.49%
1920 11,191 88.48% 1,407 11.12% 50 0.40%
1916 5,770 69.58% 2,425 29.24% 98 1.18%
1912 898 11.49% 1,924 24.63% 4,991 63.88%
1908 4,783 77.56% 1,157 18.76% 227 3.68%
1904 4,681 83.19% 736 13.08% 210 3.73%
1900 4,192 76.07% 1,030 18.69% 289 5.24%
1896 4,816 74.41% 1,383 21.37% 273 4.22%
1892 2,893 54.18% 1,917 35.90% 530 9.93%
1888 3,365 60.73% 1,808 32.63% 368 6.64%
1884 3,028 53.62% 2,192 38.82% 427 7.56%
1880 2,560 47.81% 2,738 51.14% 56 1.05%



Demographics[]

Historical populations
Census Pop.
1840 9,413
1850 12,529 33.1%
1860 22,479 79.4%
1870 29,609 31.7%
1880 41,700 40.8%
1890 49,589 18.9%
1900 60,744 22.5%
1910 74,664 22.9%
1920 81,728 9.5%
1930 87,843 7.5%
1940 94,436 7.5%
1950 96,039 1.7%
1960 106,064 10.4%
1970 92,463 −12.8%
1980 91,331 −1.2%
1990 86,936 −4.8%
2000 73,938 −15.0%
2010 71,870 −2.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[27]
1790–1960[28] 1900–1990[29]
1990–2000[30] 2010–2020[31]

2000 census[]

As of the census[32] of 2000, there were 73,938 people, 30,356 households, and 20,429 families residing in the county. The population density was 11 people per square mile (4/km2). There were 38,719 housing units at an average density of 6 per square mile (2/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.80% White, 0.38% Black or African American, 1.36% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. 0.60% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 22.6% were of French, 15.4% United States or American, 14.6% English, 14.3% French Canadian and 10.2% Irish ancestry. As of 2010, 18.0% of the population reported speaking French at home; other than speakers of English, there were no other significant linguistic groups.[33]

There were 30,356 households, out of which 28.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.60% were married couples living together, 8.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.70% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.60% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 26.30% from 25 to 44, 26.20% from 45 to 64, and 17.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 95.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $28,837, and the median income for a family was $36,044. Males had a median income of $29,747 versus $20,300 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,033. About 9.80% of families and 14.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.20% of those under age 18 and 16.00% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census[]

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 71,870 people, 30,961 households, and 19,578 families residing in the county.[34] The population density was 10.8 inhabitants per square mile (4.2 /km2). There were 39,529 housing units at an average density of 5.9 per square mile (2.3 /km2).[35] The racial makeup of the county was 95.7% white, 1.7% Native American, 0.6% black or African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.9% of the population.[34] In terms of ancestry, 27.2% were French, 18.1% were English, 17.4% were Irish, 8.2% were French Canadian, 8.1% were American, and 5.2% were German.[36]

Of the 30,961 households, 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 36.8% were non-families, and 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age was 45.3 years.[34]

The median income for a household in the county was $36,574 and the median income for a family was $47,114. Males had a median income of $37,222 versus $28,244 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,251. About 10.6% of families and 15.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.4% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.[37]

Communities[]

Cities[]

  • Caribou
  • Presque Isle

Incorporated towns[]

  • Allagash
  • Amity
  • Ashland
  • Blaine
  • Bridgewater
  • Castle Hill
  • Caswell
  • Chapman
  • Crystal
  • Dyer Brook
  • Eagle Lake
  • Easton
  • Fort Fairfield
  • Fort Kent
  • Frenchville
  • Grand Isle
  • Hamlin
  • Hammond
  • Haynesville
  • Hersey
  • Hodgdon
  • Houlton
  • Island Falls
  • Limestone
  • Linneus
  • Littleton
  • Ludlow
  • Madawaska
  • Mapleton
  • Mars Hill
  • Masardis
  • Merrill
  • Monticello
  • New Canada
  • New Limerick
  • New Sweden
  • Oakfield
  • Orient
  • Perham
  • Portage Lake
  • Saint Agatha
  • Saint Francis
  • Sherman
  • Smyrna
  • Stockholm
  • Van Buren
  • Wade
  • Wallagrass
  • Washburn
  • Westfield
  • Westmanland
  • Weston
  • Woodland

Plantations[]

  • Cyr Plantation
  • Garfield Plantation
  • Glenwood Plantation
  • Macwahoc Plantation
  • Moro Plantation
  • Nashville Plantation
  • Reed Plantation
  • Saint John Plantation
  • Winterville Plantation

Census-designated places[]

  • Ashland
  • Blaine
  • Eagle Lake
  • Fort Fairfield
  • Fort Kent
  • Grand Isle
  • Houlton
  • Island Falls
  • Limestone
  • Madawaska
  • Mapleton
  • Mars Hill
  • Oakfield
  • Van Buren
  • Washburn

Unincorporated communities within towns[]

  • California
  • Clayton Lake
  • Crouseville
  • Daigle
  • Estcourt Station
  • Fort Kent Mills
  • Portage
  • Saint David
  • Sinclair
  • Smyrna Mills
  • Wytopitlock

Unorganized territories[]

  • Cary
  • Central Aroostook
  • Connor
  • Northwest Aroostook
  • Oxbow
  • Sinclair
  • South Aroostook
  • Square Lake

Indian reservations[]

  • Aroostook Band of Mi'kmaq Indians Reservation, located in Presque Isle
  • Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians Reservation, located in Houlton

See also[]

  • National Register of Historic Places listings in Aroostook County, Maine

References[]

  1. ^ "Aroostook | county, Maine, United States". https://www.britannica.com/place/Aroostook. 
  2. ^ "Aroostook County Government". Aroostook.me.us. January 5, 2012. http://www.aroostook.me.us/. 
  3. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Aroostook County, Maine". United States Census Bureau. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0500000US23003. 
  4. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. 
  5. ^ "Home". https://aroostook.me.us/. 
  6. ^ "Aroostook County - Undiscovered Maine - University of Maine" (in en-US). https://umaine.edu/undiscoveredmaine/aroostook-county-maine/. 
  7. ^ "Aroostook County, Maine - Visit Maine - Visit Maine" (in en). https://visitmaine.com/places-to-go/aroostook-county. 
  8. ^ Papantonis, Nicholas (2020-04-20). "No, Horry County is not the largest county east of the Mississippi". https://wpde.com/news/abc15-investigates/no-horry-county-is-not-the-largest-county-east-of-the-mississippi. 
  9. ^ "Sussex County is large, but not the largest in the east". https://www.capegazette.com/node/4941. 
  10. ^ "Aroostook County - Undiscovered Maine - University of Maine" (in en-US). https://umaine.edu/undiscoveredmaine/aroostook-county-maine/. 
  11. ^ Strout, W. Jerome (1966). 75 Years The Bangor and Aroostook. Bangor, Maine: Bangor and Aroostook Railroad. pp. 18–22. 
  12. ^ Adrian B. Ettlinger. AniMap Plus: County Boundary Historical Atlas. Gold Bug Software, Alamo, CA, 1997.
  13. ^ "Fort Fairfield | Maine: An Encyclopedia". Maineanencyclopedia.com. http://maineanencyclopedia.com/fort-fairfield/. 
  14. ^ "Crown of Maine Productions". Crown of Maine Productions. http://www.crownofmaineproductions.com/dvds/awesomearoostook.html. 
  15. ^ "SAC Bases: Loring Air Force Base". http://www.strategic-air-command.com/bases/Loring_AFB.htm. 
  16. ^ Earth Tech, Inc. (1994). "Loring Air Force Base". Historic American Buildings Survey. Limestone, Maine: Historic American Engineering Record. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/me/me0300/me0307/data/me0307data.pdf. 
  17. ^ Olmstead, Kathryn (April 10, 2014). "Van Buren, Canadian towns reach across border to get ready for World Acadian Congress in August". Bangor Daily News. http://bangordailynews.com/2014/04/10/living/van-buren-canadian-towns-reach-across-border-to-get-ready-for-world-acadian-congress-in-august/. 
  18. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_23.txt. 
  19. ^ "New York Times Election Map". Elections.nytimes.com. December 9, 2008. http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/map.html?scp=1&sq=%22election%20map&st=cse. 
  20. ^ "2016 Maine Presidential Election Results". Politico. http://www.politico.com/2016-election/results/map/president/maine/. 
  21. ^ "Maine Senate site". Maine.gov. http://www.maine.gov/legis/senate/. 
  22. ^ Bangor Daily News Archived December 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "2012 Election Results Map by State – Live Voting Updates". Politico.Com. February 6, 2013. http://www.politico.com/2012-election/map/#/Measures/2012/ME. 
  24. ^ Bill calls for close look at secession Archived November 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions (5 May 2019). "Registered & Enrolled Voters - Statewide". Department of the Secretary of State, State of Maine. p. 6. https://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/data/data-pdf/r-e-active.pdf. 
  26. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS. 
  27. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html. 
  28. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu. 
  29. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/me190090.txt. 
  30. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf. 
  31. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/23/23003.html. 
  32. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov. 
  33. ^ "American Community Survey Aggregate Data, 5-Year Summary File, 2006–2010". Data Center. Aroostook County, Maine: Modern Language Association. 2006–2010. http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results. 
  34. ^ a b c "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US23003. 
  35. ^ "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY07/0500000US23003. 
  36. ^ "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0500000US23003. 
  37. ^ "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0500000US23003. 

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