1980s

The 1980s refers to the years from to. Particularly in the and, it was a period of renewed optimism and economic liberalization. During this time the word "" entered the lexicon in the and, referring to the well-publicized rise of a new. College graduates in their late 20s, early 30s were entering the workplace in prestigious office professions, holding more purchasing power with which they purchased trendy, luxurious goods. The decade witnessed a religious revival and the rise of conservatism, which began with a backlash against music late in 1979.

The decade saw the withdrawal of Soviet troops at the conclusion of the, the and the end of  between the United States and the. The era was characterized by a period of increased telecommunications, a shift towards liberal market economies and the new openness of and  in the USSR, and the onset of the "Family values" iniative. This transitional period also saw massive democratic revolutions such as the in, the , and the overthrow of the  regime in  and other   states in  and. These changes continued to be felt in the 1990s and into the.

The eighties are also well known (and often ridiculed) for the popular culture of the time such as the over-the-top fashion, big hair styles and the commercialization of music and film.

The 1980s was also an era of tremendous population growth around the world which, along with the 1970s and 1990s, was among the largest in human history. This growth occurred not only in developing regions but also developed western nations, where many newborns were the offspring of.

Social trends

 * became a concern in mainstream politics.
 * peaked in 1984, but had declined by 1990.
 * Social attitudes of the majority toward  eased, showing more tolerance for people of color. The same went for every other ethnic, racial and national minority. ers, who first began to enter positions of power during the 1980s, likely did much to effect this change. During the 1980s, public bigotry became largely a thing of the past and racial prejudice lost moral acceptance; also during the decade, the popularized concept of, particularly in advertising, first appeared.
 * talk radio started in 1984 when began broadcasting from KFBK AM 1530 in Sacramento California.  Also in the United States in California. In 1989 he moved to his flagship station,  in .  Limbaugh became nationally syndicated by 1989.
 * Gay issues entered public awareness through the tabloid talk show genre popularized by, which gave gay, bisexual, and transvestite people an unprecedented degree of media visibility. Examples include the Supreme Court decision, openly gay pop stars such as ,  and the , and the increased perception of the AIDS epidemic as a "gay disease."
 * The role of women in the workplace increased. Continuing the 1970s trend, more and more women in the English-speaking world took to calling themselves "", rather than "Mrs." or "Miss." A similar change occurred in Germany, with women choosing "Frau" instead of "Fräulein" in an effort to disassociate marital status from title. In most countries, women began to exercise the option of keeping their maiden names after marriage; in, legislation was enacted to end the practice of automatically changing a woman's last name upon marriage.
 * gained public attention as alleged incidents of were reported, in particular at day care facilities in various parts of the country. Several court cases were followed by the media, including California (the McMartin Preschool case), South Carolina (the Little Rascals Day Care case) and New Jersey (the Wee Care Day Nursery case), spreading hysteria among parents and teachers. Similar large-scale cases were also reported in Europe, New Zealand and Australia.
 * for children improved, and they were no longer ignored or forced into s.
 * laws paved the way for increased divorce rates, as depicted in the movie, and divorce became widely acceptable in western countries. Conservatives espousing  responded by objecting to divorce, among other moral and cultural issues.
 * National safety campaigns raised awareness of usage to save lives in automobile accidents, helping to make the measure mandatory in most countries and U.S. states by 1990. Similar efforts arose to push s and  use, already mandatory in a number of U.S. states and some countries.
 * expanded, bringing about movements such as, Nancy Reagan's campaign and . By 1990, every state in the U.S. mandated the  to be 21, the only country to ever do so.
 * Rejection of, perceived as more unhealthy and deadly than in previous decades, increased among Americans following a 1984 reconfirmation of earlier studies into the risks of smoking by the . "Smoking" and "non-smoking" sections in American restaurants became common, state efforts to combat underage smoking (such as banning cigarette sales to ) intensified, and acknowledgment of smoking-related s became more common.
 * Opposition to plants grew, especially after the catastrophic 1986.
 * Environmental concerns intensified. In the United Kingdom, environmentally-friendly domestic products surged in popularity. Western European countries adopted "greener" policies to cut back on use,  most of their nations' trash, and increase focus on  and  efforts. Similar "Eco-activist" trends appeared in the U.S. in the late 1980s.
 * The U.S. support and pressure group experienced rapid growth.
 * Research on expanded.

Technology
The was introduced in 1984, the first commercially successful computer to use a.

The 1980s included the transition between the and. The supply disruptions which had marked the 1970s were not repeated, and new oil-field discoveries boosted supply and helped keep energy prices relatively low during most of the decade. The 1980s saw rapid developments in numerous sectors of which defined the modern consumer world. such as the, electronic , the first commercially available hand-held s, and new and  technologies such as the  are all still prominent well into the. On the strength of their high-technology industries, the ese economy soared to record highs in the 1980s.

In personal computing and electronics, the (BBS) gained popularity,  were introduced in 1983 and s,  s, and  players became popular in households in developed countries. Also in electronics, the first commercial hand-held was released in 1983, the  DynaTAC 8000X. The was introduced in January 1984 and became the first commercially successful computer to use a. Several other computers were introduced in the 1980s including the, , , and. In software, released the first versions of the  operating system, which would later dominate the operating system market through the 1990s and into the 2000s. New digital technology contributed to the popularity of in.

In the, inventor Sir Clive Sinclair introduced the electric transport vehicle in 1985, but it was a massive flop and a commercial disaster.

Interest in declined as the space shuttle took precedence. and passed  in 1980 and 1981 respectively. Voyager 2 went on to give the first up-close looks at (1986) and  (1989). and had their first ventures into interplanetary exploration with the launches of, , and others in the "." The first mission,, aboard the  launched in 1981; and the  occurred in 1986, the same year the  launched the.

The nuclear reactor in the USSR occurred in April 1986, and became the world's worst nuclear accident.

Science

 * The was detected in a group of American homosexual men and entered global consciousness in June 1981.  By 1985–1986 it was declared a  as it spread across.
 * The were discovered at.
 * The was developed by  and.
 * The  was discovered.
 * Geneticist Dr developed DNA fingerprinting, a technique of significant benefit in criminal investigations.
 * American chemist discovered  (PCR), which became the basis of genetic fingerprinting and one of the key tools for many areas of work within the field of genetics.

Popular culture

 * In the early 1980s, the first generation of computer graphics in arcade games produced the popular ' arcade game (first released in 1978), followed by ', ', and '. Towards the end of the decade, home s began to outstrip the . The Japanese was released to the American public as the  (also known as the NES) in 1985 and renewed public interest in video games following a brief decline caused by the.
 * Computer technology began to enter mainstream culture and appeared in movies such as ' (1982) and ' (1983), using then-state of the art special effects that would go on to have a major impact on movie making.
 * ,, "" signs, , and s captured the interest of the American and British public.[[Image:Rubiks cube scrambled.jpg|thumb|.]]
 * Many cartoon characters such as, , , , , , , and appeared in the media and on merchandise, becoming huge trends of the 1980s.  Many of these reappeared about twenty years later in slightly updated versions.
 * and mania swept North America due to the popularity of  and ninja movies. ' became a blockbuster hit film, and  raised interest in . The emergence of self-styled martial arts experts gave rise to the so-called "" and "" trends. The cartoon characters ' became a widely mass-marketed  phenomenon in the late 1980s.
 * "Raybans" or became popular "must-wear" items, as well as , men's  and other  such as sweats and jerseys for an active generation of young people.
 * surged in popularity. The fad reached across exercise videos, fashion, and music trends as seen in 's music video ', the 1983 movie ' that inspired legwarmers as a fashion trend, and the popular workout videos.
 * Americans became more health-conscious and sought lighter alternatives, with "Lose weight", "Low-Cal", "Low-Salt", "Sugar-free", "No cholesterol" and other phrases becoming common s for modified foods and beverages. became popular.
 * , an all-music television station, debuted in the in.
 * n pop culture introduced new trends in the U.S. throughout the 1980s to enhance the continent's cultural image. Examples include celebrities and, musicians  and , the  movies, the  shoe brand and  chain within the fashion segment, and tastes such as "shrimp on the barbie" and.
 * Rap music began to break into the mainstream, resulting in a string of movies such as ', ', and . es became widespread among inner city music listeners and especially breakdancers, for which the device became a vital element to the ritual. "Breakdance battles" were a more peaceful alternative to gang fights and became popular in music videos.
 * In the U.S., television and radio stations built two major networks ( — 1985 and  — 1986) to carry shows and music for the U.S.  audience, believed at the time to have been left out of the mainstream media.[[Image:Deloreandmc12.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The  had several 1980s automobile characteristics, including Brick Fascia rear lights, and improved safety features.]]
 * The debuted in 1981, and was produced for three years before the company declared bankruptcy in 1983.  The car was later popularized in the 1985 film .

Art
Art exhibitions held in the 1980s included:
 * 1982:
 * 1984:
 * 1987:
 * 1988:

Fashion
incorporated distinct trends from different eras, including, early 20th century British royalty, s, and ers from the. A conservative, masculine fashion look that was most indicative of the decade was the wide use of shoulder pads (similar to those worn by women in the and to those worn in ). While in the 1970s the silhouette of fashion tended to be characterized by close-fitting clothes on top with wider looser clothes on bottom, this trend completely reversed itself in the early 1980s as both men and women began to wear loose shirts (tucked in) and tight close fitting pants. One variation of this trend was to wear loose-fitting long-sleeve shirts or sweaters with the sleeves scrunched up to the elbows). Men wore power suits, an example of the greater tendency for people to display their wealth. Brand names became increasingly important in this decade, making and  household names. Lauper made popular the colourful hairstyles and makeup.

are also well known from the decade. Big, messy hairstyles, similar to those worn by women in the 1940s, made popular with the introduction of, became all the rage throughout the entire decade. Shorter hairstyles also became more common for women. Colorful hair colors (made popular by singer ), were also used widely during the era. The eighties also made popular the well known for both men and women and the, a wet curly hair style that was very popular in the  community. The eighties also saw an interest in bright and colorful makeup as well as makeup used on men (as used by bands of the era). The decade also saw the introduction and popularity of.

In the United States, was known as the "Material Girl" and many teenage girls, sometimes referred to as "s", looked to her for fashion statements. The popular movie  (1983) made ripped sweatshirts well-known to the general public. The television shows ' and ' also had a similar impact. The television show influenced a whole generation of men by popularizing, if not actually inventing, the " under  jacket"-style. The character played by  also boosted Ray Ban's popularity by wearing a pair of s (Model L2052, Mock Tortoise). Crockett's perpetually unshaven appearance also sparked a minor fashion trend, inspiring men to wear a small amount of beard stubble, also known as or "designer stubble", at all times. The show's costume designer provided the fashion sense. colors dominated the series in clothes. People were also known to wear acid-washed jeans.

Music

 * The decade began with a backlash against music and a movement away from the lush  that had characterized much of the music of the 1970's. Music in the 1980's was characterized by simpler and cheaper electronic sounds accomplished through the use of synthesizers and, along with drum machines.


 * revolutionized music with his best-selling album . Thriller, released in 1982, is the world's all-time best selling album with over 104 million sold copies. His mannerisms and trends were copied repeatedly, from the single-glove, to the various jackets he wore, and the now-famous .


 * In the, was launched and s began to have a huge effect on the record industry. The first video aired was  by the British band , and it proved oddly prophetic. Bands such as  made lavish music videos which made MTV a cultural phenomenon. Early eighties groups such as  and  were pioneers. Pop artists such as  and  mastered the format and turned it into big business.


 * and were developed by artists such as, , , , , , , , and , and become popular phenomena throughout the decade, especially in the early eighties.


 * , s and, experienced extreme popularity in 1980s, becoming one of the most dominating music genres of the 1980s with artists such as , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  , and , all receiving extensive airplay.


 * appeared and became an underground sensation originating mostly in the (San Francisco), and . A few of these acts, such as,  (formed in ),  and  (formed in ), managed to achieve mainstream exposure (especially during the early 1990s), and were frequently seen as alternatives to the poppier "" bands of the day.


 * began, with bands such as, , , , , , and gained prominence in the underground.


 * was a new development in dance music mid-way through the decade, growing out of the post- scene early in the decade and later developed into, a harder form of dance often associated with the developing late 1980s drug culture.


 * and music, introduced by  youths of predominantly  descent, debuted in the pop culture scene as early as 1979, with the 's single release . MTV picked up on this movement with "", a one-hour show dedicated to hip-hop music videos.


 * The scene evolved to become a powerful musical force, bringing with it several dance styles. As hip hop artists such as,  and  gathered mainstream attention, hip hop's influence began to spread outside of  and , eventually taking off into America's shores during the 1980s in.


 * appeared as a then-aptly titled alternative to the mainstream rock trends of the day, with American bands such as, , , , the  and the , and British bands such as ,  and , as pioneers.


 * Top-charting artists of the 1980s include, , , ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  (the best-selling artist worldwide in the entire decade), , , , , ,  and.


 * Records in aid of n, by ("") and  ("") topped the charts, while the  famine relief concert in  and  attracted thousands of attendants and millions of television viewers. Other artists pushed for , racial harmony ( and  in a 1981 duet release: ), and AIDS awareness.


 * singer, band  ("3e sexe"),  singer  ("Be My Human Tonight"),  band  ("Mujer Contra Mujer") became part of a worldwide movement of artists writing innovative lyrics filled with sexual innuendos reflecting the then-popular and highly fashionable androgynous style.


 * In the U.S., gained popularity in the mid-80s with such crossover artists as, ,  and , , , and.


 * With increased commercialization of popular music, thousands of new bands from all over the country sprang up in opposition by performing aggressive, stripped-down punk rock with an even larger amount of political and social awareness injected into the lyrics. Known as, it would go on to influence and create other musical genres well into the 21st century. Popular bands included in San Francisco,  in Washington DC,  in Los Angeles and  in New York City.


 * recorded a first album and was born in Panama.


 * was credited with jump-starting the.


 * became popular with bands such as.

Comics

 * American superhero comics underwent a new age, sparked by 's ' and 's ', that paved the way for more independent and creative ideas. Many different genres other than superheroes were introduced to comics, along with the first translations of manga.


 * More adult-targeted comics featuring mature themes, strong violence, and strong language, like the examples cited above, began to become more widespread.

Television
See also:

 debuts in 1984 and is rated number 1 in the in the United States for five consecutive TV seasons.
 * The decade began poorly for minorities and gays. Music videos featuring minorities were not played by and gays were portrayed poorly by the media, especially by a widely seen homophobic documentary (which aired in 1980) about gays in San Francisco. With the rise of, shows which portrayed gays or gay friendly characters were quickly pulled off the air.
 * Now regarded as an icon of the 1980s,  (1984) redefined the cop show genre, combining film-like production values with style music videos.
 *  hit the U.S. scene, shattering 20th century taboos and creating confession culture. According to a study, the tabloid talk show genre popularized by 's success provided much needed high impact media visibility for gays, bisexuals, transsexuals, and transgender people, allowing them greater entry into mainstream culture.
 * Television saw a wide variety of trends and innovations. In the U.S., ', ' and  took top ratings on Thursday nights and the was launched.  became the first 24-hour news channel. The growth of  with hundreds of new cable networks of a certain field or interest, such as  which debuted in 1982, offered television viewers a much expanded menu from which to choose.
 * In the UK, two rival services launch in 1989.  and  offered viewers up to five extra channels, but both failed to gain the success enjoyed by cable television in North America. The two companies would later.
 * , reflecting many trends and fads of the 80s, captured the interest of younger viewers.
 * s gained popularity among high-schoolers and college students in the, thanks in part to the of  on the most popular soap of the day, .
 * The gay community received an upsurge in popular exposure, with U.S. prime time ratings giants ' and ' and UK soap operas ' and ', featuring either regular or recurring gay characters throughout their long runs. These shows were highly influential in increasing the visibility of regular gay characters on television.
 * The music-based cable networks and  first appeared on the airwaves, and became major pop cultural influences with  and in-depth coverage of musicians and trends among n.
 * ', the first animated children's television program built exclusively around a toy line, started a new trend of increasing the connection between children's programming and, alarming many parents and  organizations; an explosive number of toy tie-in  follow, most notably (for the era) ', ' and '.
 * in the United States and elsewhere saw a dramatic improvement in production values and saw a resurgence of mainstream appeal, both in feature films and on television., , and helped to develop the first wave of organized  fandom in North America.
 * , regarded by some as the pinnacle of the series, made its  debut in 1987.
 *  became a smash hit with audiences.
 *  debuted on the Minneapolis UHF station KTMA in 1988; the following year it was picked up by the fledgling Comedy Channel, which later became.
 *  debuted on on,.
 * On, , became the host of NBC's , which remained on the air until 1993 when Letterman left for.
 * On, , the once extremely successful and popular British science fiction series  came to an end after more than 26 years and 703 episodes.
 * The #1 shows on American network television throughout the decade:
 * 1979–1980: 
 * 1980–1981: 
 * 1981–1982: 
 * 1982–1983: 
 * 1983–1984: 
 * 1984–1985: 
 * 1985–1986: 
 * 1986–1987: 
 * 1987–1988: 
 * 1988–1989: 
 * 1989–1990: ' and '

Film
The 1980s was a prosperous and extremely active decade for the film industry, seeing many hits. The industry began to put a greater emphasis on producing mass-market blockbusters in place of the more director-led approach of the 1970s. (Many film historians have pointed to the massive box office flop of  in 1980 leading to studios wanting greater control of film production.) During the 1980s, much controversy arose over the  of  films.

Video cassettes became extremely popular in households. A broke out between  and  over their formats,  and. VHS eventually became the new standard, despite offering initial poorer quality recordings. Only after many years did VHS eventually catch-up, although the format always provided a recording length advantage. The widespread popularity of video cassettes aided in the rise of video rentals, with the first opening in. The was set up in 1981 to help independent film-makers gain professional contacts and experience. The first was held in 1986. The cross-over success of the film  in 1989 paved the way for the independent film boom in the 1990s.

The Crime and Gangster film genre was also active, with hits such as ' and the legendary ', directed by.

The genre experienced a surge in popularity following the success of . This is best exemplified by 's  (1982), which shattered records for box office gross receipts and became the decade's biggest earner both in the United States and United Kingdom. Popular sci-fi films of the decade also included ', ', ' and '. The original Star Wars trilogy was concluded with ' (1980) and ' (1983). Tie-in merchandise became extremely common following the success of Star Wars tie-in products. become more sophisticated and advanced with films like Tron, ' and ', paving the way for the -intensive films of the 1990s. Also, saw a resurgence of popularity for the original  TV series with the release of a series of popular films in the 1980s, highlighted by ', ', and .

, common since the, entered mass production, with actors like , , , , and  helping to pioneer the genre. Among the most famous action movies were the ' series, ', ', ', ', ' and . ' (1984, directed by ) was very popular and successful, as was ' (1985), which captivated audiences with its youth-oriented time travel. Movie s became a trend as evidenced by ' and ' (both 1989). frequently made references to Back to the Future and Rambo.

The Horror genre boomed with hit franchises including the ' series, the ' series and the . Others include the ' films, ' and ' series', ', ', ' and .

The 1980s also experienced many infamous high-profile commercial flops, including ', ', ', ', ' and '. The most famous flop is  which cost US$44 million to produce yet only grossed $3.4 million, leading the studio into bankruptcy. However, the success of  (1989) heralded a renaissance for and animated films in general after a string of commercial failures.

s arose as a highly successful genre, most notably those of who, with the so-called "", made such decade-defining films as ', ', ', ', ' and '. Other teen films of the decade include ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ' and . In addition, teen sex comedies made their mark in the public eye, such as ', ' and the  series. Several of these are set in the, reflecting the 50's-nostalgia common at the time.

Several films examining the United States' role in the were released, most notably ' (1986), as well as ', ', ' (all 1987), ' and ' (both 1989). The  series took a more visceral look at the effects of the war.

Music/dance films appeared and became staples of the decade, notably ', ', ', ' and . Several breakdancing/hip-hop films were made including ', ', ', ', ', ' and its sequel .

In Britain, concern ensued over the violent content of the ''. This led to the introduction of the, which banned films such as ', ' and . At the time, many claimed that the had been inspired by violent films. In the U.S.,  (1984) became the first film released with a rating, and in the UK, Batman was the first to receive a 12 certificate.

Video games
Although popularity of s and arcades began in the mid to late 1970s, it continued throughout the 1980s with rapid growth in video game technology throughout the decade. , developed in in 1978, was first previewed at a  trade show in 1979, making a huge impact on the early 80s gaming scene. Many other games followed including, creating a Pac Man fever craze early in the decade, especially in 1982 and 1983; games became a highly successful franchise starting in 1985 and its popularity continues today.

In the 1980s, failed to apply proper quality control to the software development process for its popular. The amount of low-quality software caused a massive. The release of 's console rectified the problem and revived home gaming by only being able to play games approved by the company. and were next generation game consoles that were released during the last years of the decade.

s become popular in the 1980s and during that decade they were used heavily for gaming, especially the. The prevailing standard was born in 1981 but had a status of a non-entertainment computer throughout the decade. Along with the IBM PC, the (1982) was the most popular 8-bit home computer and its successor, the  (1985), was the most popular 16-bit home computer.

In the United States

 * was the from  to.
 * American schoolgirl visited the  after writing to  and became involved in the growing peace movement between East and West before her death in 1985.
 * was in 1980.
 * An on the life of, 1981.
 * A epidemic occurred in urban areas of the U.S., such that violent crime and drug trafficking soared to record levels in most large  cities. Crime and drug use rates began to fall toward the end of the decade.
 * took place in the poor section of in May  and January.
 * A poverty rate of 40% African Americans, 30% Hispanic and 20% White.
 * An unemployment rate of 10% overall.

In Canada

 * During 's term as  of  (and under his oversight),  signed the New Constitution of Canada on, . This Act severed all Political Dependances of the United Kingdom in Canada.

In Europe

 * Swedish Prime Minister was.
 * There was an assassination attempt on.
 * Fall of the in

In the United Kingdom

 * held the office of from  to.
 * The from 2nd April 1982 - 14th July 1982 against the Argentinians over the Falkland Islands off the East Coast of.

In Australia

 * was of  for most of the 1980s.
 * Most Australian states decriminalized homosexuality.

Natural disasters

 * erupted in, U.S. on , &mdash; one of the biggest  ever recorded.  Sixty-five people were killed, there were massive mudflows to the west, and ash fell to the east (in  and ).
 * The 1989 struck the San Francisco Bay Area during the, gaining worldwide attention. Seventy-two people were killed and thousands injured, with major structural damage on freeways and buildings and broken gas-line fires in .  The cost of the damage totalled $10 billion.
 * Other natural disasters: The 1982–1983 brought destructive weather to most of the world; the 1985  earthquake registered 8.1 on the  and devastated  and other areas throughout central Mexico; the 1985  mudslide in ; the 1986  toxic cloud in ; and the 1988 n earthquake rocked the  region of the

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 * (Argentine player)
 * (West Indies cricket fast bowler)
 * (U.S. player)
 * (U.S. player)
 * (Australian player}
 * (Canadian player)
 * (Pakistani player)
 * (U.S. player)
 * (U.S. player)
 * (Czech/U.S. player)
 * (U.S. er)
 * (U.S. player)
 * (Brazilian )
 * (U.S. )
 * (French player)
 * (U.S player)
 * (French )
 * (U.S. player)
 * (West Indies cricket batsman)
 * (Welsh player)
 * (U.S. player)
 * (Brazilian )
 * (U.S. player)
 * (Welsh player)
 * (U.S. )
 * (U.S. baseball player)
 * (U.S. player)
 * (U.S. player)
 * (English )
 * (U.S. )
 * (Trinidadian )
 * (U.S. football player)
 * (Brazilian player)

Others

 * , president and Cold War Leader
 * , president and Cold War Leader
 * , president and Cold War Leader
 * , president and Cold War Leader
 * , president and Cold War Leader
 * , president and Cold War Leader
 * , president and Cold War Leader