Principality of Rostov

The Rostov principality is a Russian principality within the Grand Duchy of Vladimir with a center in the city of Rostov, which existed from 1207 to 1474.

History
From the second half of the 10th century till 1125 Rostov was the central city of the northeastern possessions of the Russian princes, also known as the Rostov land, later the Rostov-Suzdal principality, the territory that became the basis of modern Russia.

After Yaroslav the Wise the Rostov land belonged first to the Novgorod possessions, and in 1076, along with the entire Volga region, fell into the possession of Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Vladimir Monomakh himself did not go there, but sent his sons. For a while, Rostov-Suzdal land was the arena of discord between Izyaslav Vladimirovich and Oleg Svyatoslavich of Chernigov.

The Lübeck Congress finally approves the Rostov land for Vladimir Monomakh and his descendants. Since that time an independent prince Yury Dolgoruky appears in it. In 1125 he transferred the capital of his possessions to the city of Suzdal, and his heir, the son Andrei Bogolyubsky - to Vladimir. Since then, Rostov's political role has waned.

In 1207, Rostov was singled out for a special reign to the eldest son of the great Vladimir Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest by Constantine, who initiated the dynasty of Rostov princes. Also in his possession were Beloozero, Uglich, Ustyug, Yaroslavl. With it, churches were built, Rostov Rostov chronicler was compiled in Rostov, which later became part of the Laurentian Chronicle. His younger brother Yuri after the death of his father in 1212, the grand prince was given to hang, which was a violation of the established order. Between Yuri and Constantine began a long internecine struggle, culminating in the defeat of Yuri in the Lipitska battle (1216). Constantine took Vladimir. After the death of Constantine (1218), the great reign was repeatedly (already legally) received by Yuri, and the Rostov principality was divided into three parts between the sons of Constantine: Vasilko went to Rostov and Beloozero, Vsevolod to Yaroslavl, and Vladimir to Uglich.

During the Tatar-Mongol invasion, Rostov was captured and ruined. In 1238, the squad of the Rostov prince Vasilko, as part of the united Vladimir-Suzdal troops led by the Grand Duke, took part in the Battle of the River Sit with the army of Burundai. Russian troops were completely defeated, Vasilko was taken prisoner and killed. One of the largest anti-Tatar revolts in Rostov occurred in 1262. The Tatars and their henchmen were then also killed in Ustyug who belonged to him. Associated with the census of the population to collect the Horde, the rebellion has occurred in other cities of North-Eastern Russia. The punitive expedition was prevented by the Grand Prince Vladimir of Alexander Nevsky, who had gone to the Golden Horde.

Rostov land was multinational. Along with the Finno-Ugric people assimilated in the course of the colonization by its Krivichi, the Komi people lived here, with whom and with the peoples of Siberia, merchants of Great Ustyug traded mutually. In Rostov there was the only prototype of modern universities founded in pre-Mongolian times - the Grigorievsky Gate, various Greek schools, the teachers of which were masters from the multiethnic Byzantium, icon painters, scholars, including philologists, who wanted to create written by the Komi-Zyryans Stefan Velikopermsky. Icons, books, art objects differ from everything found in other parts of Russia and show that they were created by Byzantines and/or their pupils - that is, there was a large Byzantine colony here.

In the 1260s, in Rostov, according to DS Likhachev, the so-called "arch of Princess Mary" is being created, which is currently associated with the entourage of Prince Gleb Vasilkovich. In 1283 the Rostovites again drove the Horde from the city. Despite this, from all Russian principalities Rostov had, according to AN Nasonov, the closest relationship with the Horde - in the city there were always numerous Tatars, the Rostov prince Konstantin Vasilievich was married to the Horde. Nephew of khan Berke Peter converted in Rostov to Christianity and founded in the second half of the 13th century Peter's monastery. In 1322, when the Horde army of Ambassador Ahmyl and Ivan Kalita wanted to burn Rostov, only the requests and gifts of the numerous Tatars living in Rostov rescued the city from death. Before that, during the internecine struggle of the Rostov princes among themselves, as well as the battles for the Grand Duke Vladimirsky, Rostov went bankrupt in 1281, 1282 , 1289 , 1293 , 1315 , 1319 , 1320.

The principality of Vasilk Konstantinovich was divided between his sons: Boris received Rostov, and Gleb - Beloozero. After the death of Boris in Rostov, apart from nephews Gleb sat down, having united the two lots again (for one year) - Rostov and Beloozero; the latter he singled out before death a special lot for his son Mikhail. After the death of Gleb (1278), the sons of Boris, Dmitri and Constantine, reigned in Rostov, who were taken from Mikhail Beloozero (however, for a short while). After the accession (in 1285) to Rostov Uglich the increased principality of the brothers Borisovich divided among themselves by lot, and Uglich went to Dmitri, and Rostov to Constantine (however, they soon exchanged their possessions). On the death of Dmitry[[ (1294) [[Constantine took Rostov, and in the allocated Uglich planted his son Alexander. On the death of Constantine (1305 or 1307) and his son Vasily (probably 1316), Prince Konstantin's grandson, Uglitsky prince Yury Alexandrovich, became the princes, of whom Vasily's children - Fedor and Constantine[[ were the successors . They once again divided the principality among themselves (in 1328) and moreover, so that the city of Rostov itself is divided into two "sides" - Sretenskaya (Ustretenskaya) and Borisoglebskaya; First took himself Fedor, the second - Constantine. It is not known, however, how long this division lasted. In any case, with the death in 1331 of [[Fedor Vasilyevich, his young son disappears from the annals for a long time, and Rostov governs Konstantin Vasilyevich, married to the daughter of Ivan Kalita. In 1360 he supported the Prince of Suzdal, Dmitry Konstantinovich, who was awarded the Grand Duke in the Horde, and becomes an opponent of the 9-year-old Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow, and tries to subordinate the Rostov principality to himself and his descendants, bypassing relatives and Moscow. As a result nephew Andrey Fedorovichwith the support of the Moscow army captures the city. In 1365, defeated Constantine dies in Rostov, but his children, along with Andrei Fedorovich continue to rule and even mint their own coin, on each side of which the names of co-rulers of the principality are indicated. In the sources there is not a single mention of the fragmentation of the Rostov principality in this period and the existence in it of fortunes. However, apparently, for the support of Andrei Fedorovich Dmitry Donskoy.received a number of territories, including the Svyatoslav-Karash parish. Judging by the chronicle texts of 1397-1398. Ustyug Rostov princes manage already as governors of the Grand Duke of Moscow, however, the very process of turning Rostov into Moscow possession is not illuminated by sources. In any case, in 1433, the Moscow governor Pyotr Konstantinovich Dobrynsky was already in the capital of the principality. The princes retain a part of the political rights to government, probably receiving some of the trade and judicial duties from the territory of the principality.





In 1474, the Grand Prince Ivan III, who had bought the last half of the princes from the last Rostov princes, transferred them to the structure of his mother's inheritance, Maria Yaroslavna.

Princes
See also: Rostov princes - princes of Rostov principality and their descendants

1207 - 1218 - Konstantin Vsevolodovich 1218 - 1238 - Vasilko Konstantinovich 1238 - 1277 - Boris Vasilkovich 1277 - 1278 - Gleb Vasilkovich 1278 - 1286 - Dmitri Borisovich and Konstantin Borisovich 1286 - 1288 - Konstantin Borisovich 1288 - 1294 - Dmitri Borisovich 1294 - 1307 - Konstantin Borisovich 1307 - 1316 - Vasili Konstantinovich 1316 - 1320 - Yuri Alexandrovich Rostov-Usretinsky princes [ edit | edit source ] 1320 - 1331 - Fyodor Vasilyevich 1331 - 1360 - Andrei Fyodorovich 1360 - 1364 - Konstantin Vasilyevich 1364 - 1409 - Andrei Fyodorovich 1409 -? - Ivan Andreyevich Rostov-Borisoglebsky princes [ edit | edit source ] 1320 - 1365 - Konstantin Vasilyevich 1365 - 1404 - Aleksandr Konstantinovich 1404 - 1416 - Andrei Aleksandrovich 1417 - 1418 - Fyodor Aleksandrovich ? - 1474 - Vladimir Andreyevich and Ivan Ivanovich Dolgiy

Coins of the Rostov principality
Деньги Андрея Фёдоровича Ростоского (1371-1380).jpg and Andrei Alexandrovich

Stand out princedoms and inheritance
The Principality of Uglich (1216-1591) The Principality of Yaroslavl (1218-1463) The Principality of Beloozero (1238-1485) The Principality of Ustyug (1364-1474) The Principality of Bochtüz (1364-1434)