Woolwich

Woolwich ( or ) is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.

Woolwich formed part of Kent until 1889 when the County of London was created. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. It is notable as a river crossing point, having the Woolwich Ferry (and the lesser-known Woolwich foot tunnel) to North Woolwich, and as the one-time home of the Woolwich Building Society (now relocated in Bexleyheath and owned by Barclays plc).

History
In 1796 Daniel Lysons wrote, "this place in old charters is called Hulviz, Wolwiche, Wollewic, &c. I can find nothing satisfactory relating to its etymology." But it is now generally believed that the name Woolwich derives from the Anglo-Saxon name, "trading place for wool". Woolwich has been inhabited since at least the Iron Age, and a Roman fort was found in the current Riverside park.

Woolwich remained a small Kentish village until it started to become a leading military and industrial town. It was home to the Woolwich Dockyard (founded in 1512), the Royal Arsenal (dating back to 1471), the Royal Military Academy (1741) and the Royal Horse Artillery (1793); the town still retains an army base at the Royal Artillery Barracks (although it is no longer the Royal Artillery but infantry soldiers who are based in Woolwich), and the Royal Artillery Museum, Firepower. The nearby Greenwich Heritage Centre also houses exhibits relating to the Royal Arsenal.

Arsenal Football Club were founded in Woolwich in 1886 by workers at the Arsenal – the club were initially known as Dial Square, then Royal Arsenal and then became Woolwich Arsenal in 1891. They moved to Arsenal Stadium, Highbury in north London in 1913, and dropped the Woolwich prefix the following year. This is a rare example of a British football team moving from its local area, albeit relocating within the same conurbation. Royal Ordnance Factories F.C. was founded in response to Woolwich Arsenal joining the League but only lasted several years.

In 1889, Woolwich became part of London, with the formation of London County Council. In 1900 Woolwich, Eltham and Plumstead became the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich until the current London Borough of Greenwich came into being in April 1965 following implementation of the London Government Act 1963.





Woolwich Polytechnic, founded in 1892, merged with other local colleges and became Thames Polytechnic in 1970. In 1992 it was granted university status as the University of Greenwich. In 2000, the University began a relocation to the Old Royal Naval College, several miles to the west in Greenwich town centre, leaving only an administrative presence in Woolwich.

Woolwich was the start of the route of the last London tram, on 5 July 1952. A special tram was driven through enormous crowds to New Cross, finally arriving at New Cross depot around 1am on the 6 July.

Woolwich was home to the experimental Auto Stacker car park. Built on the site of the Empire Theatre, it was officially opened in May 1961 by Princess Margaret. It was never actually used by the public and was demolished in 1962, after the council could not get it to work.

Woolwich is the location of the United Kingdom's first branch of McDonald's (the 3,000th in the world), which opened in 1974. Woolwich was chosen because it was considered to be a representative English town at the time.

Woolwich once had four cinemas. Today, one, the former Granada cinema, is a bingo hall, another, the former ABC (previously Regal) is a nightclub, while the former Odeon, later Coronet (which once hosted Buddy Holly) is now a Pentecostal church. The Century cinema, which faced Beresford Square, was demolished for redevelopment in the late 1960s.

Woolwich was used as a location for the 2006 film Children of Men.

Recent development
Woolwich declined as a town in the late 20th century, starting with the closure of the Siemens factory in 1968 and continuing as the Royal Arsenal scaled back operations and finally closed in 1994. Without major local employers, the local economy was affected and the demographics of Woolwich changed. In the town centre, department and chain stores closed and the sprawl of the town centre shrank. The focus of shopping activity was limited mostly to Powis Street and the area around the market. By the early 1990s, the town centre had the typical appearance of a town in decline—discount retailers and charity shops using the empty stores. The local Council used several properties as offices. The last cinema, the Coronet, closed and in general Woolwich seemed to have lost its previous vigour.

However, once redevelopment of the former Royal Arsenal site began, Woolwich started to enjoy a small renaissance. Several High Street chains previously absent from Woolwich have opened branches, and longer-established shops have been refurbished. The new terminus of the Docklands Light Railway's London City Airport branch, Woolwich Arsenal station, opened on 10 January 2009.

In early 2007, large-scale redevelopment of the area around Love Lane, near the eastern end of Powis Street, was in the final stages of consultation. The project includes demolition of several buildings including the Post Office, Peggy Middleton House and Thomas Spencer Halls of Residence, and the construction of new council offices and housing, local shops and a large branch of Tesco. A tall residential tower block is planned for General Gordon Square.

Some local residents have been concerned about the design of the development. Plans exhibited to the public originally preserved the Director General public house, but in the later plans by Greenwich Council the pub is to be demolished.

By December 2008 the Director General had been demolished, as had one of the council buildings, the Borough Treasurer's Office. The demolition of the former University of Greenwich halls of residence Thomas Spencer House was just about completed.

A Nandos restaurant opened in June 2010, two doors down from McDonalds. Several offices have been developed above shops on Powis Street, which is part of the regeneration of the area.

Planning for further development around the "Woolwich Triangle" area at the other end of town is in the early stages. This development includes plans to demolish the old art deco "Co-op"/Scottley's building at the west end of Powis Street. These plans have now been made public and exhibitions of the plans held. Since these plans became public, scaffolding has been put on the building on the Powis Street Side. Some locals are not happy about the plans for the Woolwich Triangle. A petition has been raised to save the building. In October 2008 a fire in the Woolwich Triangle area left the upper storeys of an empty Victorian shop building severely damaged, contributing to the decline of the area. The cause of the fire is not known.



Some redevelopment has begun at the Riverside end of Woolwich already, with the June 2008 demolition of the derelict Crown and Cushion pub (the last remnant of the "old" riverside) next to the Waterfront leisure centre, and the rapidly progressing development of a residential block on the site of the old Union Tavern, next to Riverside House. The last buildings which once stood on Beresford Street at the junction with Warren Lane have been demolished, and this site has been cleared with residential development planned. It is currently being used as a car park.

The 2012 Summer Olympics will include Woolwich as a venue for shooting events, and building work has begun in the barracks for the location. The choice of Woolwich as the venue for the shooting has not been universally welcomed.

Notable residents

 * Afrikan Boy, Grime MC
 * William Barefoot, born to Plymouth Brethren family, became the first socialist mayor of Woolwich in 1925.
 * Mathematician Peter Barlow taught at the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich and his son Peter W. Barlow, civil engineer, was born here in 1809.
 * Hubert Bland, early socialist and co-founder of the Fabian Society,born in Wood Street, now Woodhill in 1855.
 * Tom Cribb, English bare-knuckle boxing champion in the early 19th century, retired to, died, and was buried (1848) in Woolwich.
 * Andy Fordham, 2004 World darts champion, was publican of the Queen's Arms public house in Woolwich, although he now has the Rose and Crown in Dartford.
 * Julius Francis, heavyweight boxer (who fought Mike Tyson in January 2000)
 * General Charles George Gordon of Khartoum was born at 29 Woolwich Common and educated at the Royal Military Academy.
 * John Henry Hayes, politician, was born in Woolwich.
 * Marvin Humes, singer JLS, was born in Herbert Road, Woolwich.
 * Richard Lovelace, poet.
 * Merveille Lukeba, British actor, born in D.R. Congo, was raised in Woolwich.
 * Duayne Sanford, Widely known as DrummerBoi is a well known musician, producer & scholarship student. He was born in Greenwich and raised in Woolwich.
 * Scott Maslen, actor who plays Jack Branning in BBC's Eastenders, was born and raised in Woolwich.
 * Henry Maudslay, engineer and tool-maker, was born in Salutation Alley (now demolished) and buried in the parish churchyard of St Mary Magdalen's.
 * Gareth Murdock, Bass player of Alestorm, lives in Woolwich.
 * Thomas Paine, author of the Rights of Man and The Age of Reason, spent a short time living in Woolwich.
 * Diarist Samuel Pepys lodged in Woolwich during 1665 to escape the Great Plague of London.
 * Ollie Raison breakfast radio presenter in Australia, was born in Woolwich
 * William Ranwell (1797–1861). Artist and Army Drawing Master lived at 8 Beresford Terrace (now 42 Hillreach), between 1849 and 1861.
 * Oswald Hope Robertson, the medical pioneer who invented blood banks, was born in Woolwich in 1886.
 * David Sheppard, former England cricket captain, was bishop of Woolwich from 1969 to 1975.
 * Glenn Tilbrook, singer, songwriter & guitarist of UK pop/rock band Squeeze (formerly UK Squeeze), was born here.
 * John Wilson, the 'Spurgeon of Woolwich', was a notable Baptist preacher in the 1930s and served a congregation of 3,000 members
 * Ian Wright, the Arsenal footballer and later a television personality, was born and raised in Woolwich.
 * Noizy, famous Albanian rapper, resided in Woolwich from 1997 to 2006.

Education

 * ''For education in Woolwich see the main London Borough of Greenwich article

Nearest places

 * Charlton
 * Eltham
 * Plumstead
 * Thamesmead
 * Kidbrooke
 * Welling

Nearest railway stations

 * Woolwich Arsenal railway station
 * Woolwich Dockyard railway station
 * Plumstead railway station

Nearest tube station

 * North Greenwich tube station is the only Underground station in the London Borough of Greenwich. It is located on the Greenwich Peninsula close to The O2 and can be reached from Woolwich by bus.

Docklands light railway

 * A new Docklands Light Railway station for central Woolwich opened on the 10th January 2009, linked to Woolwich Arsenal railway station. Frequent trains run to Bank Station.
 * King George V station is close to the north side of the Woolwich foot tunnel in North Woolwich. This station is on the same line as Woolwich Arsenal DLR station.

The DLR link to Woolwich Arsenal has proven a success. Over 15,000 passengers use the station every weekday. The line is on track to carry over 5 million users in its first 12 months - 5 per cent above projections. Since its launch in January 2009, Woolwich Arsenal station has become the seventh busiest station on the DLR network.

Buses
Woolwich is served by 18 Transport for London bus routes, including one dedicated night-only route and two 24-hour services. All routes serve the town centre; some also serve the south of the town, the Dockyard area and/or the Woolwich Common area. Three routes serve the nearby Queen Elizabeth Hospital, and another three terminate there. Some services use central Woolwich as a terminus.

The routes serving Woolwich are as follows:
 * 51 (Orpington-Woolwich via Sidcup, Welling)
 * 53 (Plumstead-Whitehall via Charlton Village, New Cross, Elephant & Castle) - 24hr service
 * 54 (Elmers End-Woolwich via Blackheath, Lewisham, Beckenham) - links with Tramlink at Elmers End
 * 96 (Bluewater-Woolwich via Welling, Bexleyheath, Crayford, Dartford) - non-stop between Dartford and Bluewater
 * 99 (Bexleyheath-Woolwich via Erith, Slade Green)
 * 122 (Crystal Palace-Plumstead via Eltham, Lewisham)
 * 161 (Chislehurst-North Greenwich via Eltham)
 * 177 (Peckham-Thamesmead via Greenwich, Charlton, New Cross)
 * 178 (Lewisham-Woolwich via Kidbrooke)
 * 180 (Belvedere-Lewisham via Greenwich, Abbey Wood)
 * 244 (Abbey Wood-Queen Elizabeth Hospital via Thamesmead, Shooter's Hill)
 * 291 (Woodlands Estate-Queen Elizabeth Hospital via Plumstead Common)
 * 380 (Lewisham-Belmarsh Prison via Charlton)
 * 386 (Blackheath Village-Woolwich via Greenwich, Queen Elizabeth Hospital)
 * 422 (Bexleyheath-North Greenwich via Charlton)
 * 469 (Erith-Queen Elizabeth Hospital via Belvedere, Abbey Wood)
 * 472 (North Greenwich-Thamesmead) - 24hr service
 * N1 (Tottenham Court Road-Thamesmead via Waterloo, Greenwich, Charlton, Abbey Wood)

These routes provide a variety of links to locations within the London Borough of Greenwich, nearby and neighbouring boroughs including Bexley, Lewisham and Bromley, plus links into Central London and to Bluewater which is across the London boundary in the Dartford borough of Kent. Some locations are only served directly from Woolwich by the N1 and thus not served directly during the run of daytime routes - these include Aldwych, Holborn, Waterloo and Surrey Quays.

River
The free Woolwich Ferry service operates across the River Thames to North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham carrying trucks, cars, cyclists and pedestrians during the day until 8pm on Weekdays. A two boat service runs on Mondays to Saturdays and Sundays only has a one boat service. Woolwich foot tunnel is also available for use by pedestrians (and cyclists pushing their cycles) at any time. It is served by lifts during traditional shopping hours. London River Services, operated by Thames Clipper, provide a peak hour, seven days a week service to central London (Savoy Pier) from Woolwich Arsenal Pier (adjacent to the Royal Arsenal residential development).

The Thames flood barrier is located a mile upstream from the tunnel and ferry.