July 31

Events

 * - : achieves a minor victory over 's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
 * - The oldest recorded eruption of (Traditional :, ).
 * - falls to the, who destroy the city.
 * - : - The  army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river.
 * - is arrested by order of.
 * - On his third voyage to the, becomes the first  to discover the island of.
 * - The is spotted off the coast of.
 * - : Russian army enters the capital of the, , which it holds for six years.
 * - is proclaimed  of.
 * - : ends the conflict.
 * - is placed in a  for the crime of seditious  after publishing a politically satirical, but is pelted with flowers.
 * - invades  and.
 * - The passes a resolution that the services of  "be accepted, and that, in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family and connexions, he have the rank and commission of major-general of the ."
 * - First  is issued; granted to inventor  for a potash process.
 * -, is chartered as a city.
 * - The first narrow gauge mainline railway in the world opens at,.
 * - The signs an armistice at.
 * - The starts in.
 * - adopts the  (to come into force on )
 * - The program  is aired for the first time.
 * - The wins more than 38% of the vote in.
 * - The announces that the  will to be held in . However, the games are given back to the  after the  breaks out, and are eventually cancelled altogether because of.
 * - signs a non-aggression pact with  and other states of Balkan Antanta (Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia)
 * - A train in  collides with a multi-car freight train heading the opposite way, killing 43 people.
 * - : Under instructions from, official , orders  General  to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired  of the  question."
 * -, fugitive former leader of , surrenders to soldiers in.
 * 1945  -  attempts to escape from  prison.
 * - At Idlewild Field in, (later renamed ) is dedicated.
 * - is established.
 * - First ascent of, by an expedition led by.
 * - sets an extraordinary record at  in the fourth  of taking nineteen wickets in a  (the previous best was seventeen).
 * - At in, the first  tie in major league  history occurs when the game is stopped in the 9th inning because of rain.
 * - : sends back the first close-up photographs of the, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound s.
 * - Black Tot Day: The last day of the officially sanctioned in the.
 * - : astronauts become the first to ride in a.
 * - flies its last flight before being integrated into  the next day.
 * - A jetliner crashes while landing in fog at,  killing 89.
 * - In,   is reported missing.
 * - : -  releases the famous  photo.
 * -  of  dies in a plane crash.
 * 1981  - 42-day strike of  ends in the.
 * - A rare, class F-4 rips through, killing 27 people and causing $330 million in damage.
 * - 32 people are killed and 1,674 injured when a in,.
 * - The Medininkai Massacre in Lithuania. Soviet attacks Lithuanian customs post in  and kills 7 officers, 1 of severely wounded (after a head shot) becomes disabled.
 * - A -310 crashes into mountain north of,  killing 113.
 * - is declared inactive for use in new designs.
 * - : -  intentionally crashes the spacecraft into the, thus ending its mission to detect frozen  on the moon's surface.
 * - hands over power temporarily to brother . This leads to a celebration in  [La Pequeña Habana in Spanish],, , where many s participated.
 * -, the presence of the in , and longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end at midnight.

Births

 * - of Japan (d. )
 * - (d. )
 * - (d. )
 * -, Italian sculptor and architect (d. )
 * -, French Jesuit missionary and painter (d. )
 * -, Swiss mathematician (d. )
 * -, English physicist (d. )
 * -, French lexicographer (d. )
 * - (d. )
 * -, Swedish inventor and engineer (d. )
 * -, American general (d. )
 * -, French statesman (d. )
 * 1835  -, French explorer (d. )
 * -, Austrian poet (d. )
 * -, British geologist (d. )
 * -, American artist and naturalist (d. )
 * -, American merchant and philanthropist (d. )
 * -, Indian poet
 * -, American film producer (d. )
 * -, German politician (d. )
 * -, German sociologist (d. )
 * -, French Canadian Roman Catholic archbishop of Montreal (d. )
 * -, French painter and sculptor (d. )
 * -, American writer (d. )
 * -, American musician (d. )
 * -, Australian cricketer
 * 1912  -, American economist,  (d. )
 * 1912  -, American newspaper columnist (d. )
 * -, Canadian hockey player (d. )
 * -, French actor and comedian (d. )
 * -, baseball player, coach, and official (d. )
 * 1916  -, American game show producer (d. )
 * 1916  -, Pakistani activist, journalist, and writer
 * -, American chemist,
 * 1918  -, American pianist
 * -, American sports announcer (d. )
 * 1919  -, Italian author and chemist (d. )
 * -, American religious leader (d. )
 * -, American civil rights activist (d. )
 * 1921  -, founder of  (d. )
 * -, Turkish-born record company executive (d. )
 * -, American actor
 * 1929  -, Uruguayan footballer
 * 1929  -, British author
 * -, Russian clown
 * -, American guitarist
 * 1931  -, American tennis coach
 * -, American actor (d. )
 * -, Dutch writer
 * -, French Canadian author, comedian and humorist
 * 1935  -, American actor
 * -, baseball player
 * -, French actress
 * -, Indian politician
 * -, 3rd
 * 1943  -, American actress
 * 1943  -, American singer and songwriter
 * 1943  -, Japanese American actor
 * -, American actress
 * 1944  -, U.K. journalist and television presenter
 * 1944  -, Leading Scholar and  Winner
 * -, American drummer and vocalist
 * -, American musician
 * 1946  -, current leader of
 * -, American actor
 * 1950  -, American writer
 * -, Australian tennis player
 * 1951  -, American actor
 * -, American ice hockey player
 * 1952  -, American football player, actor and politician
 * 1952  -, Latvian hockey player
 * 1952  -, Portuguese writer
 * -, American actor
 * -, Canadian ice hockey player
 * -, American actor
 * 1956  -, American Politician
 * 1956  -, American football coach
 * -, British musician
 * 1957  -, American baseball player
 * 1957  -, American actor
 * -, American drummer
 * 1958  -, American businessman, producer, and  team owner
 * -, American jazz guitarist
 * -, Canadian ice hockey player
 * -, American politician
 * 1962  -, American football player
 * 1962  -, American actor
 * -, Canadian ice hockey player
 * 1963  -, British musician
 * -, Irish singer and musician
 * -, American professional wrestler
 * 1965  -, British writer
 * 1965  -, American basketball player
 * -, American actor
 * -, Japanese singer and musical actress (d. )
 * 1967  -, Japanese
 * -, American professional wrestler
 * 1969   -, American actor
 * 1969  -, American politician
 * -, American football player
 * 1971  -  (John 5), American guitarist
 * -, American supermodel
 * -, English actress
 * 1974  -, American football player
 * -, British radio DJ
 * -, American musician
 * 1975  -  American rapper (d. )
 * 1975  -, American baseball player
 * 1975  -, American baseball player
 * -, American guitarist
 * 1976  -, American actress
 * 1976  -, Costa Rican footballer
 * -, American football player
 * -, English race car driver
 * 1978  -, English drummer
 * -, Hong Kong singer
 * 1979  -, Danish footballer
 * 1979  -, American baseball player
 * 1979  -, Spanish footballer
 * 1979  -, American actor
 * -, New Zealand and Waikato rugby player
 * -, American actor
 * 1981  -, Maltese singer
 * 1981  -, American singer
 * -, Zimbabwean cricketer
 * -, Russian hockey player
 * -, Belarusian tennis player
 * -, Russian juggler

Deaths

 * -, Muslim Jurisprudent (b. )
 * -, (b. )
 * -, (killed in battle) (b. )
 * -, Spanish priest and founder of the Jesuits
 * -, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. )
 * -, Swiss mathematician (b. )
 * - King (b. )
 * -, French philosopher and encylopedist (b. )
 * -, French publisher (b. )
 * -, 17th (b. )
 * -, Hungarian composer (b. )
 * -, French politician (d. )
 * -, Irish poet (b. )
 * 1917  -  (Ellis Humphrey Evans), Welsh poet (b. )
 * -, French pilot and writer (b. )
 * -, and Presidential candidate (b. )
 * -, English Test cricketer (b. )
 * -, Argentine racing driver (b. )
 * -, American singer (b. )
 * -, American jazz pianist (b. )
 * -, (b. )
 * -, German physicist (b. )
 * 1980  -, Indian playback singer (b. )
 * -, Japanese diplomat (b. )
 * 1986  -, American jazz pianist (b. )
 * -, French Canadian ice hockey player (b. )
 * - King (b. )
 * -, American author (b. )
 * -, Italian comics artist (b. )
 * -, American actress (b. )
 * 2004  -, Italian actress (b. )
 * -, Dutch banker (b. )
 * -, "Voice of the Arkansas Razorbacks" sportscaster (b. )

Holidays and observances

 * - n warrior's day.
 * - an.
 * (died 448),, confessor [Bruges; Paris]
 * , founder of the s