Complex society

In and, a complex society is a social formation that is otherwise described as a formative or developed  (i.e. a , to use an old-fashioned term). Social complexity in this sense thus refers typically to political complexity, specifically the presence of a in the form of a ruling  supported by s, with associated paraphernalia such as administrative buildings and elite residences in urban or proto-urban population centres. Complex societies under this definition are also to provide the surplus required to support a social (non-food producing) elite. Explaining the origins of these types of social formations, which appear in many areas of the world, is one of the tasks of.

There are, however, problems with the term complexity when used in this matter. It has been argued that using political organisation (or technological sophistication or subsistence strategy) as the measure of complexity reinforces concepts of western superiority over other forms of social complexity. For example, any given may be more or less complex than any other given society in one or more aspects (for example,  can be characterised as extremely simple from the perspective of  structures when compared to, for instance,  societies). In this sense, Indigenous Australian societies are highly complex societies. The term social complexity is thus not without problems, and qualifiers are typically applied by anthropologists and archaeologists when using this term to define more precisely the phenomenon that is being described as complex.