John Alexander Macdonald (1815-1891)

Full name
Sir John Alexander Macdonald - First Prime Minister of Canada

Vital Statistics

 * Sex : Male
 * Born: 11 at Glasgow, Scotland
 * Died: 6 at Ottawa, Canada at age 76
 * Interment: at Cataraqui Cemetery, Kingston, Ontario

Pedigree

 * Sir John Alexander Macdonald was the son of Hugh Macdonald (1781-1841) and Helen Shaw (1777-?)
 * Hugh Macdonald was the son of John Macdonald (1736-?) and Jean Macdonald (?-?)

Siblings

 * Archibald Ronald Macdonald (?-1864)
 * William Macdonald (abt. 1811-1813)
 * Margaret Macdonald (1813-1876)
 * James Shaw Macdonald (1816-1822)
 * Louisa Jean Macdonald (1818-1889)

Spouse(s)

 * Isabella Clark (1809-1857)
 * Susan Agnes Bernard (1836-1920)

By Isabella Clark

 * John Alexander Macdonald (1847-1848)
 * Hugh John Macdonald (1850-1929)

By Agnes Bernard

 * Margaret Mary Theodora Macdonald (1869-1933

Biography
John Alexander Macdonald, b. Jan. 11, 1815, d. June 6, 1891, one of the principal founders of the Dominion of Canada, was its first prime minister (1867-73, 1878-91) and its leading political figure from 1867 until his death.

Early life
Sir John always celebrated his birthday on 11 January, even though it was registered on 10 January. Macdonald immigrated to Upper Canada (now Ontario) with his parents in 1820, settling near Kingston. He established a law practice there and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada (present Ontario and Quebec) in 1844.

In succeeding years he played a major role in transforming the old Tory party, based on narrow Loyalist and Anglican values, into a broader Conservative grouping that was willing to cooperate with French-speaking Canadians to achieve a union of all British North America. In 1857 he became prime minister of the Province of Canada. As the leader of the English-speaking Conservatives, Macdonald, with his Quebec colleague Sir George Etienne Cartier and the Liberal George Brown, formed the coalition administration (1864-67) that achieved Confederation.

Confederation
Macdonald's vital role in the process of confederation earned him the post of first prime minister of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. The Confederation originally consisted of the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, but he succeeded in extending the limits westward by the acquisition of the Hudson's Bay Company territories in 1870 and the entrance of British Columbia in 1871; it was extended eastward when Prince Edward Island joined in 1873. Macdonald's first efforts to organize a transcontinental railway company led to his political defeat in 1873 as a result of the Pacific Scandal, but he returned to office five years later.

Later life
The Canadian Pacific Railway was chartered in 1880 and completed in 1885. Meanwhile, Macdonald launched his National Policy for strengthening Canada through protective tariffs and encouragement of western settlement. He was last elected in 1891, when the Conservatives turned back a Liberal campaign aimed at full trade reciprocity with the United States, which Macdonald feared would lead to the political amalgamation of Canada with its powerful southern neighbor.

Note

 * The "d" in his name is not capitalized.

Contributors
Nhprman