Alpes-Maritimes



Alpes-Maritimes (Aups Maritims) is a department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the extreme southeast corner of France.

The inhabitants of the department are called Maralpins, but are usually referred as Azuréens (inhabitants of the Côte d'Azur).

Overview


The Alpes-Maritimes department is surrounded by the departments of Var in the southwest, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in the north-west, Italy and the Principality of Monaco to the east, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

Its topography is very mixed. As its name suggests, most of the department is a constituent part of the overall topographic Alps - including the Maritime Alps - but it also has the distinction of being a coastal district with its Mediterranean coast. The coastal area, urbanized and densely populated (shaded in red on the map), includes all the cities in an almost continuous conurbation from Cannes to Menton, while the larger but sparsely populated mountainous area (light green) is fully rural with the exception of the three large resorts of Valberg (created in 1936), Auron (created in 1937), and Isola 2000 (created in 1971).

Summits, passes, and natural curiosities
The highest point of the department is the Cime du Gélas (3143 m) on the Franco-Italian border which dominates the Vallée des Merveilles further east. In fact the summit of Monte Argentera is certainly higher at 3297 m above sea level but it is located in Italian territory. There is also Mount Mounier (2817 m) which dominates the south of the vast Dôme de Barrot which is formed of a mass of more than 900 m thick red mudstones deeply indented by the gorges of Daluis and Cians. Except in winter, four passes allow passage to the north of the Mercantour/Argentera mountain range whose imposing 62 km long barrier covered in winter snow which is visible from the coast. From the west the Route des Grandes Alpes enters the Cayolle Pass (2326 m) first on the way to the Alps and the sources of the Var in the commune of Entraunes. Then the route follows the Col de la Bonette - the highest pass in Europe at 2715 m - to connect to the valley of the Tinée then the Ubaye. Further east, the Lombard pass (2350 m) above Isola 2000 allows access to the shrine of Saint-Anne de Vinadio in Italy. Finally, at its eastern end, the Col de Tende (1871 m) links with Cuneo in Italy.

Landscape and forest vegetation
The only region of the Alps close to Nice has an afforestation rate of 60.9%, slightly higher than the average of the department and well above the average of 39.4% for the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

The rivers in alphabetical order are:


 * Aigue Blanche
 * Barlatte
 * Bassera
 * Bendola
 * Bévéra
 * Borrigo
 * Bourdoux
 * Bouyon
 * Brague
 * Braisse
 * Braus
 * Cagne
 * Caramagne
 * Careï
 * Castérine
 * Chalvagne
 * Cians
 * Clans
 * Ciavanette
 * Coulomb
 * Estéron
 * Faye
 * Fontanalbe
 * Gorbio
 * Gordolasque
 * Guercha
 * Levenza
 * Loup
 * Lubiane
 * Maglia
 * Magnan
 * Mairole
 * Malvan
 * Minière
 * Nieya
 * Oglione
 * Paillon (les Paillons)
 * Raton
 * Réfrei
 * Riou
 * Rioulan
 * Roudoule
 * Roya
 * Siagne
 * Tinée
 * Tuébi
 * Valmasque
 * Var
 * Vésubie
 * Vionène

Climate
It is the climate that made the Côte d'Azur famous. The current department of Alpes-Maritimes, however, does not have only one climate, the complex terrain and high mountains divide the department between those who are well exposed (the south-facing side) and those which are less (the north-facing side) and even with the mild Mediterranean climate there can be violent storms and prolonged droughts.


 * The coastal area has a Mediterranean climate (rainfall in autumn and spring especially, summer drought, mild winter and dry).
 * Towards the interior, especially in the north, a mountain climate (winter quite bright, summer storms).

One of the attractions of the department is its level of sunshine: 300 days per year. Despite this the department is also the most stormy of France with an average of 70 to 110 thunderstorm days per year.

Weather Data for Nice

Subdivisions
Alpes-Maritimes is divided into 2 arrondissements:
 * the Grasse and
 * the Nice,

52 cantons and 163 communes.

In 2002 there were 14 intercommunalities (Intercommunalité). including:

4 metropolitan intercommunalities of which:
 * 3 are agglomeration communities
 * Agglomeration community of Pôle Azur Provence
 * Agglomeration community of the Riviera Française
 * Agglomeration community of Sophia Antipolis and
 * 1 is an urban community
 * Urban community of Nice Côte d'Azur.

The other 10 are Communauté de communes:
 * Communauté de communes de la Vallée de l'Estéron
 * Communauté de communes des Monts d'Azur
 * Communauté de communes du Pays des Paillons
 * Communauté de communes des Coteaux d'Azur
 * Communauté de communes des Vallées d'Azur
 * Communauté de communes de la Tinée
 * Communauté de communes de Cians Var
 * Communauté de communes des Stations du Mercantour
 * Communauté de communes des Terres de Siagne
 * Communauté de communes Vésubie Mercantour

The following is a list of most populous cities of the department:
 * Nice (348,721)
 * Antibes (76,778)
 * Cannes (71,790)
 * Grasse (51,294)
 * Cagnes-sur-Mer (49,551)
 * Le Cannet (42,596)
 * Vallauris (30,839)
 * Saint-Laurent-du-Var (30,605)
 * Menton (29,129)
 * Mandelieu-la-Napoule (20,889)
 * Mougins (20,250)
 * Vence (19,659)

History
Alpes Maritimae was created by Octavian as a Roman military district called maritimae Alps in 14BC, and became a full Roman province in the middle of the 1st century AD with its capital first at Cemenelum (today Cimiez, a suburb north of Nice) and subsequently at Embrun. At its greatest extent in AD 297, the province reached north to Digne and Briançon.

A first French département of Alpes-Maritimes existed in the same area from 1793 to 1814. Its boundaries differed from those of the modern department, however. In 1793 Alpes-Maritimes included Monaco (Port Hercules) and San Remo (San Rème), but not Grasse which was then part of the départment of Var. The département was subdivided into the following arrondissements and cantons (situation in 1812):


 * Nice, cantons: Nice (2 cantons), Aspremont, La Brigue, Menton, Monaco, Roquebillière, Saint-Sauveur-sur-Tinée, Saorge, L'Escarène, Sospel, Utelle and Villefranche-sur-Mer.
 * Sanremo, cantons: Sanremo, Bordighera, Dolceacqua, Pigna, Taggia, Triora and Ventimiglia.
 * Puget-Théniers, cantons: Puget-Théniers, Beuil, Gilette, Guillaumes, Roquesteron, Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée and Villars-sur-Var.

Its population in 1812 was 131,266, and its area was 322,674 hectares.

The department was reconstituted in 1860 when the county of Nice was annexed by France. It included the county of Nice as well as the previously (at least nominally) independent towns of Menton and Roquebrune, and the arrondissement of Grasse in the department of Var.

In 1860 Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, one of the architects of Italian unity with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, negotiated support for Napoleon III in exchange for Savoy and the County of Nice. The annexation was confirmed on 15 and 16 April 1860 by 30,712 male electors enrolled in the 89 communes of the County of Nice who, for the first time, had universal male suffrage by plebiscite. The "Yes" vote for reunification with France was 83.8% of registered voters and 99.2% of votes. The new department of Alpes-Maritimes consisted of the former County of Nice, divided into an Arrondissement of Nice and an Arrondissement of Puget-Théniers (both arrondissements existed in the former Department (1793-1814)), and a portion of the Var department which formed the Arrondissement of Grasse. However, the County of Nice did not include Tende and La Brigue which were incorporated into France in the Treaty of Paris in 1947.

The Arrondissement of Puget-Théniers was removed for purposes of economy in 1926 and attached to Nice: the department has not since had two districts.

In 1947, in accordance with the Treaty of Paris and as a referendum result favourable to their attachment to France, the communes of Tende and La Brigue (also parts of communes in the high valleys of Vésubie and Tinée: part the commune of Isola) which had been Italian since 1860, were attached to the department.

Economy
The economy of the Alpes-Maritimes is characterized by the importance of the tertiary sector. The department has, in addition to tourism and traditional services, a relatively high level of corporate research and higher level of services. Agriculture is of little importance and industry plays a relatively small role although it has diversified into activities with high technological value. The construction and public works sector is quite important. The economy is very sensitive to changes in the national and international situation. The rate of unemployment is 9.1%.

According to the INSEE, in 2005 the GDP per capita of the Alpes-Maritimes was 27,723 euros which ranked it as the thirteenth highest department in France. GDP was 29.6 billion euros. According to Eurostat, GDP per capita at market prices in 2008, the department had a GDP per capita of 30,700 euros, which is also ranked it thirteenth in France.

Distribution of employment
Tourism is an essential industry for the entire coastal region (Côte d'Azur) and is highly developed (Nice is the fifth largest city in France). Thanks to the mild climate this is a resort town all year round. In the mountains, there are also some winter sports stations that have received abundant snow in recent years (particularly Isola 2000).

There are also well-developed industries such as the perfumery in Grasse, new technologies from Sophia-Antipolis and the aerospace industry in Cannes where there is the first European satellite builders and the first industrial plant in the department.

Primary and secondary education
The department has 222 nursery schools, 357 primary schools and one special school. It also hosts 72 colleges, 14 vocational schools and 22 high schools, to which must be added 65 private schools.

Higher education
Related article: University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis.

Higher education is relatively underdeveloped in the department. The urban area of Nice has 35,000 students, while Rennes and Bordeaux each have 60,000.

Alpes-Maritimes benefit from the installation at Menton since October 2005 - the first stage of Sciences Po - which is dedicated to the relationship between the northern and southern shores of the Mediterranean and the relationship of Europe with the Middle East.

Several engineering schools are located in Sophia Antipolis:
 * Eurecom (School of Engineering and Research Center in communication systems)
 * Ecole des Mines de Paris
 * Polytech of Nice-Sophia

In addition, two major business schools are located in the region:
 * EDHEC in Nice
 * Skema Business School in Sophia-Antipolis

There are also INRIA and CNRS in Sophia Antipolis.

Politics
Since the Second World War, the department has voted to the right. The nine electoral districts of Alpes-Maritimes are all currently held by the right (eight UMP and one NC). Of the five senators representing the department, four are right and one is socialist left. Of the fifty-two general councilors, forty-two are right and ten are left or relatively left.

Alpes-Maritimes has experienced problems of corruption in its politicians in the 1980s and 1990s which led to criminal convictions including the mayors of Nice (Jacques Médecin), Cannes (Michel Mouillot), and Antibes (Pierre Merli).

The President of the General Council is Éric Ciotti of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). The UMP's majority on the general council is one of the largest majorities in any such institution in France.

Budget
In 2011, the draft departmental budget amounted to €1.3 billion of which 498 million (38.3%) was devoted to social action and 346 million to operations (26.6%). Capital expenditures was just over 250 million euros (19.2%).

In 2010, the department was the third most indebted in France with €942 million of debt or 68.4% of the annual budget. This debt amounted to 2,460 euros per fiscal tax unit (household) and 859 euros per person. The trend of change in debt over the last decade has been a sharp increase: + 440% between 2001 and 2009 and 26% between 2009 and 2010. There was only €43 million in debt in 2003.

Projects
The General Council is now sponsoring several large projects:
 * construction of 10 residential facilities for the elderly
 * building dikes in the Var plain
 * creation of a STIC (science and information technology and communication) campus at Sophia Antipolis
 * construction of 337 units of social housing
 * establishment of facilities for the disabled
 * road construction
 * construction of schools and gyms (10)
 * construction of a centre of sustainable development
 * construction of an LGV Paris-Nice (LGV Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) bypassing Toulon and Marseille (the route is disputed by many political and business leaders)
 * creation of the Eco Valley in the Plaine of the Var which will run from the Arena Quarter (which will be converted) to the village of Baus-Roux

The General Council has charged 1 euro per vehicle journey in the department, regardless of distance, since 1 January 2008.

Demographics
When Nice became part of Frence in 1860, it was still a small town; the department had fewer than 200,000 inhabitants. However, the population grew quickly from 300,000 at the beginning of the 20th century to over a million. The population is aging because of the number of retirees who move to the coast.

The population is now concentrated in the urban region that includes Antibes, Cannes, Grasse, Nice, and Menton, and which constitutes 90% of the total population.

The department had 1,079,100 inhabitants in 2009, making it the nineteenth most populated department in France. There are 163 communes including 106 under 2000 inhabitants (representing a total of 55,219 inhabitants), 38 from 2000 to 9999 inhabitants (total 158,373 inhabitants), 15 between 10,000 to 49,999 inhabitants (total 323,829 inhabitants), 3 between 50,000 to 199,999 inhabitants (Antibes, Cannes, and Grasse, total 200,944 inhabitants), and one of 340,735 inhabitants (Nice). The Population density rose to 251 inhabitants per square kilometre in 2009.

According to INSEE 39.5% of children born in 2011 in the department of Alpes-Maritimes have at least one parent born abroad (regardless of nationality), 15.4% have a father born in North Africa.

The area is also known for its extremely large population of people of Italian descent. About 40% of the population of the Alpes-Maritimes claim their ancestry as being solely Italian, and as many as 80% of the population can trace some degree of ancestry back to Italy before it was annexed by France in the 1860s.

Culture
Cultural life is rich and fully described in the daily regional Nice-Matin and announced in the weekly supplement JV Wednesday.


 * Cannes Film Festival (theatrical)
 * Pantiero Festival, Cannes (electronic and independent music) in August
 * International Dance Festival, Cannes, a dance festival held in late November / early December every second year
 * International Festival of Games, Cannes, in February
 * Festival of Night music at Le Suquet, Cannes, classical music in July
 * Fireworks Festival, Cannes, fireworks in July and August
 * Festival of Performances of actors, Cannes, June
 * Festival of dances "Break the Floor", Cannes, January
 * International Dance Festival, Cannes, November
 * Festival of Russian Art and Dance, Cannes, August
 * International youth ballets, organized by the Senior Dance School of École supérieure de danse de Cannes Rosella Hightower, Cannes,  March
 * Italian market, Mougins, (formerly the Piedmontese market before 2011)
 * International Gastronomic festival, Mougins
 * Festival of Juan-les-Pins (jazz), Antibes
 * Nice Jazz Festival
 * Nice Carnival
 * Naval Combat with flowers, Villefranche-sur-Mer
 * Festival of Lemons, Menton
 * Southern Nights in Vence, world music
 * Festival Tomawok, Nice (rock, metal music), June
 * Book Festival of Mouans-Sartoux, three days in early October (21st Festival in 2008)
 * This is not classic, an annual event for classical music, created by the General Council of the Alpes-Maritimes in 2005. It takes place at the Acropolis convention centre in Nice and occupies all available rooms beginning with the large auditorium seating 2,400 people.
 * Chestnut Festival

Famous museums available include:
 * the Maeght Foundation in Saint-Paul-de-Vence
 * the Picasso museum in Antibes
 * Concrete art in Mouans-Sartoux
 * the Fernand Léger National Museum in Biot
 * the Chagall and Matisse museums in Nice
 * the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art (MAMAC) also in Nice

Tourism
The presence of the Mediterranean Sea and the Alps under a mild sky has favoured one dominant activity: tourism which accounts for 64,000 jobs directly in the Alpes-Maritimes. For the only the city of Nice the tourism turnover represents a 12 to 13% share of the whole tourism market in France. The capital of the French Riviera is the sixth most populous city in France. The city of Nice also has the second largest airport in France (Nice Côte d'Azur Airport) after Paris and its three airports at Roissy, Orly, and Le Bourget. There are nearly 10.5 million passengers per year passing through Nice Airport (2011 data).

The seaside where the majority of the population resides is one of the most popular parts of the world with many attractions:
 * Seaside resorts (Cannes, Cagnes-sur-Mer, Antibes, Juan-les-Pins, Nice, Menton)
 * Convention cities that spread their business throughout the year (Cannes with its Palais des Festivals, Nice with its Acropolis, and Monaco)

The area inland from the busy Côte d'Azur is an excellent base for many outdoor sports: cycling, mountain biking, skiing, walking, rock climbing, canyoning, canoeing, rafting, fishing, horse riding, Adventure parks, caving and the area has the first ever underground via ferrata. The area has internationally renowned paragliding and hang gliding flying sites at Col-de-Bleyne, Gourdon, Gréolières, and Lachens.

In the mountains, skiing and hiking bring life to Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée (Auron), Beuil, Péone (Valberg), Saint-Martin-Vésubie, Isola, Gréolières, Peïra-Cava, col de Turini, and Turini-Camp d'argent in the Authion mountains.

Second homes
According to the general census of the population on 1 January 2008, 23.2% of available housing in the department were second homes.

Trivia
The asteroid 100122 Alpes Maritimes is named in the département's honour, on the occasion of the thousandth discovery made from its territory.