1640s

Events and trends

 * - Beginning of the in  between the  and the  after the uprising known as  amidst the unrest caused by the presence of  troops in Catalan territory during the.
 * - The invading Manchu army, with the help of Ming general, captures , China. This marks the beginning of the Dynasty (also known as the Manchu Dynasty), the last imperial dynasty of China.
 * The personal union of the crowns of and  ends due to a revolution in the latter .  is succeeded in the throne of Portugal by King, previously
 * Growing conflict between King, and  and the  results in the outbreak of the  ( - ). Supporters are respectively called s and . The Parliament eventually emerges victorious. The captive King is put on trial ( - , ) and then executed by  . The  is abolished and briefly replaced by the  ( -).
 * , colonial governor of the, assigns with the mission to explore the  . During his two years' expedition ( - ), the later becomes the first an to reach   and.
 * constructs the first  (/ ).
 * A series of treaties, known collectively as the  put an end to:
 * The ( - ) between  and the . The latter is recognized as being fully independent.
 * The ( - ) between the various  and  forces of . Each of the about 360 German Princes of the  gains almost complete  over his/her respective .  is recognized as being independent from the Empire.

World leaders

 * King ( - ).
 * King ( - ).
 * King, and  ( - ).
 * King ( - ).
 * , chief of  ( - ).
 * , chief of  ( - ).
 * ,   and  of  ( - ).
 * King ( - ).
 * , of, , ,  and  ( - ).
 * , of, , ,  and  ( - ).
 * King ( - ).
 * King ( - ).
 * Queen ( - ).
 * King ( - ).
 * King ( - ).
 * Queen ( - ).

Deaths

 * (d. )