Theories on the origin of the Serbs

are a, living mainly in , and. The Serbs possibly has a different root. There are several theories about the origin of the Serb name, which could be roughly divided into Slavic theory and non-Slavic theories. Among the non-Slavic theories, most widely accepted is the ian theory, since the first mention of a tribe called Serboi in history locates them in the northern  among the.

Earliest historical records of names similar to "Serb"
Here are a few of the earliest quotations from well known ancient geographers and historians: "2 Strong God, he slew Anarsani, Srbinda, Pipru, and the fiend, Ahisuva, and loosed the floods." From all the European peoples the Serbs are the only race from the construction of the wording of their name, according to the Austrian sanskritologist Walter Wust who are composed in the Vedic hymns as the characteristic SRBINDA, in which almost letter to letter is identical to the modern form SRBENDA used by Balkan Serbs.
 * - ancient religious sanskrit text (3000-1500 b.c.)in book VIII., 32., 2.:

In the Vedic manuscripts, Wust interprets, SRBINDA as its own original to say patented name with a predetermined meaning. Which is in complete harmony to thinking of today’s SRBENDA expression in Serbs, because Srbenda is always the best, the most respected, most brave, the greatest for respecting tradition: in short a man who is used and shown as an example to others.


 * (11,6) (5th century BC), and (1,30) mention the lake named Serbonis (Σερβυνιδοζ) in lower Egypt. However taking the large distances into the account it is highly unlikely that today's Serbs have anything to do with that particular toponym.


 * (63 - 19 BC): "the river Kanthos/ is called Sirbis (Sirbika) by the natives." ( Strabonis rerum geographicarum libri septendicini, Basileza 1571 s. 763).


 * (ca. 50 AD): described the Serboi tribe near the, close to the hinterland into the . Many consider this theory as a very probable one taking some distant linguistic similarities with today's Caucausus people's such as ,  etc.


 * (69-75 AD): "beside the live, ,  (Serboi), , ."  (, VI, c. 7 & 19 Leipzig 1975). It coincides with the 's view on Serbian ancient homeland among the Iranian peoples of the Caucasus.


 * (150 AD): "between the and the river, live the ,  and ." (' V, s. 9). Ptolemy also mention the city in  named ' (present day  in , ). This well known ancient scientist one more time points out to the Caucasus placing Serbs close to  riviera.


 * In the third century Roman emperor referred to the  as 'Montes Serrorum' ("Serb mountains"). This also sounds reasonable taking that South Carpathians end in Eastern Serbia, colliding with the Balkan Mountains.

The Slavic theory about the origin of the Serb name
There is a theory that the name Serbs was a designation for all Slavic peoples in history. The earliest possible association of Serbi with Slavs is from  (6th century), who says that Antae and Sclavenes (Slavs)  originally had the common name Sporoi, which has been claimed as a corruption of Srbi (Serbs). The Serbs came from the north from what is now the Czech Republic region. Serb may trace back to the Altai root word Ser-dust, sand. 

The Iranian theory of the origin of the name 'Serb'
The original Serboi were probably n  tribe, who lived in  (Sarmatia Asiatica), to the north of the. The earliest historical records about these Sarmatian Serbs dates from the 1st century, in the works of the historian (ca. 50 AD) and geographer  (Plinius) (69-75 AD).

In the fourth century, these Sarmatian Serbs, together with and, moved to , and were found dwelling near the , in a region designated as White Serbia, in what is now  (eastern ) and western. The Sarmatian Serbs, it is argued, intermarried with the indigenous of the region, adopted their language, and transferred their name to the Slavs. Since the white colour was designation for the west, name 'White Serbia' actually could mean 'Western Serbia'.

sources report that part of the Serbs (already a Slavic people by that time) then migrated southward in the seventh century and eventually settled in the lands that now make up southern, , , and. In this region, Serbs mixed with other Slavic tribes (which settled there in the sixth century) and with descendants of indigenous peoples of the Balkans.

Rival chiefs, or župani, vied for control of the Serbs for five centuries after the migration. Župan formed a Serbian principality under the Byzantines around 850, and the Serbs soon converted to. The Serbs had two political centers in the eleventh century:, in the mountains of present-day Montenegro, and , located in modern southwestern Serbia.

Another part of the Serbs did not migrate southwards, but remained in the region. Descendants of these Serbs are the present day Lusatian Serbs/, who still live in the (Lužica, Lausitz) region of eastern. It is possible that the proto-Serbs in Sarmatia were similar to other Sarmatian/Iranian peoples on the northern Caucasus, such as the, and spoke an Indo-European  language similar to present-day. At some point in the history of the Serbs, this Old Serb language stood side by side with the in White Serbia (mentioned by the Byzantine emperor, ), and likely even in the first 300 years leading up to the formation of the Serb state in the  in the 9th century. Even to this day, the has at least a third as many words in its vocabulary than other. This is because of the influence of Old Serb and as well as  on the Slavic language spoken by the Serbs today.

What was the origin of the Sarmatian Serbs? Since the modern derived from ancient, we can search for the origin of Sarmatians if we compare relationships between languages of Iranian stock. The Ossetian language is a member of branch of Iranian languages, along with,  and languages of the. The original homeland of the Sarmatians was probably in the region where these eastern Iranian languages are spoken today, somewhere between, and.

The Byzantine Emperor Porphyrogenitos, in his Book Of Ceremonies, calls the  and  "Krevatas and Sarban", who were located between  and. is also the name of a in, who are believed to be - at least in part - of  descent.

Today it is suggested that the modern Serbs and Croats were Slavs living in modern who assimilated the upper-class of the migrating n tribes, who subsequently lent their names (Hrvat/Croat and Srb/Serb). Early in Polish history, the Polish nobility claimed to be direct descendants of the historic people. and, the original homelands of the Serb and Croat peoples before their migration to the , were located, respectively, in the territories of modern , , and eastern Germany (see ). This suggests an immediate link between the two Sarmatian-origin theories, but fails to provide a confirmation.

Alarodian theory
In his book "Hrvati i Srbi, dva stara različita naroda" Dr. disputes the theory that the Serbs are of Iranian origin and claims that they were actually an people. He dismisses the Iranian theory because it is based solely on the fact that the area where the Serboi ethnonym is first mentioned (near the Sea of Azov) was home to the Iranian, and this led historians to falsely jump to the conclusion that the Serboi themselves were also Iranian. Mandić notes that Pliny himself does not state that the Serboi are of Iranian stock. If the Serbs were an Indo-Iranian people, Pliny probably would have said so. Furthermore, the non-Slavic substrate in modern Serbian is not Iranian.

In the Balkans during Roman rule, there was a city called Gordoserbon, which was assumed to derive from "city of the Serbs", gord being the Slavic word for city. However, it seems unlikely the Latin-speaking Romans would use the Slavic word for city to name one of their cities. Mandić proposes that Gordoserbon actually gets its name from the city of, the capital of , which he claims is the ancient homeland of the Serbs. Gordium was situated near the ancient Lydian city of. Sardis was the capital of, an ancient empire located in present day. The Lydians spoke an Anatolian language.

The include two long extinct languages, the  and the. The Hurrian language is believed to have had a strong influence on some of the, notably the , and it is believed that were actually not indigenous there, but were new arrivals who assimilated an earlier people who called themselves the Subar-tu. The language of these Subar-tu, whose name is not recorded, is called by linguists today, and it is believed that there was a Subarian substratum in the Hurrian language. records mention the Subartu. Much later, records mention the Sabarda, and the ancient  historian  mentions the  in the same area, although it is not clear what, if any, connection the Sabir/Sabarda have to the Subar-tu, or if the similar-sounding names are just coincidental. According to Mandić, the Serbs get their name from those ancient Subartu.

Traces and possible migrations of Serbs
The Serbs were mentioned as Serboi by in his Geographica in the first century AD (69-75) as living on the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. In the 5th century, Herodotus writes in his Persian Wars that Serbs (Serboi, Sirboi) live behind the Caucasus, near the hinterland of the Black Sea. In the fourth century the Carpathians are mentioned as Montes Serrorum (Serb mountains?) by the Roman emperor Licinius. In the Caucasus, the homeland of the Sarmatian Serbs, they left their traces around the river Volga (Araxes in Greek). In modern Georgian, that river is called "Rashki". This name was used by Balkan Serbs as a name for their first state and is found wherever the name Serb is found in clusters indicating settlements. It is often used to designate hydronyms and likely meant 'river' or 'water' in Old Serb.

The Serbs possibly migrated in two directions from the Caucasus, northwest and northeast. Those who went northwest became overlords of the Slavs. There they established a mighty empire and became slavicized. Konstantine Porfirogenitus called this "". Their descendants are known as today and despite Germanization, a few thousand still remain on the territory of former. These we can also call ''.

There is a theory that the other branch of Sarmatian Serbs maybe moved northeast to the southern base of the Urals, and settled there for a time. We can call them 'Volga Serbs'. They possibly moved eastwards, deep into Siberia, leaving traces in the names towns along the coast of the Sea of Japan. They faded out with the onslaught from the. These we can call 'Siberian Serbs'. It is even possible that Siberia was named after this Old Serb tribe.

The White Serbs were probably completely Slavicized by the 6th century. Their Slavicized descendants are today's Lusatian Sorbs. One branch of these White Serbs have left White Serbia, and according to Porfirogenitus, came to the Balkans (7th century), invited by Heracleus, defeated the Avars and were given Macedonia to inhabit. There they took the already settled Slavs (who began arriving in the 5th and 6th centuries) under their control and mixed with them to form the modern Serb nation.

These Slavs, who came before the Serbs, had already assimilated the Illyrians, who were an Indo-European people. Many historians agree that the old Serbs were not Slavs, but a non-Slavic caste that ruled over the Slavs, though the Serbs who entered the Balkans in the 7th century, were mainly Slavs who had adopted the Serbian name.

Relation with Sorbs
While and krajischniks (their names coming from Slavic word for "borderland") or  and  (obvious variations of "Slavs") need not be related, Serbs and  may well be. Some have taken this to the extreme, creating theories that link Serbs with, , , and so on. Such theories do, however, tend to represent something of a fringe view.

The obvious similarities in their names leads some to conclude that Serbs and are related peoples. Indeed, in the Serbian language Sorbs are called Lužički Srbi (Serbs of ) some historians call Sorbs "White Serbs" (if dichotomy exists Serbs are called "Red Serbs"; during Croats had a similar white-red dichotomy).

Exactly what the relations are between Serbs and Sorbs is not certain:
 * 1) Some believe that Serbs came to the Balkans from.
 * 2) Some believe that Serbs came to the Balkans and Sorbs to Sorbia from a joint ancient fatherland. Where this fatherland might be is also uncertain.
 * 3) Some believe that Serbs and Sorbs were one people at sometime but had separated before they moved to Serbia/Sorbia.
 * 4) If we accept the claim that all Slavs have called themselves Serbs, then Serbs and Sorbs may not have anything more in common than any other two Slavic peoples.

Regardless of which is correct, the Serbs and Sorbs of today are very different peoples, with different customs, traditions and religions.

Possible connection with names of Sarmatians and Sabars
Some historians suggest the connection between the name of Serbs and names of Sarmatians and Sabars, though these theories are controversial.

Name of Sarmatians
Some suggest that the name "Serb" is derived from the ancient homeland of Serbs,, an ancient country between the Vistula River and the Caspian Sea, occupied by the Sarmatians [Lat. Sarmatae] from the 3d cent. B.C. through to the 2d cent. A.D. The term is vague and is also used to refer to the territory along the Danube and across the Carpathians where the Sarmatians were later driven by the Huns. The Sarmatians, who until c.200 B.C. lived East of the Don River, spoke an Iranian language and were a nomadic pastoral people related to the Scythians (see ), whom they displaced in the Don region. The main divisions were the Rhoxolani, the Iazyges, and the Alans or Alani. They came into conflict with the Romans but later allied themselves with Rome, acting as buffers against the Germans. They were scattered or assimilated with the Germans by the 3d cent. A.D.

The common Indo-European phonetic mutation possible allowed -m > -mb > -b from Sarmoi > Serboi. The name of Sarmatians may be derived from PIE Root / : ker-6 and k̂er- : 'dark colour; dirt, etc'. ahd. horo, Gen. horawes, mhd. hor, hurwe `ordure, smut' (*kr̥-u-); ags. horh, Gen. horwes, ahd. horg `dirty, filthy' (*kr̥-k-u̯-o); aisl. horr m. ` nasal mucus, snot, smut'; ags. hrot m. ` snot ', ahd. hroz ds., asächs. hrottag `snotty'; ahd. ruoz, rouz, mhd. ruoz, ruost, asächs. hrot `smut'; ags. hrum m. `smut', asächs. hrum, mhd. PN Rum-olt;

Maybe Sarmoi > Serboi, Srb from lit. sarma `gray, white weasel' [common PIE b > w mutation]. Both root names Hrv (Croat) and Srb (Serb) are interchangeable: s > h, b > v phonetic mutations. Srb (Serb) could be the origin of the latter Hrv (Croat).

lit. šir̃vas `gray, greyish-blue' (*k̂r̥-u̯o-s), šir̃mas ds. (*k̂r̥-mo-s), lett. sirms `gray' (compare ai. śyā-má- `black, dark' besides śyā-vá- ds.); lit. šir̃vis `hare'; in addition lit. šarmà f. ` hoarfrost', lett. sarma, serma ds., lit. šarmuõ, šermuõ `ermine' (:ahd. harmo, ven.-illyr. carmō); šarmuonỹs m. `weasel', with ablaut ostlit. širmuonė̃lis ds., lett. sermulis m. `ermine'; The Indo-European root/lemma Root / lemma: ker-6 and k̂er- : 'dark colour; dirt, etc' could be a collective name for Sarmatea 'dark people'.

The origin of the name Sarmat could be also an Indo-European interpretation of Sabar (Sabat) common PIE b > mb > m phonetic mutation]. Serbs and Croats would retain their sumptuous Iranian names. Bosnia was populated by an Illyrian tribe called Besoi. Montenegro would be called by Serbs as Crna Gora 'black mountain'.

The origin of the name Serb from an Indo-European root seems most probable. Serbian toponyms in their homeland in the Caucasus are often remote to Slavic tongues, but close to Iranian.

Both names Serboi (Serb) and Hrvat (Croat) seem to have originated in ancient Iran. Even today, there is a Pashtun tribe in Afghanistan named Sarbans. They could be ancestors of the old Sarmatian Serbs.

Most probably, the origin of Serbs and Croats is Indo-European. Although they adopted the language of the Slavs and mixed with them, they preserved their original Iranian names. Franks, a Germanic tribe who had conquered Gaul also lost its ancient language against a numerically superior native population.

Name of Sabar
Some suggest that the names of the Turkic Asian tribes Sabar and Kavar (*Havar) - derived from the same root [common shift b > v, also allophones s/ h]. Thus, Sabars and Avars could be also descendants of Iranian Serbs (*Sabar) and Croats (Hrvat).

The remnant of Sabar, Avar excellent horsemanship in Turkish language was stamped in the cognate: tr. süvari ' cavalier, cavalry, cavalryman, chevalier, mounted troops, man'.

In the mid 5th C., was the first to deal with the Sabar tribe which existed in the Western Siberian region. This supports the theory of the Sabar origin from the Balkhash region which is further supported by Chinese records concerning the related tribes. According to Priscos's account, the forced the  out of this land and over the Volga around 461-463CE because "a fog rose from the sea scaring people" and this was followed by countless "vultures descending upon the people". Then in 550, the church historian mentioned an "" community in the west. Also in the mid 6th century, wrote about. At the same time made a distinction in his History of the Wars, Books I and II, between  and  which  in the early half of the 7thC. defines as the real- and pseudo- avars respectively.

Based upon Simokattes's and other information, the Avars who entered Europe are thought to have been a combination of a called Hund and (because of the anthropological evidence as well as etymology on Avar Khagaan names like Bayan meaning "prosperous" in Mongol but meaning female in most western Altaic tongues) a  people called Var who united around Balk sometime between 410-470CE.

It has been determined through the unorganized information in various foreign resources that the Sabar Turkish community had played an important role in the Western Siberia and the northern region of the Caucasus in the 5th-6th centuries BC. This Turkish community were named as Sabar, Sabir, and Savir in the Byzantine resources and as Savır, Sabr, S(a)bir, Sibir, etc. in the Armenian, Syrian Christian, and Islamic resources.

There are allegations, which state that the Sabar people were of Slav or Mongolian or Finno-Ugrian origin. Recently, it has been suggested that they were Turks in origin in respect of the names that they hold and the historical and cultural characteristics. As a result of the labial attraction in various languages, the word of Sabar has been observed in various forms.

However, it is not very likely that the name of the Sabars come from the names of Sarbans or Serbs, which have Indo-European roots. The word of Sabar can be identified with Turkish language, and it was formulated as the addition of the suffix of +ar to the verb of "sab+ar" (=sap-ar= sapmak/ violate, deviate) (Some other examples are: Khazar, Bulgar, Kabar, etc). It has the meaning of "deviationist, defector, uncontrolled, free" and it is in compliance with the naming procedures among the Turks. Furthermore, the personal names pertaining to Sabar people are also Turkish. Balak, İlig-er, Bo-arık =Buğ-arık, etc.

Theory of modern-day Serbs origin
According to the theory based on the history, anthropology, and genetics, modern-day Serbs are an ethnic mix of three major different "peoples" and "races":
 * 1)  ( - Old Serbs, who mixed with Slavs in Lusatia, and who gave their name to the Slavs).
 * , including Slavic tribes which settled in the Balkans during the Avar invasion in the 6th century, and ( of Lusatia), who settled in the Balkans in the 7th century, and who gave their name to the present-day Serbs.

Literature

 * Aleksandar M. Petrović, Kratka arheografija Srba, Novi Sad, 1994.
 * Živko D. Petković, Prve pojave srpskog imena, Beograd, 1996.
 * Lazar Šebek, Stari Srbi, Serbi sveske 2, Izdavač: Krim, Beograd, Ložionička 4.
 * Lazo M. Kostić, O srpskom imenu, Srbinje - Novi Sad, 2000.
 * Sava S. Vujić - Bogdan M. Basarić, Severni Srbi (ne)zaboravljeni narod, Beograd, 1998.
 * Nikola Jeremić, Srpska zemlja Bojka, Zemun, 1993.
 * Relja Novaković, Baltički Sloveni u Beogradu i Srbiji, Beograd, 1985.
 * Relja Novaković, Još o poreklu Srba, Beograd, 1992.
 * Relja Novaković, Srbi, Beograd, 1993.
 * Relja Novaković, Srbi i njihovi pradavni srodnici, Beograd, 2000.

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