Schenectady, New York

Schenectady is a city in Schenectady County, New York, United States, of which it is the county seat. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 66,135. The name "Schenectady" is derived loosely from a Mohawk word for "on that side of the pinery," or "near the pines," or "place beyond the pine plains."

The city of Schenectady is in eastern New York, near the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers. It is in the same metropolitan area as the state capital, Albany; Schenectady is about 15 mi northwest of Albany.

History
When first encountered by Europeans, the area that is now Schenectady was the land of the Mohawk nation of the Iroquois Confederacy. When Dutch settlers arrived in the Hudson Valley in the 17th century, the Mohawk called the settlement at Fort Orange (present day Albany, NY) Schau-naugh-ta-da, meaning "over the pine plains." Eventually, this word entered the lexicon of the Dutch settlers, but the meaning was reversed, and the name referred to the bend in the Mohawk River where the city lies today.

Schenectady was first settled by Europeans in 1661 when the area was part of the Dutch colony of New Netherland. Settlement was led by Arent van Curler, a prominent figure in the colony who had emigrated from Nijkerk in the Netherlands, after purchase from the Mohawk Nation. Additional land was purchased from the Mohawks in 1670 and 1672. In 1664 the English seized the Dutch colony and renamed it New York. Twenty years later (1684) Governor Thomas Dongan granted letters patent for Schenectady to five trustees.

On February 8, 1690, during King William's War, French forces and their Indian allies attacked Schenectady by surprise, leaving 62 dead. American history notes it as the Schenectady massacre. In 1748, during King George's War, the settlement was again attacked by the French and their Indian allies.

In 1765, Schenectady was incorporated as a borough. Union College was founded here in 1795. During the American Revolutionary War the local militia unit, the 2nd Albany County Militia Regiment, fought in the Battle of Saratoga and against Loyalist troops. The settlement was chartered as a city in 1798.

In the 19th century after the construction of the Erie Canal, Schenectady became an important transportation and trade center, as it was part of connecting the Hudson River to the Mohawk Valley and the Great Lakes. The Albany and Schenectady Turnpike (now State Street), established in 1797, connected Albany to the Mohawk Valley. The Erie Canal (now Erie Boulevard), opened in 1825, passed through here, as did the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, opened in 1831 as one of the first railway lines in the United States.

In 1887, Thomas Edison moved his Edison Machine Works to Schenectady. In 1892, Schenectady became the headquarters of the General Electric Company. It became a major economic force in the region, state and nation.

Schenectady is home to WGY-AM, the second commercial radio station in the United States, (after WBZ in Springfield, Massachusetts, which was named for Westinghouse.) The station was named for its owner, General Electric (the G), and the city of Schenectady (the Y). In 1928, General Electric generated the first regular television broadcasts in the United States, when experimental station W2XB began regular broadcasts on Thursday and Friday afternoons. This television station is now WRGB, for years the Capital District's NBC affiliate, but more recently, it is the CBS affiliate.

Geography
Schenectady is located at 42.8°N, -73.93333°W (42.8041, −73.9293). The altitude above sea level is 211 to 275 ft.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.0 sqmi, of which, 10.9 sqmi of it is land and 0.1 sqmi of it (1.27%) is water.

It is part of the Capital District, the metropolitan area surrounding Albany, New York state's capital. Along with Albany and Troy, it is one of the three principal population and industrial centers in the region.

Economy
The city was once known as "The City that Lights and Hauls the World" – a reference to two prominent businesses in the city, the Edison Electric Company (now known as General Electric), and the American Locomotive Company (ALCO). GE retains its administrative core in Schenectady, but many of manufacturing jobs relocated to the Sun Belt and abroad. The American Locomotive Company produced steam locomotives for railroads for years, and then in the later years became famous for its "Superpower" line of high pressure locomotives, such as those for the Union Pacific Railroad in the 1930s and 1940s. As diesel locomotives began to appear, ALCO joined with GE to develop diesel locomotives to compete with the EMD division of General Motors. But corporate restructuring to cope with the changing locomotive procurement environment saw the slow downward spiral of ALCO and ALCO's operations fizzled as the company went through acquisitions and restructuring in the late 1960s. Its Schenectady plant closed in 1969. In the late 20th century, the city experienced difficult financial times, as did many upstate New York cities. The loss of employment helped cause Schenectady's population to decline by nearly one-third since 1950. Nevertheless, Schenectady is presently a part of a metropolitan area with improving economic health.

Price Chopper Supermarkets and the New York Lottery are based in Schenectady.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 66,135 people, 26,265 (2000 data) households, and 14,051 (2000 data) families residing in the city. The population density was 6,096.7 people per square mile (2,199.9/km²). There were 30,272 (2000 data) housing units at an average density of 2,790.6 per square mile (1,077.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 61.38% White, 20.19% African American, 0.69% Native American, 3.62% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 7.24% from other races, and 6.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.47% of the population. There is a growing Guyanese population in the area.

Using 2000 data, there were 26,264 households out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.0% were married couples living together, 16.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.5% were non-families. 38.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the city the year 2000 population was spread out with 24.3% under the age of 18, 11.6% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city in 2000 was $29,378, and the median income for a family was $36,458. Males had a median income of $30,869 versus $25,292 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,076. About 16.8% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.5% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.

The acting mayor is Gary McCarthy, City Council President. McCarthy took over when elected mayor Brian Stratton resigned to accept a position with the State of New York on April 3, 2011.

Rail transportation
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides regular service to Schenectady. Schenectady also has freight rail service from Canadian Pacific Railway and CSX Transportation.

Schenectady once had a local streetcar system and an electric interurban passenger line from Gloversville, Johnstown, Amsterdam, and Scotia into Downtown Schenectady. This was on the electrified Fonda, Johnstown, and Gloversville Railroad. Considerable passenger traffic for the interurban was created by the numerous leather and glove companies (178) in the Gloversville region. Sales representatives with their product sample cases beginning their sales campaigns throughout the rest of the country would use the interurban to reach Schenectady's New York Central Railroad station to connect for trains to New York City and Chicago and points between.

Bright orange FJ&G interurbans were scheduled to meet every daylight New York Central train that stopped at Schenectady. Through the 1900s and into the early 1930s the line was quite prosperous but as ridership began to decline, the FJ&G purchased in 1932 five lightweight Brill Bullet cars (#125 through 129) from the JGBrill Company. These interurbans represented state of the art design: the "bullet" description came from the unusual aerodynamically sloped front roof down to the windshield. This purchase was based upon FJ&G's assumption of continuing good passenger business from a prosperous glove and leather industry and legacy tourism traffic to Lake Sacandaga north of Gloversville. Instead, roads got better, automobiles got cheaper, and the Great Depression deepened.

Ridership continued to decline, and in 1938 New York state condemned the line's bridge over the Mohawk River at Schenectady. This bridge had once carried cars, pedestrians, plus the interurban, but ice flow damage in 1928 prompted the state to restrict its use to the interurban. In 1938, the state condemned the bridge for interurban use too, and this led to abandonment of passenger service. The desirable Bullet cars were sold. Freight business had also been important to the FJ&G, and supposedly it continued over the questionable bridge into Schenectady a few more years.

Places of interest



 * Proctors Theatre is an arts center. Built in 1926 as a vaudeville/movie theater, it has been refurbished. It is home to "Goldie," a Wurlitzer theater pipe organ. Proctor's was also the site of one of the first public demonstrations of television, projecting an image from a studio at the GE plant a mile [2 km] away. Today, Proctors is home to 3 theaters including the historic Mainstage at Proctors, the GE Theatre at Proctors and 440 Upstairs at Proctors.
 * The Stockade Historic District, which features dozens of Dutch and English Colonial houses from the 18th and 19th centuries, is New York's first historic district, designated in 1965. It is named after the stockade fence that originally surrounded the settlement.
 * The Schenectady County Historical Society, has a combined History Museum, and the Grems-DoLittle research library. They are housed at 32 Washington Ave. in the Stockade District. The house was originally built in 1895 for the Jackson family. It became the GE Women's Club in 1915 until 1957, when it was donated to the Historical Society. The History Museum tells of the History of Schenectady, the Yates Doll House, the Erie Canal, and the Glen-Sanders Collection, etc. The research library has many collections of papers, photograpshs, and books, and welcomes people doing local and genealogical research.
 * The Mabee House in nearby Rotterdam Jct. is owned and operated by the Schenectady County Historical Society. It features the oldest house in the Mohawk Valley, and many events, school programs and exhibits.
 * The General Electric Realty Plot, located near Union College, was built for General Electric Company executives in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and features an eclectic collection of grand homes in a variety of architectural styles, including Tudor, Dutch Colonial, Queen Anne, and Spanish Colonial. The Plot is home to the first all electric home in the United States, and is one of the first planned residential neighborhoods in the US. The Plot also hosts an annual House and Garden Tour.
 * Union College, adjacent to the GE Realty Plot, is the oldest planned college campus in the United States. The Union campus features the unique 16-sided Nott Memorial building, built in 1875, and Jackson's Garden, eight acres (32,000 m²) of formal gardens and woodlands.
 * Central Park is the crown jewel of Schenectady's parks. Central Park is the highest elevation point in the city. The Common Council voted in 1913 to purchase the land for the present site of the park. The park features an acclaimed rose garden, Iroquois Lake, and a stadium tennis court which was the former home to the New York Buzz of the World Team Tennis league (as of 2008). Central park was named after New York City's Central Park, the crowning achievement of the designer of both, Frederick Law Olmstead.
 * The Schenectady Museum features exhibits on the development of science and technology. It contains the Suits-Bueche Planetarium.
 * Schenectady City Hall is the focal point of government in the city. It was designed by McKim, Mead and White and built in 1933.
 * Schenectady's Municipal Golf Course is an 18-hole championship facility sited among oaks and pines. Designed in 1935 by Jim Thompson under the WPA, the course was ranked by Golf Digest among "Best Places to Play in 2004" and received a three-star rating.
 * Jay Street, located between Proctors and City Hall, is a short street partially closed to motor traffic. It features a number of small, independently operated businesses and eateries and is a popular destination.
 * Schenectady Light Opera Company (SLOC) is a small community theater on group on State Street in downtown Schenectady.
 * The Empire State Aerosciences Museum, in nearby Glenville, features extensive exhibits and materials on aviation.
 * The Edison Tech Center, exhibits and promotes the physical development of engineering and technology from Schenectady and elsewhere, it provides online and on site displays that promote learning about electricity and its applications in technology.
 * Upper Union Street Business Improvement District, near the Niskayuna boundary, is home to almost 100 independently owned businesses including a score of restaurants, upscale retail, specialty shops, salons and services.

In popular culture

 * The 2008 film Synecdoche, New York is partially set in Schenectady, and plays on the aural similarity between the city's name and the figure of speech synecdoche. The film The Way We Were was filmed on location in Schenectady at Union College, and in nearby Electric City.


 * In the television program, "The Honeymooners", Trixie's mother was from Schenectady. In the ABC-TV series Ugly Betty, Marc St. James (played by Michael Urie) grew up in Schenectady. In one episode of All In The Family, Edith (played by Jean Stapleton) mentions that going to Buffalo, New York by way of the New York State Thruway, it took her at least four hours to go through Schenectady.


 * In the song Someone To Love by Fountains of Wayne, Seth Shapiro, a fictional character in the song, moved to Brooklyn from Schenectady in 1993.


 * Schenectady is referenced or is the setting for many of Kurt Vonnegut's books, most notably Hocus Pocus and Player Piano.


 * Doctor Octopus a Marvel Comics supervillain was born in Schenectady, New York.


 * Daisy Miller, the title character of the 1878 novella by Henry James, hails from Schenectady. This fact is revealed, in a passage notable for its humor, when Daisy's little brother, Randolph, explaining why his father has not accompanied the family on its trip to Switzerland, announces, "'My father ain't in Europe; my father's in a better place than Europe.'"  His interlocutor "imagined for a moment that this was the manner in which the child had been taught to intimate that Mr. Miller had been removed to the sphere of celestial rewards. But Randolph immediately added, 'My father's in Schenectady.  He's got a big business.  My father's rich, you bet.'"


 * Author Harlan Ellison has stated that anytime a fan or interviewer asks him the question "Where do you get your ideas?" he replies "Schenectady". Science fiction writer Barry Longyear subsequently titled a collection of his short stories "It Came From Schenectady"


 * Grace Adler, of the television comedy Will & Grace, is from Schenectady. In the series, Grace was raised in Schenectady and her mother, played by Debbie Reynolds, still lives there as of the end of the series' run.  The city was featured in season one's "The Unsinkable Mommy Adler", season two's "Whose Mom Is It Anyway?" and season six's "Swimming From Cambodia" and "Fanilow".  In the flashback season three episode, Lows In The Mid-Eighties, Will and Grace visited Schenectady back when they were dating during college.

In 2011, the movie 'The Place Beyond the Pines' featuring Bradley Cooper and Ryan Gosling is being filmed near the Schenectady Police Headquarters and other areas of Schenectady. The movie will be released in 2013.

Notable residents

 * Stephen Alexander, (1806–1883), astronomer, mathematician, and educator
 * Horatio Allen, (1802–1889), railroad engineer and inventor.
 * Ralph Alpher (1921–2007), a cosmologist who won the National Medal of Science for his seminal work on the Big Bang Theory.
 * Chester Arthur (1829–1886), U.S. president, lived in Schenectady while attending Union College.
 * Andy Bloom (born 1973), Olympic shot putter.
 * Jim Barbieri (born 1941), major league baseball outfielder.
 * Pat Cadigan (born 1953), science fiction author, was born in Schenectady.
 * Jimmy Carter (born 1924), U.S. president, studied briefly at Union College.
 * Billy Connors (born 1941), major league baseball pitcher.
 * Jackie Craven, architectural writer
 * Ann B. Davis (born 1926), actress (Alice on The Brady Bunch) was born in Schenectady
 * Amir Derakh, guitarist for the rock band Orgy, was born in Schenectady
 * Paul "Legs" DiCocco (1924–1989), gambler and racketeer
 * John Owen Dominis (1832–1891), prince consort of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii
 * Jamie Dukes (born 1964), American football player, born in Schenectady
 * Harry J. Flynn (born 1933), Roman Catholic archbishop of Minneapolis and St. Paul, was born in Schenectady.
 * Harold Gould (1923-2010), actor (The Golden Girls), was born in Schenectady.
 * Kevin Greene (born 1962), American football linebacker, assistant coach.
 * Patricia Kalember (born 1957), actress, born in Schenectady.
 * Irving Langmuir (1881–1957), 1932 Nobel laureate in chemistry.
 * Sir Charles Mackerras (1925–2010), Australian conductor, was born in Schenectady.
 * Tom Moulton (born 1940), record producer.
 * Shirley Muldowney (born 1940), professional auto racer, was born and raised in Schenectady.
 * Ray Nelson (born 1931), science fiction author and cartoonist, born in Schenectady.
 * Eliphalet Nott (1773–1866), president of Union College.
 * Jean-Hervé Peron (born 1949), Germany rock musician, lived in Schenectady in 1967-1968 as an exchange student.
 * Pat Riley (born 1945), NBA player and coach, was born in Rome NY, lived in Schenectady.
 * Don Rittner, author and historian, lives in Schenectady
 * Ron Rivest (born 1947), cryptographer, co-inventor of RSA cryptography
 * Mickey Rourke (born 1952), actor and boxer, was born in Schenectady
 * John Sayles (born 1950), film director, born and raised in Schenectady
 * Vincent J. Schaefer (1906-1993), chemist, meteorologist.
 * William H. Seward (1801–1872), U.S. Secretary of State.
 * Nehemiah Shumway (1761–1843), teacher and musical composer, lived in Schenectady.
 * Simon J. Schermerhorn (1827–1901), U.S. representative.
 * Gerald Stano (1951–1998), serial killer.
 * Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865–1923), mathematician, electrical engineer, developer of alternating current.
 * Brian U. Stratton, mayor, director of the New York State Canal Corporation
 * Samuel S. Stratton (1916–1990), mayor, U.S. representative, father of Brian Stratton.
 * Lynne Talley (born 1954), oceanographer, born in Schenectady.
 * John Tudor (born 1954), major league baseball pitcher
 * Deborah Van Valkenburgh (born 1952), actress (The Warriors) was born in Schenectady.
 * Charles H. Veeder (1796–1871), Schenectady native, founder of Minden, Louisiana.
 * Kurt Vonnegut (1922–2007) lived in Schenectady while working for GE in the early 1950s.
 * George H. Wells (1833–1905), Confederate officer, attorney and member of the Louisiana State Senate
 * George Westinghouse (1846–1914), engineer and inventor. grew up in Schenectady.
 * Charles Yates (1808–1870), brigadier-general during the American Civil War; nephew of Joseph Christopher Yates.
 * Joseph Christopher Yates (1768–1837), governor of New York.

Sister city

 * Nijkerk, Netherlands