Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)

In, Haplogroup R is a , a subgroup of , associated with the M207 mutation. It is believed to have occurred somewhere in Northwest Asia between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago. However, most of the rare forms of Haplogroup R chromosomes, as well as most cases of the closely related, are found among populations of , , , , , and.

The majority of members of haplogroup R belong to the Haplogroup R1, defined by marker M173. R1 is very common throughout  and western. Its distribution is believed to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the. Its main subgroups are R1a (SRY1532) and R1b (M343).

One isolated clade (or clades) of Y chromosomes that appear to belong to Haplogroup R1* (M173-derived) is found at high frequency among the native populations of northern in west-central Africa, which is believed to reflect a prehistoric back-migration of an ancient proto-Eurasian population into Africa; some researchers have reported having also detected  Y-chromosomes at a low frequency among some of these Cameroonian populations, which also suggests a Eurasian affinity. Some Y-chromosomes that appear to be closely related to the northern Cameroonian R1b1* are found at a substantial frequency among the modern population of. Many modern populations of northern Cameroon speak, which are classified as an ancient branch of the superfamily of languages; the now extinct language of the  also belonged to the same superfamily.

Individuals whose Y-chromosomes possess all the mutations on internal nodes of the Y-DNA tree down to and including M207 (which defines Haplogroup R) but which display neither the M173 mutation that defines Haplogroup R1 nor the M124 mutation that defines Haplogroup R2 are categorised as belonging to group R. Some instances of Haplogroup R* have been reported from samples of.

Subclades
The s of haplogroup R with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree:


 * R
 * R1  (M173)
 * R1a  (SRY1532)
 * R1a1 (M17, M198)
 * R1a1a (M56)
 * R1a1b (M157)
 * R1a1c  (M64.2, M87, M204)
 * R1a1
 * R1a
 * R1b  (M343)
 * R1b1  (P25)
 * R1b1a  (M18)
 * R1b1b  (M73)
 * R1b1c  (M269, S3, S10, S13, S17)
 * R1b1c1  (M37)
 * R1b1c2  (M65)
 * R1b1c3  (M126)
 * R1b1c4  (M153)
 * R1b1c5  (M160)
 * R1b1c6  (SRY2627, M167)
 * R1b1c7  (M222)
 * R1b1c8  (P66)
 * R1b1c9  (S21)
 * R1b1c9a  (S26)
 * R1b1c9b  (S29)
 * R1b1c9
 * R1b1c10  (S28)
 * R1b1c
 * R1b1d  (M335)
 * R1b1
 * R1b
 * R1
 * R2  (M124)

R1a1
R1a likely originated in the, and may be associated with the culture and  expansion. It is primarily found in Central and Western Asia, India, and the of, as well as among some populations of  and southern , where it might reflect  influences of. Some researchers have objected to the association of Haplogroup R1a with Proto-Indo-Europeans, and believe instead that it reflects the traces of the ancient and  domains, which they associate with the, ,  (Proto-Balto-Slavic-Indo-Iranian), , or even  languages. One important observation that has been made about the frequently occurring subgroup R1a1 is that it appears to be very recently introduced in both the western and eastern extremes of its distribution: all the Haplogroup R1a1 Y-chromosomes found among the of Central Europe and the  people of Mongolia coalesce to a common patrilineal ancestor who should have lived well within the bounds of the, and possibly even within the bounds of historical time. This distribution is somewhat reminiscent of the widespread and frequently occurring subgroup of that is believed to represent direct patrilineal. The R1a1 component of the Y-chromosome diversity among the Czechs suggests a rapid demographic expansion beginning about 60 to 80 generations ago, which would equate to about 1500 years ago (approx. 500 AD) to 2000 years ago (approx. 1 AD) with a generation time of 25 years. This means that the Y-chromosome distribution in the modern Czech population may be nothing but a magnified and perhaps somewhat modified version of the Y-chromosome distribution as it was in the region where the ancestors of the Czechs dwelt during the times of the.

Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is spread across. It is common in, northern , and. The first carriers of the R1a1 haplotype are believed to be have been peoples living about 10,000 years ago around area who after become nomadic proliferated on. Current theories point to them being speakers of the  in the  scenario. In Europe, the highest frequencies are found among. Today it is found with its highest levels and diversity in Ukraine, where more than one out of two men has this haplogroup. It is found in high frequencies as well in Russia, Poland, and the Czech Republic, to name only a few, and relatively high frequencies are also found in and is believed to have been spread across Europe by the, which may account for the existence of it in, among other places, the.

R1b
Haplogroup R1b originated prior to or during the last glaciation, when it was concentrated in refugia in southern Europe and the Aegean. It is the most common haplogroup in, but has been found at low frequency as far away as and. It is also found in where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria. In south-eastern the frequency of R1b is about 70%; in parts of the rest of north and western, , ,  and , it is as high as 90%; and in parts of north-western Ireland it reaches 98%. The R1b clade appears to have a much higher degree of internal diversity than R1a, which suggests that the M343 mutation that derives R1b from R1* may have occurred considerably earlier than the SRY1532 mutation that defines R1a.

R1b (previously called Hg1 and Eu18) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in. It is an offshoot of R1 (M173), characterised by the M343 marker. An overwhelming majority of members of R1b are classified as R1b1 (defined by the P25 marker), the remainder as R1b*. Its frequency is highest in (and due to modern European emigration, in parts of the ). The majority of R1b-carriers of European descent belong to the subclade R1b1c (M269).

R2
Haplogroup R2 (M124), found only in populations of, , , and the. Haplogroup R2 is also found at a high frequency among certain groups of (i.e., Gypsies), who are generally believed to have migrated into Europe and other regions from an ancient homeland in.

The R2 subgroup is defined by marker M124. Unlike the other subgroups of R, R2 is confined to and nearby regions. The highest frequency is found in. It is also reported in lower frequencies in and n populations.