1254

War and politics

 * - marries . His father  had demanded the marriage in exchange of ending the war with her brother
 * - defeats army of  at.
 * King, having exhausted his funds and being needed at home, abandons the (which he had conducted first in  and then ) and returns to.
 * King Louis IX of France expels all s from France.
 * King holds the first session of the Cortes ('s general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class, and representatives from all municipalities) in.
 * In, an important step in the evolution of the and  occurs, as lesser barons are replaced on the  by elected representatives from shires and cities.
 * and (later elected ).
 * The town of  is taken over by.

Culture

 * The city of  receives its city charter.
 * The  of  is clarified and so named by the Catholic church.
 * The, once supposed to have adorned the in ancient , are installed at  in.
 * The city of  is founded.
 * Construction is begun on the in.
 * - succeeds  as the 181st.

Asia

 * defeat ns in the.
 * The  is completed.
 * destroys kingdom in modern.
 * Mongols enslave 200,000 and take them away.

Births

 * -, Italian explorer (died )
 * (died )
 * ,,  and  (died )
 * , Chinese painter

Deaths

 * - (born )
 * -, (born )
 * (born )
 * (born )