19th century

Overview
Following the, the became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the world's population and one third of the land area. It enforced a, encouraged trade, and battled rampant.

was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful, Britain forced the to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, , and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade. Britain abolished slavery in 1834, 's Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War would end slavery in 1863, and in slavery ended in 1888(see ). Similarly, was abolished in.

Electricity, steel and petroleum fuelled a which enabled the, , and the  to become s that. However, and   failed to keep pace with the other world powers which led to massive social unrest in both empires.

1800s

 * : The Company of Surgeons are awarded their and become.
 * : The and the  merge to form the.
 * -: between the  and the  of
 * : The buys out 's territorial claims in  via the . This begins the U.S.'s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its  which involves  from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.
 * : gains independence from  and becomes the first black republic, culminating the only successful  ever.
 * : founded by.
 * -: The against  rule.
 * -: modernizes.
 * : dissolved as a consequence of the.
 * : declares the Slave Trade illegal.
 * -: conquers  from  in the.
 * -:  in the.
 * : strips the  of their last holdings in.

1810s

 * : The, the world's first research university, is founded. Among its students and faculty are , , and . The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see ).
 * -: Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the and s after the  and the.
 * : The is a turning point in the.
 * -: between the  and the
 * -: The contest between the and  for control of  is referred to as.
 * : The redraws the an map. The  attempts to preserve this settlement, but it fails to stem the tide of liberalism and nationalism that sweeps over the continent.
 * : defeat at  brings a conclusion to the  and marks the beginning of a  which lasts until 1870.
 * -: 's kingdom becomes the largest in.
 * : The modern city of is established by the.
 * : The modern city of is established by the.

1820s

 * : founded by the  for freed American slaves.
 * -: becomes the first country to break away from the  after the.
 * -: The British Empire annexed Burma (now called ) after three.
 * : opened connecting the  to the.
 * -: After the final, the took back territory lost to Russia from the previous war.
 * -: The results in the independence of.

1830s

 * : The in the  led to the creation of.
 * : dissolved and the nations of, , , and  took its place.
 * : bans slavery throughout the.
 * -: in.
 * : officially ends.
 * -: 's rebellion in Russian-occupied.
 * -: The in  resulted in the short-lived.
 * -: 's reign is considered the apex of the and is referred to as the.
 * -: Civil war in the led to the foundings of, , , , and.
 * -: After two, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and gained many concessions from  resulting in the decline of the.
 * -: After two, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and gained many concessions from  resulting in the decline of the.
 * -: After two, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and gained many concessions from  resulting in the decline of the.



1840s

 * : is founded, as the  is signed by the  and.
 * movement awaits the of  on October 22. Christ's non-appearance becomes known as the.
 * - Persian Prophet the announces his revelation, founding m. He announced to the world of the coming of "." He is considered the forerunner of, the founder of the.
 * -: The led to the.
 * -: The leads to 's cession of much of the modern-day.
 * -: migration to.
 * -: The.
 * :  published.
 * : in

1850s

 * : The ends around this time.
 * -: in
 * -: The in  is the bloodiest conflict of the century.
 * : The formally ends 's policy of.
 * -: between France, the United Kingdom, the  and
 * : enables  to be mass produced.
 * : World's first in
 * : published.
 * : published.

1860s

 * -: between the  and seceding
 * : Russia.
 * -: in northwest.
 * : Formation of the is followed by the adoption of the  in 1864.
 * -: against the.
 * -: The was an attempt by Spain to regain its South American colonies.
 * -: The ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population.
 * -: in the
 * : Successful follows an earlier attempt in.
 * : results in the dissolution of the  and the creation of the  and the.
 * -: After the, embarks on a program of rapid.
 * : The  from.
 * : formed.
 * : completed in.
 * : The opens linking the  to the.
 * : completed in.
 * : The opens linking the  to the.

1870s

 * -: The results in the unifications of  and, the collapse of the , the breakdown of Pax Britannica, and the emergence of a.
 * -: in  is believed to have caused the death of 2 million.
 * -: in Western Europe and North America
 * : is created.
 * : Maxwell's  published.
 * : The is dissolved.
 * -: 26 million Indians perished in India due to.
 * : The against  rule.
 * -: 13 million Chinese died of in northern.
 * -: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the.
 * : in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide.
 * -: The are freed from the  after another  in the.
 * : First commercial in.
 * : in.
 * : in.

1880s

 * -: the.
 * : First electrical and  in, Britain.
 * -: The in.
 * : volcano explosion.
 * -: The signals the start of the European "". Attending nations also agree to ban trade in.
 * -: The led to the formation of.
 * : ended with the defeat and the exile of many s.  defeated.
 * :  establishes the  Muslim Community.
 * : End of the and the beginning of the
 * : End of the and the beginning of the

1890s

 * : The was the last battle in the American . This event represents the end of the.
 * -: After the, cedes  to  and grants Japan a free hand in.
 * -: defeats  in the.
 * : revived in.
 * : in Canada.
 * :, or Emperor Gwangmu, proclaims the short-lived : lasts until.
 * : The gains control of, , and the  after the.
 * -: The in  is suppressed by an.
 * -: The One Thousand Days war in breaks out between the "Liberales" and "Conservadores," culminating with the loss of  in.
 * : begins (-);  begins (-).

Significant people

 * , First Consul and Emperor of the French
 * , English cricketer
 * , civic planner
 * , explorer of the an
 * inspired China's, perhaps the bloodiest civil war in human history
 * , writer and explorer
 * , nursing pioneer
 * , proponent of
 * , the founder of
 * , Australian
 * , a leader of the
 * , a leader of the
 * , Australian folk hero, and outlaw
 * , United States President
 * , Confederate States President
 * , Australian Nurse and found an Innovative Treatment of Polio
 * , Queen of England
 * , Emperor of

Painters
The and  of the early 19th century gave way to  and  in the later half of the century, with  being the dominant art capital of the world. 19th century painters included:

Music
matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the nineteenth century was referred to as being in the style. Many great composers lived through this era such as, , , and. Others included:

Literature
On the literary front the new century opens with, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the and the. and are considered the initiators of the new school in, while in the continent the German  spreads its influence as far as  and.

French arts had been hampered by the but subsequently developed rapidly. began.

The Goncourts and in  and  in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21,, and  published the Communist Manifesto.

There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians, and ; the English , , and ; the Scottish ; the Irish ; the Americans  and ; and the French , ,  and. Some others of note included:


 * (1802-1870)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (1802-1870)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (1802-1870)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (1802-1870)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)
 * (Marie-Henri Beyle)

Science
The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term  was in 1833 by. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of, who in 1859 published the book , which introduced the idea of by. made the first against, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the. gave the world light with his invention of the. and other mathematicians also carried out the. Other important 19th century scientists included:
 * , physicist
 * , mathematician, physicist
 * , physicist
 * , inventor
 * , physicist
 * , mathematician
 * , inventor of
 * , chemist
 * , physicist, chemist
 * , physicist
 * , chemist
 * , engineer, industrial designer and industrialist
 * , physicist, mathematician
 * , inventor
 * , scientist
 * , physicist
 * , mathematician, logician and philosopher
 * , mathematician, physicist, astronomer
 * , physicist
 * , biologist
 * , physicist
 * , naturalist, explorer
 * , mathematician
 * ,, physicist
 * , physician, bacteriologist
 * , chemist
 * , inventors
 * , car-engine and automobile designer and industrialist.
 * , physicist
 * , biologist
 * , chemist
 * , inventor
 * ,inventor
 * , chemist, engineer, inventor
 * , microbiologist and chemist
 * , mathematician
 * , inventor
 * , the father of psychoanalysis

Philosophy and religion
The 19th century was host to a variety of religious and philosophical thinkers, including:
 * , anarchist
 * , social reformer, founder of the
 * , philosopher
 * , religious leader, founder of
 * , philosopher
 * , philosopher
 * , political philosopher
 * , philosopher
 * , philosopher
 * , Hindu mystic
 * , philosopher
 * , founder of French
 * , social reformer
 * and, founders of
 * , religious leader, introduced y into Japan.
 * founded the in Persia
 * , theologian, principal of

Politics

 * , women's rights advocate
 * , chancellor
 * , general, first consul and emperor
 * , senator
 * , senator
 * , President of the just before and during the.
 * , abolitionist spokesman
 * , French politician
 * , unifier of and ese soldier
 * , emperor
 * , abolitionist leader
 * , British prime minister
 * , general and president
 * , founder of modern political
 * , general and president
 * , statesman, philosopher, and president
 * , Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence
 * , revolutionary, self-proclaimed
 * , novelist and politician
 * , n liberators
 * , general
 * , president; led the nation during the
 * ,, first Prime Minister of Canada
 * , ese emperor
 * , ese (The Last Shogun)
 * , aristocrat, leader of the Hungarian reform movement
 * , French politician
 * , British monarch
 * , Austrian Chancellor
 * , British monarch
 * , Austrian Chancellor