Haplogroup C-M130

In, Haplogroup C (RPS4Y=M130, M216) is a. Haplogroup C seems to have come into existence shortly after M168 was introduced, probably at least 60,000 years before present. Although Haplogroup C attains its highest frequencies among the indigenous populations of, the , , , and at moderate frequency in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria, it displays its highest diversity among modern populations of , and therefore it is hypothesized that Haplogroup C either originated or underwent its longest period of evolution and diversification within India or the greater South Asian coastal region.

It represents a great coastal migration along, into and , and up the Asian coast. It is believed to have s some 6,000-8,000 years before present, and was carried by speaking peoples into the northwest Pacific coast of. Some have hypothesized that Haplogroups C and were brought together to East Asia by a single population that became the first successful modern human colonizers of that region, but at present the distributions of Haplogroups C and D are different, with various subtypes of Haplogroup C being found at high frequency among the, , , , , , Koreans, and indigenous inhabitants of the  and at moderate frequencies elsewhere throughout Asia and Oceania, including India and Southeast Asia, whereas Haplogroup D is found at high frequencies only among the Tibetans, Japanese peoples, and Andaman Islanders, and has been found neither in India nor among the aboriginal inhabitants of the Americas or Oceania.

Haplogroup C contains the polymorphism, very common in, which is believed to be that of , spread wide during the conquest of Asia.

The distribution of Haplogroup C is generally limited to populations of northern Eurasia, eastern Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas. There is a tendency for Haplogroup C to appear as the minor component of Y-chromosome diversity among a population in which the major component is accounted for by s of (M9). Haplogroup C also rarely co-occurs with among populations of northern Eurasia.

Due to the tremendous age of this macro-haplogroup, numerous mutations have had time to accumulate on the background of a Haplogroup C-M130 Y-chromosome, and several regionally important subbranches of Haplogroup C have been identified. is probably the most important of these, as the geographic extent of its dispersal is without compare, stretching longitudinally from regional subgroups of the in  all the way to the  in northern  and northwest, and latitudinally from the  and  of the  and the  peoples of  and western  all the way to , , , and the. The highest frequencies of Haplogroup C3 are found among the populations of and the Russian Far East, where it is generally the modal haplogroup. Haplogroup C3 is the only variety of Haplogroup C to be found among, among whom it reaches its highest frequency in populations.

Other distinctive subbranches of Haplogroup C have been found to be specific to certain populations within restricted geographical territories, and even where these other branches are found, they tend to appear as a very low-frequency, minor component of the palette of Y-chromosome diversity within those territories. Haplogroup C1, a very ancient but at present extremely rare lineage, is specific to the and  populations of, among whom it occurs at a frequency of about 5.4%. Haplogroup C2 is found among certain local populations within, , , and ; among the populations of some islands of Polynesia, Haplogroup C2 has become the , probably due to severe s and. The recently identified Haplogroup C4 is the most common haplogroup among, and it has not been found outside of that continent. Haplogroup C5 occurs at a very low frequency in, , and.

Patrilines that belong to Haplogroup C but do not belong to any of its identified subgroups are labeled as Haplogroup C*, which are found at low frequencies along the southern coast of Asia from India to Vietnam and into the interior of province in China, as well as throughout the Philippines, Indonesia, and Micronesia. Haplogroup C* Y-chromosomes have also been detected, but only at even lower frequencies, among populations of coastal New Guinea and island Melanesia; this suggests that, within Oceania, Haplogroup C* is associated with populations of Austronesian cultural affiliation, despite the fact that the derived haplogroup C4 is predominant among the indigenous inhabitants of Australia. Several examples of Haplogroup C*, which appear to be closely related to a scatter of modern South Asian C* haplotypes, have also been found at vanishingly low frequency among the of. Some researchers have also reported finding a Haplogroup C-RPS4Y Y-chromosome in a man with a sample size of only 31 individuals (i.e., 1/31 or approximately 3.2%), but it is not clear whether this was really a C* chromosome, in which case descent from a South Asian immigrant might be indicated, or whether it belonged to an identified subclade of Haplogroup C, such as C3, which would make it more likely that this particular Lebanese man descended from a  invader.

Subgroups
The s of Haplogroup C with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree:


 * C (RPS4Y (M130), M216)
 * C*
 * C1 (M8, M105, M131) Limited to a low frequency in the 
 * C2 (M38) Typical of and certain populations of 
 * C2*
 * C2a (P33)
 * C2b (M208)
 * (M217, P44) Typical of, , and indigenous peoples of the 
 * C3*
 * C3a (M93) Observed sporadically among 
 * C3b (P39) Typical of the peoples of North America
 * C3c (M48, M77, M86) Typical of peoples and, with a moderate distribution among Southern Tungusic peoples, Inner Mongolians, and some 
 * C3d (M407) Observed sporadically among and 
 * C4 (M347) Typical of 
 * C4*
 * C4a (DYS390.1 del)
 * C4b (M210)
 * C5 (M356) Limited to a low frequency in