Chubut Province

Chubut (Provincia del Chubut, ; ; Talaith Chubut) is a province in southern Argentina, situated between the 42nd parallel south (the border with Río Negro Province), the 46th parallel south (bordering Santa Cruz Province), the Andes range to the west, and the Atlantic ocean to the east. The province's name derives from the Tehuelche word chupat, meaning "transparent," their description of the Chubut River.

The largest city is Comodoro Rivadavia in the south of the province; it has 180,000 inhabitants,. The administrative capital is Rawson (40,000). Other important cities are Puerto Madryn, Trelew, Esquel and Sarmiento. Gaiman is a cultural and demographic centre of the region known as "Y Wladfa" in which Welsh-Argentines are concentrated. Of the 25,000 Welsh speakers in Argentina, 5,000 live in the Chubut region, particularly in the early Welsh settlements of Gaiman, Trelew and Trevelin.

History


Before the Spaniards arrived in the Americas, nomadic indigenous peoples had inhabited the Patagonia region for thousands of years. They lived as hunter-gatherers and covered territory in seasonal cycles as they followed game.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Spanish missionaries came to the area, and founded the San José Fort on Península Valdés. The indigenous people later destroyed it.

In 1865, Welsh people came to Chubut in the Mimosa ship and settled in the Chubut Valley area. The region was disputed between Chile and Argentina until 1881. Chile renounced its claim in order to prevent Argentina from entering into the War of the Pacific, in which it was already fighting against Peru and Bolivia.

As part of the Conquista del Desierto (Conquest of the Desert), Argentina organized the National Territory of Chubut in 1884, after the last indigenous cacique, Inyacal, surrendered to government forces. Luis Fontana was named governor. At the beginning of the 20th century, after the Boer War, some Boer people settled in the town of Sarmiento (founded by the Welsh people at the end of the 19th century), and in lesser number in other nearby towns.

In 1944, the southern part of Chubut and northern part of Santa Cruz were designated the Comodoro Rivadavia military zone. The zone was dissolved in 1955, and Chubut was declared a province. Studies in the 1950s revealed mineral wealth in the province, which the government has tried to develop.

Population shifts of the late 20th century, especially from Buenos Aires, raised the population steadily from 190,000 (1970), to 357,000 (1991) and 413,237 (2001). The government has encouraged people to resettle here. Most of the inhabitants are in the main cities. They have also settled along the Chubut River. Most areas have a population density of less than 1 inhabitant per square kilometer.

Economy
Chubut's economy, for a long time one of the most prosperous in Argentina, is one of the country's least diversified. Nearly one-quarter of its 2006 output, estimated at US$4.7 billion, is generated by mining and petroleum. This sector's contribution (mostly centered around Comodoro Rivadavia) helped give Chubut the nation's fourth-highest per capita output in 2011, US$25,250. Petroleum refining is the main economic activity of the province; it generates 13% of Argentine oil production (mostly off-shore). On May 21, 2014, Miguel Galuccio of YPF and Chubut Governor Martin Buzzi announced the first unconventional oil and gas discovery in Chubut from a fracked well in the Early Cretaceous D-129 formation of the Golfo San Jorge basin. Chubut produces 21% of the nation's fish catch.

Sheep ranching, though less than half as productive in the 21st century that as recently as 1990, remains important at the local level. The advent of synthetic replacements to wool after World War II battered the sector. It declined further because of Argentina's political instability and damage from natural disasters. Wool production has risen since 2002, however, and totaled 71,000 tons in 2006.

Relief
Chubut stretches from the Atlantic to the Andes with 3 distinct environmental regions: The Andes, the central plains and the coastal regions. The Andes in the westernmost parts of the province mostly extend along the Chilean border. The Andes are not that high in Chubut, with most peaks averaging around 1500 and 2000 m, which becomes smaller in altitude in the southern parts. The highest peak is Cerro Dos Picos, located east of Lago Cholila with a height of 2515 m. The Andes in this province are of tertiary origin and are separated by wide, deep transverse valleys that are oriented in an east–west direction. These valleys are occupied by glacial lakes and rivers flowing east from the mountains. Most of these valleys existed before the Andes were formed. The lakes, which are mostly located in the western parts of the province are of glacial origin because during the last ice age, the movement of the glaciers lead to the formation of extensive areas of depressions that were filled up with water to form the lakes today.

Climate
Owing to the Andes, they help to block the humid winds from the Pacific ocean, causing most of the precipitation to fall on the western side of the Andes, leaving much of the province dry except in the western most parts. In the Andean region, the climate is cold for its latitude owing to the higher elevations there and the influence of winds from the Pacific Ocean. The peaks are usually snow covered throughout the year. In this region, precipitation ranges from 700 mm to over 2500 mm in some areas. The central parts of the province have an arid climate with hot, sunny summers but cold winters and only average 200 mm of precipitation a year. The central parts of the province are very windy throughout the year. The coast has an arid or semi-arid climate with hot, but short summers and cold winters. It is the mildest region in the province with the warmest annual mean temperatures. The coast region's climate is a transition between the more temperate climates to the north and the colder climates in the south. Summers tend to be much more warmer than Santa Cruz province to the south, particularly in the summer since subtropical air from the north can reach the province up until 46°. Because there is little land masses in the Southern hemisphere, most of the cold fronts, which usually move in a west to east direction are moderated as they pass over the Pacific Ocean. As such, cold temperatures are not as extreme as they are in the northern hemisphere. Similar to the rest of Patagonia the climate is characterized by strong winds throughout the year, which also leads to higher evapotranspiration, another factor in the province being mostly dry.

Temperature
The western parts of the province are the coldest with an annual mean temperature of 8 C owing to the higher elevations while the coastal areas are the warmest with an annual mean temperature of 12 to 14 C. The central parts of the province have an annual mean temperature of 10 to 12 C since they have a higher elevation than the coastal areas. During winter, the mean temperature in the coldest months ranges from 6 to 7 C in the northern parts of the province to 4 to 7 C in the southern parts. In the Andes, the mean temperature can be close to 0 C. During summer, the temperature gradient is more stronger than in the winter. The northern parts of the province, have a mean temperature greater than 20 C in the warmest months while in the southern parts, the mean temperature in the warmest month ranges from 17 to 19 C owing to the influence of subtropical air from the north. The westernmost parts of the province are the coolest during the summer, averaging only 14 C. The central parts of the province have the most extreme temperatures which can reach over 40 C during the summer and below -20 C in the winter.

The plateaus have considerably more extreme weather. Temperatures are warm during summer days, with the same range as in the coast, and cooler nights below 10 °C (50 °F). As fall approaches, night frost becomes the rule, and winters can sometimes be quite severe. Depending on elevation, daytime highs range from 3 °C (37 °F) to 9 °C (48 °F), while nighttime lows go from −1 °C (30 °F) to as low as −6 °C (21 °F). The lowest temperatures go from −25 °C to −30 °C (−13 to −22 °F) with severe wind chill. Snow is common, but in low quantities due to aridity.

The west of the province has more rainfall near the Andes. Some spots attain 4,000 mm of rainfall. Summers are cool and windy, at 20 °C to 22 °C (68 to 74 °F) during the day and 5 °C to 7 °C (41 to 45 °F) at night. Winters are very stormy, with rain, sleet and snow, highs from 4 °C to 8 °C (39 to 47                 °F) at low altitudes, and lows from 0 °C (32 °F) to −4 °C (25 °F). Temperatures rarely dip below −20 °C (−4 °F) but heavy snow may occur.

Altitudes over 1,000 m have constant winter snow cover, and over 2,000 m, the snow remains until midsummer. Higher peaks are heavily glaciated.

Newspapers
Print newspapers include:
 * Crónica and El Patagónico in Comodoro Rivadavia
 * El Oeste in Esquel
 * El Diario de Madryn in Puerto Madryn
 * El Chubut and Jornada in Trelew
 * Y Drafod, Welsh language newspaper since 1891
 * Clecs Camwy, new Welsh monthly newspaper, 2011

Online journalism
Online journalism has a small, growing presence in Chubut. The six print newspapers have online editions; these are updated every 24 hours. Some new digital proposals make a better use of web's potential. One case is Infochubut.com, a recent publication that works with audio, video, text and photographs for its news and offers forums for public participation. Some radio stations in northwest Chubut began to publish online some of the interviews made in their radio studies.

Radio
The most populous cities are served by AM radio stations, such as Chubut Radio and Three Radio in Trelew, Golfo Nuevo's Radio in Puerto Madryn, National Radio in Comodoro, Rivadavia and Esquel. There are also several FM radio stations which broadcast programs from a national central office.

Television
The provincial government runs a TV network that covers the province. In Trelew, Comodoro Rivadavia, Esquel, Puerto Madryn and in some small towns there are other local TV stations producing local programming to supplement the programming received from the Buenos Aires networks. In 2004 many Welsh Argentines asked the Welsh Government for access to Welsh-language channel S4C.

Tourism


Tourism is also a growing industry. The main attractions are Peninsula Valdés and other marine wildlife reservoirs such as Punta Tombo and Punta Ninfas, with right whales, eared seals, elephant seals, penguins, orcas and many other animals. At the Punta Tombo site there is one of the largest breeding areas for the Magellanic penguin.

Further south, on the sparsely populated beaches of the Golfo San Jorge, is the only place in the world where the peculiar, flightless Chubut steamer duck can be observed. In the Andean region, the Los Alerces National Park, impressive lakes and hikes near Esquel are also visited every year by many tourists. The 'Old Patagonian Express' (also known as La Trochita), the old steam train made famous by Paul Theroux, attracts many to Esquel, as does the La Hoya ski center. The petrified forest near Sarmiento is a 150 km² park with some of the largest fossilised trees in the world.

Transport
The Ruta Nacional 3 runs along the coast line up to Buenos Aires, and down to Tierra del Fuego. The Ruta Nacional 25 crosses Chubut from East to West, connecting Trelew and Esquel, but half of it has not yet been paved. Regular long distance buses run several times a day to Buenos Aires, and to many locations in the Santa Cruz Province. Short range buses to towns in Chubut run at least once a day. There are also daily summer buses on the route #25. The Trelew airport (IATA REL) serves regular flights to/from Buenos Aires and El Calafate. Airports are also maintained at Comodoro Rivadavia, Rawson and Esquel.

Major highways include:
 * Route 2, from Puerto Pirámides and Península Valdés
 * Route 3, north-south via Trelew and Comodoro Rivadavia
 * Route 26, west from Comodoro Rivadavia (223 km)
 * Route 20, which continues north 178 km to Jose de San Martín
 * Route 22, north from Perito Moreno (Santa Cruz province) 125 km
 * Route 25, west from Trelew (341 km)
 * Route 62, which continues west 166 km to join Route 40 at Tecka
 * Route 40, traveling north 266 km via Esquel to Cabeza del Indio
 * Route 30, east 73 km from Route 3 to the coast at Camarones
 * Route 259, west from Esquel to Chile.

Four other roads travel west to Chile's Aysén region, including Balmaceda and Coihaique Alto, and two to Chile's Los Lagos region from Corcovado to Palena and from Esquel via Trevelin to Futaleufu.

Political divisions
The province is divided into 15 departments (Spanish: departamentos).

Department (Capital)


 * 1) Cushamen Department (Cushamen)
 * 2) Escalante Department (Comodoro Rivadavia)
 * 3) Florentino Ameghino Department (Camarones)
 * 4) Futaleufú Department (Esquel)
 * 5) Gaiman Department (Gaiman)
 * 6) Gastre Department (Gastre)
 * 7) Languiñeo Department (Tecka)
 * 8) Mártires Department (Las Plumas)
 * 9) Paso de Indios Department (Paso de Indios)
 * 10) Rawson Department (Rawson)
 * 11) Río Senguer Department (Alto Río Senguer)
 * 12) Sarmiento Department (Sarmiento)
 * 13) Tehuelches Department (José de San Martín)
 * 14) Telsen Department (Telsen)
 * 15) Biedma Department (Puerto Madryn)

Institutions
Chubut is covered by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Comodoro Rivadavia. The Cathedral, dedicated to San Juan Bosco is in Comodoro Rivadavia and the Bishop since 2005 is Virginio Domingo Bressanelli. Other faiths are active in Chubut, principally amongst the Welsh chapels as well as Lutheran and Muslim places of worship in Comodoro.

The university—Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco—is based in Comodoro Rivadavia with campuses at Esquel, Trelew and Puerto Madryn, as well as in Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego.