11th century

As a means of recording the passage of, the 11th century was that which lasted from  to.

In the history of an culture, this period is considered the early part of the. There was a sudden decline of power and rise of  domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in Europe of notably influential s. In what is now northern, a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to early organized capitalism and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century. In  and the, this century marked the high point for both classical  and medieval , , and. Rivaling political factions at the court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. There was also a population explosion, doubling to the size of 100 million, and an that spurred manufacture and production rates which rivaled even 's  and  output in the early. For -era and -era, they had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. The (the Chola's rival) also rose to power by the end of the century. In this century the Turkish comes to power in the Middle East over the now fragmented  realm, while the  of the  were waged towards the close of the century. In the  continued to dominate the affairs of state. In the Americas the civilization flourished in, along with the  of. In, there was the for the principality of. In the  Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the. In the  began, while in  the  reached its height of political and military power.

Overview
In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the and is therefore sometimes termed the, though this term has another common meaning synonymous with. The century began while the  of was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the. It saw the final Christianisation of and the emergence of the  movements, the, and the  which revitalised a church and a papacy which survived tarnished by the tumultuous tenth century. In, the rent the church in two, however.

In Germany, it was marked by the ascendancy of the s, who hit their high watermark under the.

In Italy, it opened with the integration of the kingdom into the empire and the royal palace at was sacked in. By the end of the century, and  rule in the  had been usurped by the  and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the cities in the north.

In Britain, it saw the transformation of into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the  in. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics.

In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as.

In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last and ended in the successes of the. In between was a period of Christian unification under se hegemony and success in the against the  kingdoms which replaced the fallen caliphate.

In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the Chinese, the s of the  in the northwest, and the s of the  in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposing s evolved at the Song imperial court of. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by and the s  and, while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor  and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see ). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as and, as well as the age where the matured form of the  was accomplished in.

In India, the reached its height of naval power under leaders such as  and, dominating southern India , , and regions of. They also sent raids into what is now modern-day.

In Japan, the dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the, who acted merely as a '' during the.

In the Middle East, the Empire reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like the Byzantine Empire in the first half of the century. The s came to prominence while the caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in  state affairs.

In Korea, the rulers of the Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two  invasions with their armies.

Events

 * c., the  is written by the physician and scientist
 * ± 40 years, volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest  blast.
 * ,, leader of , begins a series of raids into Northern ; he finishes in  with the destruction of.
 * c., , led by , establish small settlements in and around in
 * , invades the, then ruled by ; the initial invasion is unsuccessful, but Robert II eventually gained the acceptance of the Church in 1016 and annexed Burgundy into his realm.
 * , the was signed between the   and the.
 * , the Egyptian sea captain Domiyat travels to the  pilgrimage site in, China, to seek out the Chinese  with gifts from his ruling  , successfully reopening  relations between Egypt and China that had been lost since the collapse of the.
 * , overthrew the  of Vietnam, establishing the.
 * –, the Lombard known as led an insurrection against the Byzantine, , as the latter was killed in battle and replaced by , who brought Byzantine reinforcements.
 * , with the aid of scholars such as Song Zhun, Lu Duosun compiles a massive work of in 1566 chapters, including the mapped  of each provincial region in China down to the minute level of small towns and villages; this was an imperial compendium first issued by  in 971 AD.
 * –, the ; the n king was forced to flee the capital temporarily, but unable to establish a foothold and fearing a counterattack, the forces withdrew.
 * -, (Alhacen), a famous i  working in,  in fear of angering the Egyptian  , and was kept under  from 1011 to 1021. During this time, he wrote his influential .
 * , the armies of  are victorious over  in the.
 * , the is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
 * , the Byzantine armies of are victorious at the  against the  under.
 * , the ; the n General inflicted heavy losses to  forces at the . The Khitan withdrew and both sides signed a peace treaty.
 * -, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, is written by ,   scholar.
 * ,, a medical encyclopedia, is written by ,  scholar.
 * , the ruling Caliph  disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister, which leads to the open persecution of the  by  ; the Druze proclaimed that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as the  savior.
 * , the of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom of, turning it into a.
 * , ruler moves the capital city of the empire from  to
 * , the King of appeals to the  Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at.
 * , dies, and his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne.
 * , ventures to the
 * , conquered the.
 * , of Scotland slain in battle.  succeeds him.
 * ,  became King of Hungary.
 * , the Normans establish as the capital of southern Italy.
 * ,, the Indian ruler, philosopher, and polymath of , completes the reconstruction of the temple of after its destruction by.
 * –, Chinese artisan invents ceramic  printing
 * , the and  engage in a, although a later treaty is signed between two parties that included the marriage alliance of  to a princess daughter of.
 * , the Chinese  (武经总要), written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describe formulas; it also described their use in warfare, such as -impregnated s for s. It also described an early form of the, a thermoremanence compass.
 * , of the  defeats the  in the ;  captured  after the battle, executing him, and restoring his claim to the throne; the Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to the Holy Roman Empire.
 * , converts the rural villa at  into a famous Japanese.
 * , the Norman commander is victorious in the  against the s and the  coalition led by ;  himself is captured by the Normans.
 * , the, in which the Western and  churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.
 * , a large is observed by astronomers, the remnants of which would form the.
 * , the Seljuk Turks capture, taking the   prisoner.
 * ,, and , is crowned  (Emperor of All ).
 * ,, ruler of the , defeated the city of , thus unifying all of.
 * –, of  in the
 * , independence of the Kingdom of and  under the rule of Garcia
 * , dies;  is killed in the, while the Norman conqueror is crowned.
 * , the   and many others are killed in the.
 * –, the reign of Japanese brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the.
 * , beginning in this year, sends military raids into Malaysia and Indonesia.
 * –, with the support of, Chancellor of the Chinese  introduces the 'New Policies', including the  of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of  labor, government monopolies on , , and , reforming the  system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the  system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.
 * , the death of and the ascension of  marks the transition between the  and the.
 * , Defeat of the at the  by the Seljuk army of, ending 3 centuries of a Byzantine military and economic.
 * , the Seljuk Turks capture from the Byzantines.
 * , suppresses the rebellion of  in the.
 * , the is sparked when  asserted in the  extended rights granted to the pope (disturbing the balance of power) and new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself.
 * –, a civil war in the of India; the Western Chalukya monarch  plans to defeat his own ambitious brother  by allying with a traditional enemy,  of the ; Somesvara's forces suffered heavy defeat, and was eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king.
 * , the Empire is attacked by the s, who sack the capital of, ending the rule of king
 * , the Chinese places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of  and, in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling  formula components to enemies such as the s and s.
 * , the Song Chinese allied with southern Vietnamese and Cambodian  to conquer the, which was an unsuccessful campaign.
 * , the by  of the.
 * , is defeated in battle by his brother ; Oleg escaped to, but was imprisoned by the s, sent to  as a prisoner, and then exiled to.
 * , the revolt of against Byzantine ruler
 * , reforms the
 * –, the Chinese statesman and scientist is put in command of the campaign against the, and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern ), another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it.
 * , the enormous Chinese historical work of the  is compiled by scholars under Chancellor, completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written
 * , captures the  Muslim city of, Spain.
 * , the school of Sweden is established by
 * , compilation of the by order of ; it was similar to a modern day government, as it was used by William to thoroughly document all the landholdings within the kingdom that could be properly ed.
 * , the between the Almoravids and Castilians
 * , a new office at the Chinese international of  is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.
 * , the Italian cities of and  engage in the African
 * , Chinese statesman, astronomer, and engineer completed the pilot model for his   in ; the renowned polymath Chinese scientist  made the world's first reference to the   in his book , along with many scientific discoveries.
 * , The is established.
 * , against  lead by.
 * , the under  and his  allies defeat  at the
 * ,, ruler of the , defeats the army of in the Battle of Vengi.
 * , when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followed is ousted from court, the liberal reforms of  reinstated, and  halted all negotiations with the s of the, resuming in armed conflict with them.
 * , the defeat princes of  at the
 * ,, the great Spanish hero, conquers the city of
 * , a succession crisis following the reign of the Caliph  sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of   into the new  religious branch.
 * ca. –, earliest extant manuscript of the 
 * , the are formed during the early  in order to protect European Christian s traveling to.
 * , in  holds its first lectures
 * , the during the
 * , the during the
 * , makes an appearance at the
 * , the by European Crusaders.
 * , after the was established, the  was made into the residential palace for the.
 * , after building considerable strength, discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks.
 * King of  made a pilgrimage to, returning to convert his country to  Buddhism.
 * The migrate to the  region.
 * expands southward into modern.
 * The first of seven  are founded in.
 * The region of  becomes desert.

Significant people

 * (Alhacen), Iraqi scientist, father of, pioneer of the , considered the "first "
 * (Avicenna), Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist
 * (Abulcasis), Andalusian-Arab physician, father of modern
 * , Iraqi mathematician
 * , Persian scientist and polymath, father of, considered the "first "
 * , regent of the Holy Roman Empire
 * , ruler of the Pagan Kingdom
 * , French theologian
 * , celebrated Muslim scholar
 * , Abbasid Caliph
 * , Abbasid Caliph
 * , Abbasid Caliph
 * , Byzantine Emperor
 * , ruler of Leon and Castile
 * , Seljuk ruler
 * , reputed founder of and creator of the
 * , influential Buddhist teacher to Tibet
 * , Byzantine Emperor
 * , French theologian
 * , a and  of  in India
 * , a poet from India
 * , Crusader commander from
 * , Chinese poet, scholar, calligrapher, engineer, and official
 * , ruler of England, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
 * , of the Holy Roman Empire
 * , Byzantine Emperor
 * , Chinese philosopher
 * (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar), nobleman
 * , king of Korea
 * , a monk who attempted flight with mechanical wings
 * , king of England
 * , Chinese landscape painter
 * , Song Chinese chancellor
 * , powerful regent of Japan
 * , Korean general
 * , French logician and theologian
 * , Duke of Lower Lorraine and a Crusader
 * (Hildebrand)
 * , Italian music theorist
 * , a literati Chinese landscape painter
 * , wife of Vladimir II Monomakh
 * , a Persian missionary to the Fatimid Caliphate
 * , King of England
 * , king
 * , a Persian missionary to the Fatimid Caliphate
 * , King of England
 * , king
 * , of the Holy Roman Empire
 * , of the Holy Roman Empire
 * , English outlaw
 * , Caliph of Cordoba
 * , Caliph of Cordoba
 * , philosopher from
 * ,, Crusader
 * , king of Korea
 * , Jewish from Spain
 * , first Bishop of Iceland
 * , ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
 * , king of Korea
 * , famous Japanese sculptor
 * , Byzantine historian
 * , Jewish vizier of
 * , Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer
 * , archbishop of Canterbury
 * , first European explorer to land in
 * , Chinese female poet
 * , Fatimid Caliph
 * , ruler of Scotland
 * , Seljuk ruler
 * , ruler of the in Algeria
 * , militant Italian noblewoman
 * , Chinese poet and official
 * , Lombard nobleman
 * , Chinese painter, poet, and calligrapher
 * , the
 * , the
 * , a governor and commander loyal to the Fujiwara clan
 * , a of the
 * , king of Korea
 * , Jewish philosopher, poet, and linguist from Spain
 * , last ruler
 * , king of Korea
 * , female Japanese writer
 * , Persian poet, theologian, philosopher, and traveler
 * , Chinese statesman, historian, essayist, and poet
 * , French philosopher and logician
 * , Crusader
 * , king of Hungary
 * , ruler of (southern India) and Sri Lanka
 * , ruler of (southern India) and Sri Lanka
 * , ruler of the Cholas
 * , ruler of the Cholas
 * , Chola Indian theologian, philosopher, and spiritual leader
 * , and a Crusader
 * , ruler of China
 * , founder of the
 * , Crusader
 * , king
 * , Norman conqueror of Southern Italy and Sicily
 * , king of Hungary
 * , king of Navarre
 * , female Japanese writer
 * , king of Korea
 * , Chinese geologist, astronomer, encyclopedist, zoologist, botanist, hydraulic engineer, cartographer, general, diplomat, statesman, etc.
 * , ruler of China
 * , Jewish scholar
 * , wife of Sweyn I of Denmark
 * , Song Chinese chancellor
 * , ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
 * , ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
 * , Jewish philosopher and poet from Spanish
 * , king of Hungary
 * , famous Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter, travel writer, pharmacologist, and statesman
 * , king of Hungary
 * , famous Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter, travel writer, pharmacologist, and statesman
 * , Chinese astronomer, horologist, mechanical engineer, zoologist, botanist, mineralogist, diplomat, cartographer, etc.
 * , king of Korea
 * , Caliph of Cordoba,
 * , king of Denmark, Norway, and England
 * , Sixth
 * ruler of the
 * , ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
 * , ruler of the Cholas
 * , ruler of Kievan Rus
 * , ruler of Kievan Rus
 * , ruler of Kievan Rus
 * , Song Chinese chancellor
 * , Chinese astronomer
 * , Chinese painter
 * , ruler of Normandy and England
 * , prominent member of the Norman
 * , ruler of Kievan Rus
 * , ruler of China
 * , Berber ruler
 * , an Turkish scribe
 * , ruler of China
 * , ruler of China
 * , Byzantine Empress
 * , Byzantine Empress

Architecture



 * The of Norman-era England is completed in  AD.
 * The of Fatimid Egypt is completed in  AD.
 * The of, China is built in  AD.
 * The of, Japan, is completed in  AD.
 * The of India is completed in  AD during the reign of.
 * The Kedareshwara Temple of, India, is built in by the Western Chalukyas.
 * Construction work begins in AD on the  of Italy.
 * The monastery is built by  AD, in present day southern France.
 * The is completed in, the oldest existent church in Russia.
 * The Byzantine Greek monastery sees the completion of the Katholikon (earliest extant d- church) from - AD.
 * The of,  province, China, is built in  AD.
 * The of  province, China, is completed under the  in  AD.
 * The Chinese official oversaw the construction of the  in, and may have been the leading member of an engineering school due to many other  bridges of similar construction built in Fujian.
 * The in Iraq is rebuilt by  in  after it was destroyed by fire.
 * The of the Myanmar ruler King  is completed in.
 * The, or Temple of Literature, in Vietnam is established in.
 * Construction of in England begins in.
 * The tallest tower in China's pre-modern history, the, is completed in , standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft).

Science and technology

 * c. -  of, the father of modern , publishes his influential 30-volume medical encyclopedia, the Kitab , which remains a standard textbook in the  and  for centuries.
 * c. -  of  publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir, and invents the.
 * c. - Persian Muslim physicist and mathematician,  (Kuhi), discovers that the  of bodies vary with their distance from the  of the Earth, and solves s higher than the.
 * c. - Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician,, invents the  and first states a special case of.
 * c. -  is discovered by, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between , , and.
 * The demands of the Chinese for  led to huge amounts of, which was curbed when the Chinese discovered how to use  in smelting  and , thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland.
 * - - of, the father of the concept of , publishes , a scientific  that discusses many different topics.
 * - - of Persia, who is considered the father of  and the "first ", writes more than a hundred books on many different topics. He theorizes that  was once covered by the ; he also observes in his astronomy book Kitab al-qanun al-Mas’udi  that the planets revolves in  orbits rather than circular orbits as theorized by the ancient Greeks, and rejects theories which cannot be verified through ation.
 * - One of the ', the ' compiled by AD was the largest of the Song Chinese s. Divided into 1000 volumes, it consisted of 9.4 million written.
 * - of Persia, the father of modern, publishes his influential treatise, . It introduces ation and  into the study of , first describes s, and maintains that medicine should be known through either ation or . It remains the most influential  in both Islamic and Christian lands for over six centuries.
 * - (Alhacen) of, , who is considered the father of , the pioneer of the , and the "first ", writes his influential  from  to  (while he was under  in ), which drastically transforms the understanding of , , , , and  in general. He is also credited with the discovery of the  and . His book was later translated from  into.
 * - The world's first can be traced back to the year 1024, in  province of  China. The Chinese government would step in and overtake this trend, issuing the central government's official banknote in the 1120s.
 * The was created.
 * s appear in what is now southern.
 * - - Chinese scientist creates a theory for land formation, or, theorized that  occurred over time, discovers the concept of , improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the  indefinitely, hypothesizes the  theory of , and by observing  and  he hypothesized that the  and  were . He also experimented with  just decades after Ibn al-Haitham, although Shen was the first to treat it with  attributes.
 * - - of  China invents  printing using individual ceramic characters
 * The Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates the mechanical -vehicle of the, first invented by in the 3rd century.
 * - The Chinese and   incorporates an  mechanism and the world's first known  to operate the  of his astronomical . With a team of scholars, Su Song also published the Ben Cao Tu Jing in 1070, a treatise on, , , , and.
 * In Europe, the introduction of the horizontal operated by foot-treadles makes  faster and more efficient.
 * First known use of the in China.
 * - Chinese author Qin Guan wrote the Can Shu (Book of ) in 1090 AD, which described a -reeling machine that employed the first known use of a.

Literature and Trade

 * The works of and early  are translated into  from.
 * - writes her  novel, , which is regarded as the first.
 * - The Russian of the  is created during the reign of.
 * The earlier 10th century invention of the in China allows large ships to travel  along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 tan (49½ s) and large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600 tan (113 s).
 * The roots of European are found in this period, as the renewed spark of interest in literature and  in Europe would bring about the . In the 11th century, there were early Scholastic figures such as, , , , and.
 * The Chinese establish fortified maritime trading bases in the.