Christianity

Christianity is a  centered on the life and teachings of  as depicted in the. Christians believe Jesus is the and the   in the, and that the  records the  that was  by Jesus. With an estimated 2.1 billion adherents, or approximately 33% of the world's population in 2007, Christianity is the. It is the predominant religion in, the , , the and. It is also growing rapidly in and, particularly in ,  and the. It is declining in other countries including, Great Britain, France and Germany.

Christianity began as a sect within, and includes the (known to Christians as the ) as well as the  as its canonical scriptures. Like Judaism and, Christianity is classified as an (see also, ).

The name "Christian" ( Strong's G5546), meaning "belonging to Christ" or "partisan of Christ", was first applied to the  in, as recorded in. The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Greek ) is by.

Beliefs
In spite of important differences of interpretation and opinion, Christians in the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant traditions share a common faith. Although Christianity has always had a significant diversity of belief on controversial issues, most Christians share a common set of doctrines that they hold as essential to their faith. This common Christian heritage of beliefs has been given such titles as "the Good News of Jesus Christ," “the Way” and “mere Christianity,” among others.

Jesus the Christ
As indicated by the name "Christianity," the focus of a Christian's life is a firm belief in as the Son of God and the ' or '. The title "Messiah" comes from the word מָשִׁיחַ (māšiáħ) meaning anointed one. The Greek translation (Christos) is the source of the English word.

Christians believe that, as the Messiah, Jesus was anointed as ruler and savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus' coming was the fulfillment of of the. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from. The core Christian belief is that, through, humans can be reconciled to God and thereby are offered salvation and the promise of. [Ref. For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved. Romans 10:13 KJB]

While there have been theological disputes over the nature of Jesus, Christians generally believe that Jesus is and "" (or both fully divine and fully human). Jesus, in all respects, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, yet he did not sin. As fully God, he defeated death and rose to life again. According to the, "God raised him from the dead," he , to the "right hand of God," and he will to fulfil the rest of  such as the , the  and establishment of the physical.

According to the s of Matthew and Luke, Jesus was conceived by the and  from. Little of Jesus' childhood is recorded in the, however were popular in antiquity. In comparison, his adulthood, especially the week before his death, are well documented in the Gospels contained within the New Testament. The Biblical accounts of Jesus' ministry include:, , preaching,.

The Death and Resurrection of Jesus


Christians consider the resurrection of Jesus to be the cornerstone of their faith and the most important event in human history.

According to the Gospels, Jesus and his followers went to the week of the  where they were  by a crowd. In Jerusalem, Jesus, and predicted its destruction - heightening conflict with the Jewish authorities who were plotting his death.

After sharing his with his disciples, Jesus went to pray in the  where he was betrayed by his disciple  and  by the temple guard on orders from the  and the high priest. Jesus was of blasphemy and transferred to the. Pilate was pressured into crucifying Jesus by the nearly rioting crowds. Although the crowds were incited by the religious authorities, Jesus was sentenced to death for "inciting rebellion." Jesus died by late afternoon and was entombed.

Christians believe that God raised Jesus from the dead on the third day, that Jesus appeared to his apostles and other disciples, his disciples to "make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son (Jesus) and of the Holy Spirit." and then to. Christians also believe that God the Father sent the Holy Spirit (or ) to the disciples. Many modern writers such as members of the and other Biblical scholars such as  (a former ) have argued that the historical Jesus never claimed to be divine. observes that it is generally agreed among scholars today that Jesus did not claim to be God. Many also reject the historicity of the (and thus a bodily resurrection) and many other events narrated in the gospels. They assert that Gospel accounts describing these things are probably literary fabrications. However, many other scholars and historians have maintained that the Gospel accounts of Jesus are, in fact,. For example, the late scholar, referring to the New Testament canon, asserted that: "The interval then between the dates of the original composition and the earliest extant evidence becomes so small as to be in fact negligible, and the last foundation for any doubt that the Sciptures have come down to us substantially as they were written has now been removed. Both the authenticity and the general integrity of the books of the New Testament may be regarded as finally established."

The purpose of Jesus' death and resurrection is described in various doctrines of. Some see Jesus as a  made to take away the sin of the world (} in a manner similar to Old Testament sacrifices. Others see Jesus' dying and suffering on the cross as a sign and demonstration from God the Father that His Son was willing to endure the shame and suffering of the cross because of his  (parental, self-sacrificing) love for humanity. In other Scriptures which record Jesus' death and resurrection, The Gospel According to St. John compares the crucifixion of Jesus to the lifting up of the  (brass serpent) saying that "Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the desert, so the Son of Man must be lifted up, that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life. For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life."

Salvation
Christians believe is a gift by means of the, a gift from a loving heavenly Father who sent His only begotten Son Jesus to be their savior. Christians believe that, through faith in Jesus, one can be saved from and eternal. The crucifixion of Jesus is explained as an, which, in the words of the , "takes away the sins of the world." One's reception of salvation is related to.

The operation and effects of grace are understood differently by different traditions. and Eastern Orthodoxy teach the necessity of the to cooperate with grace. places distinctive emphasis on grace by teaching that individuals are completely, but the grace of God overcomes.

Trinitarians
Most Christians believe that God is spirit, an uncreated, , and eternal being, the creator and sustainer of all things, who works the redemption of the world through his Son, Jesus Christ. With this background, belief in the and the Holy Spirit is expressed as the doctrine of the, which describes the single Divine  existing as three distinct and inseparable persons: the , the Son ( the ), and the. According to this doctrine, God is not divided in the sense that each person has a third of the whole; rather, each person is considered to be fully God (see ). The distinction lies in their relations, the Father being unbegotten, the Son begotten of the Father, and the Holy Spirit proceeding. "Begotten," in these formulae, refers to the idea that Jesus was uncreated and "eternally begotten" of the Father.

Christians of also conceive salvation to be one work of the triune God in which "the three divine persons act together as one, and manifest their own proper characteristics" with the agency of the  as an essential element."

Trinitarian Christians trace the orthodox formula of the Trinity — The Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost — back to the resurrected Jesus himself who spoke these words, and which words were subsequently recorded in, and are commonly referred to as the.

The "Indwelling of the Holy Spirit" has been called the "common privilege of all believers." quotes Jesus as saying to His apostles, "Receive the Holy Spirit." They were to receive the Holy Spirit Himself in some way. Nearly all Christians speak of the "Indwelling of the Holy Spirit." The person who has "received the Holy Spirit" thereafter not only has. According to this theological position, there now is also a second, competing, moral presence, that of the Holy Spirit, forever indwelling within him/her. From that point on, the person is able to see daily situations from either of two perspectives, and as a result, can choose to respond in a moral, Christian manner. However, the Christian often ignores these ethical, moral, positive thoughts inspired by the presence (indwelling) of the Holy Spirit, and respond in some selfish or lustful way as their own original nature desires. 

In, Orthodox, and some theology, this indwelling is received through the sacrament called  or, in the East,. In most Protestant traditions, the "Indwelling of the Holy Spirit" takes place in the action of.

The New Testament also teaches that the Holy Spirit inspired all Scripture, a belief shared by most Christians.

Non-Trinitarians
In antiquity, and again following the, several sects advocated views contrary to the Trinity. These views were rejected by many bishops such as and subsequently by the s. During the Reformation (though most Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants accepted the value of many of the Councils) some groups rejected these councils as spiritually tainted. ,, and , advanced the view that Christ was only divine and not human. denied that the traditional doctrine of the Trinity was necessary to defend the divinity of Christ. He claimed that Jesus was God Himself in the flesh.

Modalists, such as s, regard God as a single person, with the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit considered modes or roles by which the unipersonal God expresses himself.

(commonly called ) accept the divinity of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, but deny that they are the same being. Rather, they believe them to be separate beings united perfectly in will and purpose. They believe that the Father, like the Son, has a glorified physical body. (see )

Present day groups who do not consider Jesus to be God include: , descendants of Reformation era, , and.

believe that the Christian doctrine of the Trinity is incompatible with, and they reject the Christian teaching that Jesus is the Son of God, though they affirm the virgin birth and view him as a prophet preceding Muhammad. The Qur'an also uses the title "Messiah," though with a different meaning. Muslims also dispute the historical occurrence of the crucifixion of Jesus, believing that while a crucifixion occurred, it was not of Jesus(see ).

Scriptures
Christianity regards the Holy, a collection of books in two parts (the  and the ) as authoritative: written by human authors under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, and therefore the  Word of God. Protestants believe that the Holy Scriptures contain all necessary for salvation (See ).

The Old Testament contains the entire Jewish, though in the Christian canon, the books are ordered differently, and some books of the Tanakh are divided into several books by the Christian canon. While these books are part of the Christian canon, scholars of generally teach that Christians misinterpret passages from the, or. (See also .) The Catholic and Orthodox canons include the Hebrew Jewish canon and other books (from the Septuagint Greek Jewish canon) which Catholics call, while Protestants consider them.

The first four books of the New Testament are the (,,  and ), which recount the life and teachings of Jesus. The first three are often called because of the amount of material they share. The remainder of the New Testament consists of:


 * 1) a sequel to Luke's Gospel which describes the very early history of the Church (the ),
 * 2) a collection of letters from early Christian leaders to congregations or individuals, (the  and ), and the

The maintains two canons,


 * 1) the Narrow Canon (itself larger than any Biblical canon outside Ethiopia), and
 * 2) the Broad Canon (which has even more books.)

Campaigning to be a of the Christian church, denominations of the  (commonly called ) are distinct from other forms of Christianity in that they consider the  holy scripture and comparable to the Bible. also considers the and the  scriptural. Along with the Bible (the preferred English translation is the King James Version), these books are collectively called the  of the church.

Interpretation
Though Christians largely agree on the content of the Bible, there is significant divergence in its interpretation, or. In antiquity, two schools of exegesis developed in and. Alexandrine interpretation, exemplified by, tended to read Scripture , while Antiochene interpretation adhered to the literal sense, holding that other meanings (called theoria) could only be accepted if based on the literal meaning.

Catholic
Catholic theology distinguishes two senses of scripture: the literal and the spiritual.

Literal
The literal sense of understanding scripture is the meaning conveyed by the words of Scripture and discovered by exegesis, following the rules of sound interpretation. It has three subdivisions: the allegorical, moral, and (meaning mystical or spiritual) senses.


 * The allegorical sense includes . An example would be the being understood as a "type" (sign) of baptism.
 * The moral sense understands the scripture to contain some ethical teaching.
 * The anagogical interpretation includes and applies to eternity and the.

Catholic theology also adds other rules of interpretation which include:


 * 1) the injunction that all other senses of sacred scripture are based on the literal
 * 2) that the historicity of the Gospels must be absolutely and constantly held
 * 3) that scripture must be read within the "living Tradition of the whole Church" and
 * 4) that "the task of interpretation has been entrusted to the bishops in communion with the successor of Peter, the "

Protestant
Many Protestants stress the literal sense or, even to the extent of rejecting other senses altogether. Other Protestant interpreters make use of typology. Protestants characteristically believe that ordinary believers may reach an adequate understanding of Scripture because Scripture itself is clear (or "perspicuous"), because of the help of the Holy Spirit, or both. Martin Luther believed that without God's help Scripture would be "enveloped in darkness." He advocated "one definite and simple understanding of Scripture." And wrote, "all who…follow the Holy Spirit as their guide, find in the Scripture a clear light." The Second Helvetic (Latin for "Swiss") Confession, composed by the pastor of the Reformed church in Zurich (successor to Protestant reformer ) was adopted as a declaration of doctrine by most European Reformed churches. The Confession contains this statement about interpreting Scripture:

Creeds
Creeds (from Latin credo meaning "I believe") are concise doctrinal statements or confessions, usually of religious beliefs. They began as baptismal formulas and were later expanded during the controversies of the  and  to become statements of faith.

The (Symbolum Apostolorum) was developed between the second and ninth centuries. It is the most popular creed used in worship by Western Christians. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator. Each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was apparently used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. An even earlier creed was Paul's doctrinal statement recorded in.

The, largely a response to , was formulated at the Councils of and  in 325 and 381 respectively, and ratified as the universal creed of Christendom by the  in 431.

The, developed at the in 451, though not accepted by the Churches, taught Christ "to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably": one divine and one human, and that both natures are perfect but are nevertheless.

The, received in the western Church as having the same status as the Nicene and Chalcedonian, says: "We worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity; neither confounding the Persons not dividing the Substance."

Most Protestants accept the Creeds. Some Protestant traditions believe Trinitarian doctrine without making use of the Creeds themselves, while other Protestants, like the, oppose the use of creeds.

Afterlife and Eschaton
Most Christians believe that upon bodily death the experiences the  and is either rewarded with eternal  or condemned to an eternal. The elect are called "saints" (Latin sanctus: "holy") and the process of being made holy is called sanctification. In Catholicism, those who die in a state of grace but with either unforgiven venial sins or incomplete, undergo purification in to achieve the holiness necessary for entrance into heaven.

At the, the eschaton or , all who have died will be for the , whereupon Jesus will fully establish the  in fulfillment of.

Some groups do not distinguish a particular judgment from the at the end of time, teaching instead that souls remain in stasis until this time (see ). These groups, and others that do not believe in the of saints, generally do not employ the word "saint" to describe those in heaven. hold that eventually all will experience salvation, thereby rejecting the concept of an eternal hell for those who are not saved.

Christian life


Christians believe that all people should strive to follow Christ's commands and example in their everyday actions. For many, this includes obedience to the. Jesus made it clear that He did not come to abolish the Law or the Prophets, but to fulfill them. In response to a "catch" question from a as to which is the  in the Old Testament Law, Jesus replied:  In the, this kind of love was usually translated "charity" to differentiate it as being intentional and decisional, not an emotional response. This love includes such injunctions as "feed the hungry" and "shelter the homeless," and applies to. The relationship between charity and religious practice is sometimes taken for granted today as has observed: "charity in the Jewish and Christian sense was unknown to the pagan world." Other Christian practices include acts of such as  and Bible reading.

Christianity teaches that one can overcome sin only through divine grace: moral and spiritual progress can occur only with God's help through the gift of the dwelling within the believer. It also teaches that, by believing in Christ, and sharing in Christ's life, death, and resurrection, God's children become dead to sin and are resurrected to a new life with Him.

Christian Love (Agape)
A prominent Christian belief is that love is a primary value. 'Άgapē' has been used in different ways by a variety of contemporary and ancient sources, including authors. Many have supposed that 'agapē' represents divine, unconditional, self-sacrificing, active, volitional, and thoughtful. Greek philosophers at the time of and other ancient authors, used 'agapē' to denote love of a spouse or family, or affection for a particular activity, in contrast to ' — an affection that could denote either brotherhood or generally non-sexual affection, and ', an affection of a sexual nature, usually between man and woman. The Greek Old Testament uses the word eros only twice, while the New Testament does not use it at all. The word agape is rarely used in ancient manuscripts, but was used by the early Christians to refer to the self-sacrificing love of for humanity, which they were committed to reciprocating and practicing toward God and among one another. Άgapē has been expounded upon by many Christian writers in a specifically Christian context. has defined agape as "an intentional response to promote well-being when responding to that which has generated ill-being." Άgapē received a broader usage under later Christian writers as the word that specifically denoted "Christian" love or "", or even God himself [Theos ein agape, ..". for God is Love." ]. Various senses of agapē are used throughout the, some expanding the meanings used in ancient texts, and rendered as: brotherly love, love of one's spouse or children, and the love of God for all people.

Christian writers have generally described 'agapē' as a form of love which is both unconditional and voluntary; that is, it is non-discriminating, has no pre-conditions, and is something that one decides to do. , in his 2nd century defense of Christians remarks how Christian love attracted pagan notice: "What marks us in the eyes of our enemies is our loving kindness. 'Only look' they say, 'look how they love one another'" (Apology 39).

Worship
described second century Christian in his  (c. 150) to , and his description remains relevant to the basic structure of Christian liturgical worship:




 * "And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need."

Thus, as Justin described, Christians assemble for communal worship on Sunday, the day of the resurrection, though other liturgical practices often occur outside this setting. Scripture readings are drawn from the Old and New Testaments, but especially the Gospels. Often these are arranged on an, using a book called a. Instruction is given based on these readings, called a, or homily. There are a variety of congregational s, including thanksgiving, confession, and intercession, which occur throughout the service and take a variety of forms including recited, responsive, silent, or sung. The, or Our Father, is regularly prayed. The Eucharist (also called, or the ) consists of a ritual meal of consecrated bread and wine, discussed in detail below. Lastly, a collection occurs in which the congregation donates money for the support of the Church and for.

Some groups depart from this traditional liturgical structure. A division is often made between "" s, characterized by greater solemnity and ritual, and "" services, but even within these two categories there is great diversity in forms of worship. meet on Saturday (the original ), while others do not meet on a weekly basis. or congregations may spontaneously feel led by the Holy Spirit to action rather than follow a formal order of service, including spontaneous prayer. sit quietly until moved by the Holy Spirit to speak. Some services resemble concerts with, dancing, and use of multimedia. For groups which do not recognize a priesthood distinct from ordinary believers the services are generally lead by a, , or. Still others may lack any formal leaders, either in principle or by local necessity. Some churches use only music, either on principle (e.g. many  object to the use of instruments in worship) or by tradition (as in Orthodoxy).

Worship can be varied for special events like s or s in the service or significant. In the Christians and those yet to complete initiation would separate for the Eucharistic part of the worship. In many churches today, adults and children will separate for all or some of the service to receive age-appropriate teaching. Such children's worship is often called or  (Sunday schools are often held before rather than during services).

Sacraments


A is a Christian rite that is an outward sign of an inward grace, instituted by Christ to sanctify humanity. Catholic, Orthodox, and some Christians describe  in terms of seven sacraments:,  or ,  (communion),  (reconciliation),  (last rites),  (ordination), and. Many Protestant groups, which grew out of the, recognize the sacramental nature of Baptism and Eucharist, but not usually the other five in the same way, while other Protestant groups reject sacramental theology. Some who believe these rites to do not communicate grace prefer to call them . Though not sacraments,, , and emphasize "" such as , , ,  (speaking in tongues), and  where God's grace is mysteriously manifest.

Eucharist
The (also called, or the ) is the part of liturgical worship that consists of a consecrated meal, usually bread and wine. Justin Martyr described the Eucharist as follows:


 * "And this food is called among us Eukaristia [the Eucharist], of which no one is allowed to partake but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so living as Christ has enjoined. For not as common bread and common drink do we receive these; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Saviour, having been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh."

Orthodox, Methodists, Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and many Anglicans believe that is present in the elements of bread and the cup (the doctrine of the ). Most other Protestants, especially Reformed, believe the bread and wine merely represent the body and blood of Christ. These Protestants may celebrate it less frequently, while in the Roman Catholic Church the Eucharist is celebrated daily (but not on Good Friday and Holy Saturday. ). Some view communion as indicating those who are already united in the church, restricting participation to their members not in a state of. Most other churches view communion as a means to unity, rather than an end, and invite all Christians or even anyone to participate. In some denominations, participation is by prior arrangement with a church leader.

Liturgical calendar
In the New Testament organised his missionary travels around the celebration of. (Acts 20.16 and 1 Corinthians 16.8) This practice draws from Jewish tradition, with such feasts as the, the , and the. Today Catholics, Eastern Christians, and traditional Protestant communities frame worship around a. This includes, such as which commemorate an event in the life of Jesus or the s, periods of  such as , and other pious events such as  or lesser festivals commemorating saints. Christian groups that do not follow a liturgical tradition often retain certain celebrations, such as, and. A few churches make no use of a liturgical calendar.

Symbols


Today the best-known Christian symbol is the, which refers to the method of Jesus' execution. Several varieties exist, with some denominations tending to favor distinctive styles: Catholics the, Orthodox the , and Protestants an unadorned cross.

An earlier Christian symbol was the '' fish (Greek Alpha - α) symbol and anagram. Other text based symbols are Greek abbreviations for Jesus Christ, originally with superlineation, to include IHC and and  (the first two letters of the word Christ in Greek). In the Greek alphabet, the Chi-Rho appears like an X (Chi - χ) with a large P (Rho - ρ) overlaid and above it. It is said saw this symbol prior to converting to Christianity (see History and origins section below). The variation IHS of the  is latinized Greek representing the first three letters of the Latin name, Iesus. Another ancient symbol is an, which denotes faith and can incorporate a cross within its design.

History and origins
.



The history of Christianity is the history of the Christian religion and Church, from Jesus and his to contemporary times.

In the mid-first century, Christianity spread beyond its Jewish origins. The New Testament depicts this as occurring under the leadership of the Apostles, especially and. Some scholars even consider to be the founding figure of Christianity, pointing to the extent of his writings and the scope of his. (See also ). Within a generation an episcopal hierarchy can be seen, and this would form the structure of the Church. In 301 Christianity became a state-religion in being the first country to accept Christianity. Christianity spread east to Asia and throughout the Roman Empire, despite by the Roman Emperors until its  by  in 313. During his reign, questions of orthodoxy lead to the convocation of the first Ecumenical Council, that of.

In 391 established  Christianity as the official and, except for, only legal religion in the. Later, as the of the empire collapsed in the West, the Church assumed political and cultural roles previously held by the Roman aristocracy. Eremitic and Coenobitic developed, originating with the hermit  around 300. With the avowed purpose of fleeing the world and its evils in contemptu mundi, the institution of monasticism would become a central part of the medieval world.

Christianity became the established church of the Kingdom (presently encompassing  and Northern ) under king  in the 4th century through the efforts of a Syrian Greek named, known in Eritrea and Ethiopia as Abba Selama, Kesaté Birhan ("Father of Peace, Revealer of Light"), thus making Eritrea and Ethiopia one of the first christian states even before most of Europe. As a youth, Frumentius had been shipwrecked with his brother Aedesius on the Eritrean coast. The brothers managed to be brought to the, where they rose to positions of influence and converted Emperor Ezana to Christianity, causing him to be baptised. Ezana sent Frumentius to Alexandria to ask the Patriarch,, to appoint a bishop for the. Athanasius appointed Frumentius himself, who returned to Aksum as Bishop with the name of Abune Selama.



During the of, various  adopted Christianity. Meanwhile, as western political unity dissolved, the linguistic divide of the Empire between Latin-speaking West and the Greek-speaking East intensified. By the distinct forms of Latin and Greek Christianity increasingly separated until  and disciplinary disputes finally resulted in the  (conventionally dated to 1054), which formally divided  into the Catholic west and the Orthodox east. in the was characterized by cooperation and conflict between the  rulers and the Church under the, and by the development of.

Beginning in the 7th century, rulers began a long series of military conquests of Christian areas, and it quickly conquered areas of the  in, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and , and even captured southern. Numerous military struggles followed, including the, the Spanish , the and the aggression of the.



In the early, increasing discontent with corruption and immorality among the clergy resulted in attempts to reform the Church and society. The began after  published his  in 1517, whilst the  experienced internal renewal with the  and the  (1545-1563). During the following centuries, competition between Catholicism and Protestantism became deeply entangled with political struggles among European states. Meanwhile, partly from missionary zeal, but also under the impetus of by the European powers, Christianity spread to the Americas, Oceania,, and.

In the Modern Era, Christianity was confronted with various forms of and with certain modern  such as, , and. This included the of the French Revolution, the Spanish Civil War, and general hostility of Marxist movements, especially.

Persecution
Starting with, the early Christian church was persecuted by state and religious establishments from its earliest beginnings. Notable early Christians such as, eleven of the Apostles as well as died as martyrs according to tradition. Systematic Roman persecution of Christians culminated in the of Diocletian and ended with the. Persecution of Christians persisted or even intensified in other places, such as in. Later Christians living in ic countries were subjected to various legal restrictions, which included taxation and a ban on building or repairing churches. Christians at times also suffered violent persecution or confiscation of their property.

There was persecution of Christians during the (see ). State restrictions on Christian practices today are generally associated with those authoritarian governments which either support a majority religion other than Christianity (as in states), or tolerate only churches under government supervision, sometimes while officially promoting state  (as in the ). The allows only government-regulated churches and has regularly suppressed  and underground Catholics. The public practice of Christianity is outlawed in. Areas of persecution include other parts of the, the , and.

Christians have also been perpetrators of persecution against other religions and other Christians. Christian mobs, sometimes with government support, destroyed temples and persecuted or even killed adherents of paganism (e.g. the philosopher ). Also, communities have periodically suffered violence at Christian hands. Christian governments have suppressed or persecuted groups seen as heretical, later in cooperation with the. Denominational strife escalated into. , carried out by secular authorities or popular mobs, were a frequent phenomenon in parts of and, to a lesser degree, North America.

Christian divisions


There is a diversity of s and practices among groups calling themselves Christian. These groups are sometimes classified under s, though for theological reasons many groups reject this classification system. Christianity may be broadly represented as being into three main groupings:


 * : The, or "Catholic Church," includes the 23 in communion with the . It is the largest single body, with more than 1 billion baptized members.


 * : Those churches in communion with the and the other Patriarchal Sees of the East.  A 1992 agreement amongst American theologians resolved theological differences between Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Christians -- although this has yet to be universally recognized. Together with the "Church of the East", these can be considered a single large grouping.


 * : Virtually every church body outside Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholocism are considered to be Protestant. In the 16th Century,, , and inaugurated what has come to be called the Protestant Reformation. Luther's primary theological heirs are known as  (Also known as Evangelicals in Germany and elsewhere). Zwingli and Calvin's heirs are far broader denominationally, and are broadly referred to as the . Most Protestant traditions branch out from the Reformed tradition in some way. In addition to the Lutheran and Reformed branches of the Reformation, there is also the  tradition, which was largely ostracized by the other Protestant parties at the time, but have achieved a measure of affirmation in more recent history.  may be considered to be another Protestant branch should one consider them to be properly called Christians.

The oldest Protestant and Reformed groups separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century, followed in many cases by further divisions. Estimates of the total number of Protestants and Reformed are very uncertain, partly because of the difficulty in determining which denominations should be placed in these categories, but it seems to be unquestionable that Orthodox Christianity is the second major group of Christians (after Roman Catholicism) in number of followers.

Some Reformed Christians identify themselves simply as Christian, or born-again Christian; they typically distance themselves from the of Protestant communities by calling themselves "" — often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations. Furthermore, many members of the, a group of Anglican and Episcopal Churches that are descended from the , claim to be both Protestant and . Finally, various small communities, such as the and, are similar in name to the Roman Catholic Church, but are not in  with the  (the  church is in communion with the ). The term "Roman Catholic" was created to distinguish the Roman Catholics from other groups.

are historically connected to Early 19th Century Camp Meetings in the Midwest and Upstate New York. American and, which arose from Evangelical Protestantism, produced certain groups such as the Jehovah's Witness movement (p. 807), and, as a reaction specifically to , Seventh Day Adventists (p. 381). These groups usually describe themselves as restoring the Church that they believe was lost at some point and not as "reforming" a continuously existing from the time of Jesus. Restorationists include with 2.6 million members,  with 800,000 members, and  with 6.6 million members, and, the largest denomination of the  with over 12 million members. Though Restorationists have some superficial similarities, their doctrine and practices vary significantly.



Mainstream Christianity
Christianity is a widely used term, used to refer to collectively to the common views of major denominations of Christianity (such as, , , ) as against the particular tenets of other sects or. The context is dependent on the particular issues addressed, but usually contrasts the majority view against  minority views. In the most common sense, "mainstream" refers to, or rather the traditions which continue to claim adherence to the.

Some groups identifying themselves as Christian deviate from the considered basic by most Christian organizations. These groups are often considered, or even non-Christian, by many mainstream Christians. This is particularly true of.

Ecumenism


Most churches have long expressed ideals of being reconciled with each other, and in the 20th century Christian advanced in two ways. One way was greater cooperation between groups, such as the of Protestants in 1910, the Justice, Peace and Creation Commission of the  founded in 1948 by Protestant and Orthodox churches, and similar national councils like the  which also includes Roman Catholics.

The other way was institutional union with new. ,, and churches united in 1925 to form the  and in 1977 to form the. The was formed in 1947 by the union of, , , , and  churches.

Steps towards reconciliation on a global level have also been taken in 1965 by the Catholic and Orthodox churches mutually revoking the excommunications that marked their in 1054; the  (ARCIC) working towards full communion between those churches since 1970; and the  and  churches signing The  in 1999 to address conflicts at the root of the. In 2006 the also adopted the declaration.

History and denominations

 * Eastern Christianity portal
 * Eastern Christianity portal



Popular media
B



C



D



E



F



E



G



J



K



O



R



S



T



W