1280s

The 1280s is the decade starting, 1280 and ending , 1289.

in the 1280s was marked by naval warfare on the and consolidation of power by the major states. Ongoing struggles over the control of provoked lengthy naval warfare: after the  rebellion, the  s struggled against  for control of the island. King established the  dynasty in  when he invested his two sons with power there. In, King completed the conquest of  and annexed the territory via the ; he also constructed a series of castles in Wales to suppress any future rebellions. Edward I also established several important legal traditions, including a court system to hear claims on the king's behalf and a codification of the separation of church and state legal powers. The death of King fomented political wrangling in  which would soon lead to increased English influence over Scotland. In, King founded a.

In, the continued to expand, although at a slower pace and with less success than in previous decades. 's established control over the  in, the  in , and a kingdom of , but failed a second attempted invasion of  and was twice defeated in attempted invasions of. The kingdoms of  and  also exercised power in the region, avoiding conflict with the Mongol Empire to the north. Across the continent in the, the sultanate of  continued to extinguish s under the leadership of , capturing , , and the. In, became a local chief, or , planting the seed that would eventually grow into the.

The 1280s was also a busy decade in culture. In Thailand, King invented the. In, the killed 50,000 while creating the , thus giving  the sea access it would later need to rise to prominence as an important port. In legal reforms, King started the use of  as punishment for traitors, King  created the, an onerous tax on salt, and the  passed laws allowing women to propose marriage to men, but only in s.  The northern branch of the  was constructed during the first half of the decade, the was begun, and a partial collapse set back construction of the  in a blow to the aspirations of its. Colleges at the Universities of and  were founded. The cities of, and ,  were founded, while ,  burnt to the ground in a catastrophic fire. s continued to be persecuted across Europe, while suffered under  in.

Continental Europe and the British Isles

 * 1282 - March -, brother to , attacks an  castle; his brother feels compelled to support him despite poor preparation for war, quickly leading to the final English conquest of  by King.
 * 1286 - settled in exile in  stage a famous uprising.
 * 1288 - -  defeats the duchy of  in the  &mdash; one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages &mdash; thus winning possession of the .  The battle also liberates the city of  from rule by the ; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the.
 * 1288 - -  proclaims a crusade against King, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan   subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.

Mediterranean Europe

 * 1281 - authorizes the  against the newly re-established  in ;  and  expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year.
 * 1281 - An offensive by the significantly reduces the size of the, as it recaptures land seized from the  by  ten years earlier.
 * 1282 - - The  rebellion known as the  begins against the rule of  King ; over the next six weeks, thousands of French are killed.  The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the  while still en route to the target city of, and allows King  to take over rule of the island from Charles (which in turn leads to Peter's  by ).
 * 1283 - - At the   at, an  fleet sent to help put down a rebellion on  is defeated by the fleet of.
 * 1284 - King is captured in a naval battle off  by, admiral to King.
 * 1284 - The  of  defeats its rival  in the naval, ending Pisa's marine power and hastening the city's decline in power.
 * 1285 - -  defeats King  in a naval battle off of.
 * 1287 - - King  captures the island of  from the.

Political entities

 * 1284 - The is created, formally incorporating  into  in the entity.
 * 1284 -, king of , receives , , and other territories from when his son marries the king of Hungary's cousin.

Political reform

 * 1280 - King founds a  by enacting a law accepting a contribution of a -member in lieu of ordinary tax payments.
 * 1280 - King forms the Court of  to hear petitions for justice instead of the king hearing them himself.
 * 1285 - The, issued by King , defines the jurisdictions of church and state in , thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.

People and dynasties

 * 1280 - The of s of  ends.
 * 1282 -  invests his sons  and  as co-rulers of the duchies of  and, thus founding the  dynasty in those territories.
 * 1283 - - The young Duke  is forced to yield his claim on the Duchies of  and  to his elder brother,, under the.
 * 1286 - - King  dies in a  with Queen 's unborn child and the 3-year-old  as heirs; this sets the stage for the  and increased influence of  over.

The Yuan dynasty: east Asia

 * 1281 - - The second   is foiled at the  (or Battle of Hakata Bay) as a large  &mdash; famously called a , or divine wind &mdash; destroys much of the combined  and n fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships.
 * 1281 - The kingdom of  falls as its capital  (in present-day ) is captured by King 's  kingdom.
 * 1283 - 's invades the  of present-day ; King  decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire.
 * 1285 - leads ese forces in victory over an invading   army.
 * 1286 - In, King is overthrown in a  led by his son , which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant  ( of ).
 * 1286 - plots a final  invasion of, but aborts the plan due to a lack of necessary resources.
 * 1287 - Kings of the  kingdom and  of the  agree to a peace pact in their region of southeast  (present-day ).
 * 1287 - The  kingdom at  falls to the invading  in the.
 * 1288 - ese general sinks the entire fleet of an invading   army by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the  River, near.
 * 1289 - friars begin  work in.

The Ilkhanate: southwest Asia

 * 1287 -   dispatches  to the leaders of  to negotiate an alliance against  states, specifically the  sultanate of.

The Golden Horde: Eastern Europe

 * 1285 - Second Mongol raid against, led by.
 * 1287 - Third Mongol raid against.

The Mamluk Sultanate sphere of influence: the Middle East

 * 1280 - attempts to secede from the  sultanate of, but  defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.
 * 1281 - -  sultan  defeats an invasion of  by    at the.
 * 1281 -, founder of the , becomes  of the tribe in central ; in  he will declare independence from the , marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire.
 * 1284 - sultan of   signs a ten-year truce with the  of ; he will violate the truce on pretexts in.
 * 1285 - -  sultan  begins a siege of the r fortress of  (in present-day ), a major stronghold of the  thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later.
 * 1287 - sultan  captures the port city of  in present-day.
 * 1289 - -  sultan  captures the  (in present-day ) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the.

Natural events

 * 1280 - The Wolf minimum of begins (approximate date).
 * 1282 - The most recent eruption of, a in southern , is observed.
 * 1287 - - A fringing barrier between the  and a shallow lake in  collapses during a heavy storm, causing the fifth largest flood in recorded history which creates the  inlet and kills over 50,000 people; it also gives sea access to, allowing its development as an important port city.
 * 1287 - The city of  on  is destroyed by catastrophic flooding during a severe storm; a new town of the same name is later constructed some two miles away on higher ground.

Science, literature, and industry

 * 1280 to 1283 - The E codex of the, a collection of musical manuscripts, is dated to between  and 1283.
 * 1282 - The technology of s is introduced by manufacturers of,.
 * 1283 - The, an early an treatise on board games (including , , and a version of ), is commissioned by King between  and 1283.
 * 1283 - King of the  creates the, according to tradition.
 * 1284 - translates '  military treatise  from  into.
 * 1285 - The romantic poem  is written (approximate date).
 * 1289 - The 5,452 meter (17,887 feet) high  is  by members of the  tribe in present-day.

Civic laws and institutions

 * 1280 - The second of two main surveys of the, an  seen as a follow up to the  completed in , is completed; it began in.
 * 1282 - The form for the, during which it is confirmed that newly- conform to required standards, is established.
 * 1283 - - Death by  is first used as a form of  (for the newly created crime of ) by King  in his execution of, the last ruler of an independent.
 * 1284 - The begins coining the, a   that is to become the standard of an coinage for the following 600 years.
 * 1285 - The is passed in, reforming various laws; it includes the famous clause , considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law in England.
 * 1286 - King imposes the  &mdash; a tax on  in the form of a  &mdash; which would become immensely unpopular and grossly unequal, but persist until.
 * 1288 - The creates a law allowing women to propose  to men during s; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.

Art and architecture

 * 1280 - Construction on the northern section of the is begun; it is completed in 1283.
 * 1280 - The final expansion of the is completed.
 * 1283 - Construction of, (completed in 1289), and  is begun in  by King  as a system of defenses against possible future Welsh uprisings.
 * 1284 - Construction on the is interrupted by a partial collapse of the choir; the event unnerves  masons working in the  style.
 * 1286 - In, the wooden is constructed to span the.
 * 1287 - The at the  in,  &mdash; a masterwork of the ing trade containing nearly a ton of  &mdash; is begun; it will not be completed for nearly 200 years.
 * 1287 - Construction on the is begun; it will not be completed until.
 * 1288 - The oldest surviving in the clocks atop the dome of  in  dates to 1288.
 * 1289 - Construction of the tower in  is completed.

Cities and institutions

 * 1280 - The ian city of is founded.
 * 1282 - is founded at the.
 * 1283 - The city of is founded in.
 * 1284 - The city of  is destroyed by a fire.
 * 1284 -, the oldest college at the , is founded by.
 * 1289 - formally constitutes the  in  by, combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single.

Christianity

 * 1285 - - Archbishop  orders all priests subject to his bishopry in  to deliver sermons in  rather than, thus further unifying the  in Poland and fostering a national identity.
 * 1286 - - The, a religious  dictionary, is completed by  of.

Judaism

 * 1282 - The orders all s of  to close, and forbits ish doctors from practicing on non-Jews.
 * 1283 - King causes a mass migration of s when he outlaws their residence in the small villages and rural localities of.
 * 1286 - King declares all s to be "serfs of the Treasury", thus negating all their political freedoms.
 * 1287 - King arrests the heads of ish households, and demands their communities pay hefty ransoms for their release.
 * 1289 - s are expelled from and  in.

Taoism

 * 1281 - orders the burning of sacred  texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the  (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.

Births

 * 1282 - (d. )
 * 1284 - - King  (d. )
 * 1285 -,  to whom  is attributed (approximate date; d. )
 * 1286 - Duke (d. )
 * 1286 -, famous traveller (approximate date; d. )
 * 1288 -, ish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer (d. )
 * 1289 - - King  (d. )

Deaths

 * 1280 - -,   (b. c. )
 * 1280 - King
 * 1282 - -, founder of  (b. )
 * 1282 - -, last independent  (b. c. )
 * 1282 - - Emperor  of the  (b. )
 * 1282 -,  (b. )
 * 1284 - - King  (b. )
 * 1285 - - King  (b. )
 * 1285 - Emperor
 * 1286 - - King  (b. )
 * 1288 -, ic scientist (b. )