Commonwealth War Graves Commission

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is a joint governmental organisation responsible for marking and maintaining the graves of members of the ' military forces that died in the two s, to build memorials to those with no known grave, and to keep records of the war dead. The CWGC changed its name in 1960 from the Imperial War Graves Commission, which was formed in 1917 following the earlier work of the Graves Registration Commission.

Based in, the , the commission is responsible for the commemoration of 1.7 million Commonwealth servicemen and women in 150 countries worldwide. It has constructed and maintains around 2,500 cemeteries and is responsible for Commonwealth war graves in other cemeteries. There are 73,000 such cemeteries containing Commonwealth war graves worldwide, of which over 12,000 are in the United Kingdom.

The six member nations are, , , , , and the United Kingdom. was a founding member but ceased to have separate status in 1949, when it became a part of Canada. The President of the CWGC is.

The largest cemeteries are in and, and were built after the. There are also cemeteries in the and, as a result of battles against the  during the First World War, and in , the Far East and  from the. The largest CWGC cemetery is, north of , , which contains nearly 12,000 graves; the smallest maintained isolated site contains the remains of only , on in. Memorials were also constructed to commemorate the dead who have no known grave; the largest of these is the, which is 45 metres high and carries the names of over 72,000 missing servicemen from the.

A project is currently underway to photograph the graves of and memorials to all service personnel from 1914 to the present day. The work is being carried out by the in conjunction with the CWGC and the. The project has archived 500,000 photographs (as of November 2006).

Architecture


Each cemetery is made up of rows of white s; unlike French or German graves, these are rectangles with rounded tops, not shaped like crosses. Each stone is marked with a, except for those where the deceased was known to belong to another , in which case another symbol is engraved. If the deceased was of no religion, no religious emblem is engraved on the headstone. The graves are marked with the name, rank and unit symbol of the deceased.

Many gravestones are for unidentified casualties; they consequently bear only what could be discovered from the body, such as "A Soldier of the Great War" or "A Soldier of the Second World War" and "Known unto God", a phrase proposed by.

Some graves also have an additional phrase chosen by the next of kin. In the case of First World War graves, these were charged to the family at 3½ per letter, a significant sum in the  when the headstones were erected.

The cemeteries are normally surrounded by a low brick wall, often with a decorative gate over the entrance. Many have an identical limestone, called the '' and designed by ; these vary in height from 4.5 m to 9 m, depending on the size of the cemetery. If there are a thousand or more burials, the cemetery also contains a , designed by and bearing words from '': "Their name liveth for evermore". All the Stones of Remembrance are 3.5 m long and 1.5 m high, with three steps leading up to them. Each cemetery has a plaque that explains in which war the soldiers died and provides some background history. They also have a visitors' book and a register of everyone buried in the cemetery.

On the and in the Far East the cemeteries have slightly different design features. To prevent masonry sinking into water-sodden ground, the graves have stone-faced pedestal markers rather than headstones, and instead of a freestanding Cross of Sacrifice, the cross is built into a wall. The smaller size of the markers mean that they lack unit insignia.

Floriculture
CWGC cemeteries are distinctive in treating as an integral part of the cemetery design. Originally the intention was to allow visitors and mourners to experience a more peaceful environment, in contrast to traditionally bleak graveyards. The architects were aided by the in, which information allowed the architectural designs take into account the requirements of various plants. Lutyens furthered his long-standing working relationship with, and her foremost expertise was employed in transforming the cemeteries into.

Where possible, indigenous plants are utilised to further connection between the interred and their surroundings. The beds around the headstones are planted with a mixture of s and s; short varieties are planted in front of the headstones, to avoid obscuring the details of the deceased whilst preventing soil from being thrown onto the white stone when it rains.

History
On the outbreak of the in 1914,, who had been responsible for education in  and a member of the board of the , found that, at 45, he was too old to join the. He used the influence of his friend,, to obtain command of a Mobile unit, arriving in France in September 1914. Whilst there he was struck by the lack of any official mechanism for marking the graves of those that were killed. He made it his task to change this, and created an organisation within the Red Cross for this purpose. This organisation was transferred (along with Ware) to the British Army in 1915. By October 1915, the new Graves Registration Commission had over 31,000 graves registered, and 50,000 by May 1916.

As well as recording details about graves, the organisation handled numerous requests from relatives for details or photographs of the graves, and had sent out around 12,000 photographs by 1917. As the war continued, Ware became concerned about the fate of the graves after the war. With the help of, in 1917 he submitted a memorandum on the subject to the. On, the Imperial War Graves Commission was created by a , with the Prince of Wales as its President and Ware as its Vice-Chairman, a role that Ware held until 1948.

A committee under, director of the , presented a report in November 1918 on how the cemeteries should be developed. Two key elements of this were that bodies should not be repatriated and that uniform memorials should be used to avoid class distinctions. Both of these issues generated considerable public discussion, which eventually led to a heated debate in Parliament on, with opponents arguing for the rights of the individual. The matter was eventually settled with Kenyon's conclusions being accepted.

Three of the most eminent architects of their day,, , and were commissioned to design the cemeteries and memorials. Prototype cemeteries were constructed in France, at, and. All three were completed in 1920, with the one at Forceville being considered the most successful; with uniform headstones, Blomfield's and Lutyen's, it became the model for all future ones. At the end of 1919, the commission had spent £7,500, and this figure rose to £250,000 in 1920 as construction of cemeteries and memorials increased. 4,000 headstones a week were being sent to France in 1923. In 1927, when the majority of construction had been completed, over 500 cemeteries had been built, with 400,000 headstones and 1000 Crosses of Sacrifice.

In many cases small cemeteries were closed and the graves concentrated in larger ones, and further enlarged as battlefields were searched for bodies. As early as 1916, Ware had approached the at Kew for advice on floriculture for the cemetries. The building programme was finally completed in 1938, just before the outbreak of the Second World War.

From the start of the Second World War in 1939, the CWGC had a graves registration unit. With the increased number of civilian casualties compared with the First World War, agreed to Ware's proposal that the CWGC also maintain a record of Commonwealth civilian war deaths. This book, containing the names of nearly 67,000 men, women and children, has been kept in since 1956. When the Allies liberated Northern Europe, most of the First World War cemeteries were found to be largely undamaged and the floriculture had nearly reached pre-war standards within three years.

The Second World War had produced over 600,000 Empire and Commonwealth deaths. In 1949, the was the first to be completed, and, eventually, over 350,000 headstones were erected. However, the wider scale of the war, coupled with manpower shortages and unrest in some countries, meant that construction of Second World War cemeteries was not complete until the. By this time, the CWGC had constructed 559 new cemeteries and 36 memorials.

Financing
The CWGC's work is funded predominantly by grants from the governments of the six member states. In the 2004/05, these grants amounted to £38.9m. The contribution from each country is proportionate to the number of graves maintained, as follows:

Vandalism
CWGC cemeteries are generally respected as humanitarian, non-political sites, and instances of and desecration appear to be rare; when they do occur they tend to make news in  countries. For instance, on  33 headstones were demolished in the, which contains 3691 graves, allegedly in retaliation for the  scandal.

Accusations of vandalism of Imperial war graves were levelled at after their victory in the. On,  visited the  to show that it had not been vandalised or destroyed by German troops.

Vandals defaced the central memorial of the Etaples War Cemetery in northern France with anti-British and anti-American graffiti on  immediately after the beginning of the.