Kecskemét

Kecskemét is a city in Bács-Kiskun County, Southern Transdanubia Region, Hungary. It is the 8th largest city in the country, and the county seat of Bács-Kiskun.

Kecskemét lies halfway between the capital Budapest and the country's third-largest city, Szeged, 86 km from both of them and almost equal distance from the two big rivers of the country, the Danube and the Tisza. It is the northern of two centers of the Hungarian Southern Great Plain (Hungarian: Del-Alföld) region (comprising the three counties Bács-Kiskun, Békés and Csongrád); the southern center is Szeged, the seat of Csongrád county.

The name of the city stems from the Hungarian word kecske, meaning "goat".

Geography
Kecskemét was established at the meeting point of a large sandy region and a sandy yellow soil; its elevation is 120 m above sea level. The territory west of the city is covered by wind-blown sand, characterized by the almost parallel northern-southern sand dunes and the plain between them. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, the pastures had become depleted. Overgrazing by cattle had destroyed the natural vegetation cover, and the movement of sand seriously endangered the town. Concentrated reforestation and planting of fruit and vines was carried out to stabilize the soil again.

Kecskemét is in the center of Kiskunság, one of Hungary's famous regions. The Kiskunság National Park was established in 1975 to preserve the many different regional species of plants and animals. It is a "mosaic"-type national park, consisting of units that are not connected.

Climate
The characteristic weather in the Kecskemét region of Kiskunság is continental warm, dry, sometimes extreme. The amount of sunlight makes it possible for the region to produce agricultural products such as wheat, apricots, red peppers, and tomatoes The warmest month in Kecskemét is July, with an average temperature of 20.9 °C; the coldest is January, with -1.9 °C.

Early spring and late autumn frosts are frequent on the Great Hungarian Plain. The possibility of frost usually ends only in the middle of April. After the third week of October, the temperature is frequently below 0 °C.

History
The first archeological trace of a human in the area is about five thousand years old. The Sarmatians invaded the area in the first century B.C.; since then the area has been continuously inhabited by a variety of cultures. János Hornyik, the first town historian, believed that the settlement known as Partiskum of the Sarmatian Jazygian was here. Contemporary consensus among historians is that it is more likely permanent settlement occurred only after the Hungarian conquest. At the beginning of the 13th century, there were seven villages in the area, each with a population of 200-300 formed near the village church, a typical rural pattern. They were all destroyed by the Mongol Invasion. Some of the villages revived at the time of the Cumanian's colonization.

As Kecskemét was situated at an important trading route, it grew as a customhouse and a market-place; in 1368 it was identified in one of King Louis I of Hungary's charters as an oppidium (town). The town's active economic life and relatively dense population attracted more traders, craftsmen and residents, including Jews who became an important part of the town.

During the Turkish invasion, settlers from neighboring villages sought shelter in Kecskemét, which was protected by defensive palisades. They also were escaping the oppression of the spahi landlords. In addition to the protection of its setting, the town of Kecskemét had arranged to pay tax directly to the pasha in Buda, thus gaining his protection and enjoying a special situation.

Kecskemét gradually absorbed the lands of those who had taken refuge in the town. Residents created a large common field for the animals they were breeding. By the beginning of the 18th century, residents held nearly 30,000 cattle, which grazed on an almost 2000 km2 field.

At the end of the 18th century, animal breeding started to decline in economic importance, as the fields had become overgrazed and denuded. It took nearly 100 years before the region developed its next major agricultural commodity. In the 19th century, Kecskemét was already part of an important wine district, but the city increased in importance after the vine-pest destroyed most vineyards in the hilly regions. Damage was less significant in the plains' areas of loose, sandy soil. In the 1870s, landowners planted large plantations of grapevines around the town. These were the basis of the 20th-century vineyards and wine industry of the 20th century in Kecskemét. Cottage-type settlements grew up at the vineyards to house workers, a pattern still characteristic of the rural areas around the town. The growth of the wine industry stimulated those of the food industry and trade. The city is still known for its barackpálinka, an apricot brandy.

With their accumulation of capital, peasants began to adopt bourgeois customs and goods, stimulating trade in the town. Such regional wealth led to construction of new buildings, especially those surrounding Kecskemét's main square. This Art Nouveau complex is architecturally significant: the Town Hall, the New College, the Ornamented Palace, the Luther-Palace, the House of Trade (today the House of Young), and the Gentlemen's Casino, now used as the Hungarian Museum of Photography.

The town's growth suffered in the 1929-33 economic world crisis and Great Depression, followed by the upheaval and destruction of World War II. During the war and especially May–June 1944, Hungarian authorities rounded up and deported most of the Jews from the city to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where most were killed. Jewish Hungarians had been an important part of Kecskemét's thriving culture and trade. After 1945, the new Communist government, strongly influenced by the Soviet Union, imposed a different social-political system. Kecskemét's development slowed. Due to reorganization in local government, Kecskemét lost its big territory; several new independent villages were formed in the area. They were economically connected to the town.

In 1950, for the first time, Kecskemét took on a significant political administration role, as it was made seat of the country's largest county, Bács-Kiskun. In the special system of the so-called controlled economy under the Communist regimes, such status provided political and financial advantages that greatly helped the city continue its growth. The architect József Kerényi (1900–1975) adapted and renovated several historic buildings for other uses, helping keep the varied historical character of the city alive. For instance, in the early 1970s, he renovated the early eighteenth-century Franciscan monastery for use as the Zoltán Kodály Conservatory; it opened for classes in 1975.

The Hungarian Association of Photographers formed the Hungarian Photography Foundation in 1990. It helped raise funds for the restoration of an 18th-century building in Kecskemét last used as an Orthodox synagogue. It was adapted for the Hungarian Museum of Photography (Magyar Fotográfiai Múzeum), which opened in 1991. The museum holds work by Hungarian and other photographers of international and national reputations. It especially collects Hungarian photographers who successfully worked abroad.

On 18 June 2008, German car manufacturer Daimler announced that it would build a Mercedes-Benz manufacturing plant in Kecskemét, planning to invest €800 million (US$1.24 billion). The plant, one of the biggest if not the biggest-ever in the region, will provide work for 2,500 people.

Economy
In March 2012, the German automobile manufacturer Daimler AG opened a plant nearby Kecskemét, to manufacture the new B-Class, A-Class and CLA-Class models. The Stuttgart-based company invested €800 million (US$1.24 billion) to build the new plant, which is expected to create 3,000 new jobs in the region. According to the plans, more than 100,000 vehicles will be produced annual at the factory.

Public transport
In 1900, the industrialization of Hungary Kecskemét raised during the development of public transport in that city by trams built by the then city with a population of 50,000. This plan because of the war so they could not accomplish in 1950 for bus travel only began in the city. In 2010, the county seat of EU competition from around 60 billion worth upgrading to the traffic of the city, so in 2014 the city launched a number of trolley bus transport line. To this end, completely rebuilt in 2011 from the big city downtown is pedestrian only zone where the trolleybus and pedestrian tourist traffic can prevail.

Currently, bus travel is the only county in the number of routes, the following was the 2014th 1 January:

Bus destinations


 * 1 – Noszlopy Park - Sand Mining College
 * 2 – Széchenyi Square - Village Police
 * 2A – Széchenyi Square - Karting Stadium
 * 2D – Noszlopy park - Mercedes factory I gate
 * 3 – Széchenyi Square - Art Garden City
 * 4 – Széchenyi Square - Airport
 * 4A – Széchenyi Square - Little Tree
 * 5 – Széchenyi Square - Mary's City
 * 6 – Széchenyi Square - Szeleifalu
 * 7 – Noszlopy park - Knorr Bremse - Printing Szilády
 * 7C – Noszlopy Park - All Saints Tour
 * 9 – Széchenyi Square - Public Talfája
 * 10 – Széchenyi Square - M5 TESCO Hypermarket
 * 11 – Széchenyi Square - Petofi City - Kadafalva road
 * 11A - Széchenyi Square - Petofi City - Auchan Commercial Center
 * 12 – Széchenyi Square - Public Cemetery I gate
 * 12D – Hunyadi City (Chalice Street) - Mercedes factory I gate
 * 13 – Széchenyi Square - Knorr Bremse
 * 13C – Knorr Bremse - Szechenyi City
 * 13K - Szechenyi Square - Knorr Bremse factory
 * 14 – Széchenyi Square - Szechenyi City
 * 14D – Széchenyi City (Daisy Home) - Mercedes factory I gate
 * 15 – Noszlopy park - Hetényegyháza
 * 15D – Hetényegyháza - Mercedes factory I gate
 * 16 – Széchenyi Square - Miklovicsfalu
 * 18 – Széchenyi Square - Public Cemetery II. gate
 * 19 – Noszlopy park - Nicholas Colony
 * 20 – Széchenyi Square - County Hospital - Szechenyi City
 * 21 – Noszlopy Park - Szechenyi City - Grand Boulevard - Park Noszlopy
 * 22 – Noszlopy park - Geza Csabay Tour - Grand Boulevard - Park Noszlopy
 * 23 – Széchenyi Square - Katonatelep
 * 23A - Széchenyi Square - Hunyadi City - Katonatelep
 * 25 – Noszlopy park - City Garden Art
 * 28 – Széchenyi Square - Szeleifalu
 * 29 – Széchenyi Square - Hetényegyháza
 * 30 - Noszlopy park - Kadafalva
 * 32 – Noszlopy park - Matkó
 * 52 – Noszlopy park - Matkó
 * 54 – Noszlopy park - Borbas
 * 112 – Széchenyi Square - Public Cemetery I gate
 * 118 – Széchenyi Square - Public Cemetery II. gate
 * Tesco 1 – Public Cemetery I Gate - M5 TESCO Hypermarket
 * Tesco 2 – Kurucz space - M5 TESCO Hypermarket

Demographics
Kecskemét has 107,267 residents. The population is homogeneous with a large Hungarian majority. A few thousand of the Romani minority live in the city; they formed their independent minority government in 1994. (95% Hungarian; 0.8% Romani; 0.4% German; 0.2% Slovak; 4.8% other.) The city had a thriving Jewish population before World War II, as represented by their grand synagogue. Most of the Jews were deported by the Nazi forces in 1944 to concentration camps, where they were killed.

The Vice President of the German minority in Kecskemet is Ms Rozalia Neuendorf. Since 19 March 2007, there is also a minority self-government for Croats in Kecskemét.

Districts
Kecskemét is divided into 21+1 sections.


 * Belváros (Downtown)
 * I. Árpádváros (Árpádtown)
 * II. Máriaváros (Marytown)
 * III. Széchenyiváros (Széchenyitown)
 * IV. Bethlenváros (Bethlentown)
 * V. Rákócziváros (Rákóczitown)
 * VI. Erzsébetváros (Elisabethtown)
 * VII. Kossuthváros (Kossuthtown)
 * VIII. Hunyadiváros (Hunyaditown)
 * IX. Szent István-város (Műkertváros, Szolnoki-hegy) (Saint Stephen town)
 * X. Szent László-város (Rendőrfalu) (Saint Ladislaus town)
 * XI. Alsószéktó (Szeleifalu)
 * XII. Felsőszéktó (Petőfiváros, Sutusfalu)
 * XIII. Talfája
 * XIV. Katonatelep
 * XV. Repülőtér (Reptéri-lakótelep)
 * XVI. Matkó
 * XVII. Kadafalva
 * XVIII. Szarkás
 * XIX. Hetényegyháza
 * XX. Méntelek
 * XXI. Borbáspuszta

Main sights

 * City Hall
 * "Cifra Palota"
 * Old Church
 * Synagogue
 * József Katona Theater
 * Hungarian Museum of Photography
 * Museum of Hungarian Naive Artists

Notable natives and residents

 * András Gáspár (1804–1884), Hungarian General
 * Adrienne Nagy (born 1988) Hungarian pop singer
 * József Katona (1791–1830), author
 * Antal Szabó (1875-1926), painter
 * Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967), Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, educator, linguist and philosopher. A music conservatory was named in his honor. The train station was built on the site of his family's house.
 * Kálmán Latabár (1902–1970), actor, comedian
 * Nicolas Abraham (1919–1975), French psychoanalyst
 * Akos Konya (born 1974), ultramarathoner

Twin towns — Sister cities
Kecskemét is twinned with:

Military
The MH 59th "Szentgyörgyi Dezső" Tactical Wing, the only jet fighter unit of the Magyar Honvédség, is based at Kecskemét air force base. The Kecskeméti Repülőnap, a bi-annual airshow is held here.