Haplogroup F-M89

In, Haplogroup F (defining mutations M89, P14, and M213) is a. This haplogroup and its s contain more than 90% of the world's extant male population, including almost everyone outside of, except for , , , , , and communities of , while also including many men within those regions.

History
This ancient haplogroup may have first appeared in some 45,000 years before present. It is sometimes believed to represent a "second-wave" of expansion out of. However, the location of this lineage's first expansion and rise to dominance appears to have been in or somewhere close to it within  or the ; all of Haplogroup F's descendant haplogroups also show a pattern of radiation from South Asia (haplogroups H and K) or the Middle East (haplogroups G and IJ).

Several lineages derived from Haplogroup F appear to have migrated into Africa from a homeland in sometime during prehistory. Y-chromosome haplogroups associated with this hypothetical "Back to Africa" migration include, , and. The occurrence of haplogroups J, K, and R among precolonial populations of Africa is highly correlated with the distribution of languages of the phylum. However, certain subclades of, which commonly occurs among all modern populations of Africa, are also closely associated with the distribution of Afro-Asiatic languages, both within Africa and in Southwest Asia, which many scholars have taken to support the hypothesis of a Northeast African origin of the Afro-Asiatic languages and subsequent colonization of Southwest Asia by -bearing proto-. Under the scenario of an African origin of Afro-Asiatic languages, the occurrence of Eurasian Y-chromosome haplogroups J, K, and R among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations of North Africa and East Africa would imply Eurasian immigration or gene flow into northern Africa, accompanied by the loss of the Eurasians' ancestral language and assimilation into the indigenous Afro-Asiatic cultures.

Derivative haplogroups
Haplogroup F is an ancestral haplogroup to Y-chromosome haplogroups (M201),  (M52),  (M170),  (12f2.1), and  (M9) along with K's descendant haplogroups (,, , , , , and ).

Besides the major clades G, H, IJ, and K, other patrilines derived from Haplogroup F-M89 can still be detected at a very low frequency among many populations of the southern fringe of Eurasia and Oceania, from in the west to  and the  in the east. ,, and the of  in southwestern  appear to be the only regions where such lineages, which are grouped for convenience as Haplogroup F, comprise a significant portion of the Y-chromosome diversity of the modern populations. Haplogroup F* Y-chromosomes have been found to be particularly common among the Kucong or, a group of hunter-gatherers who live in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan. Korean F* probably reflects a rare brother clade of haplogroups G, H, IJ, and K that may have experienced a geographically limited expansion during historical times, as such Haplogroup F* Y-chromosomes have not been found among the neighboring.

Subclades
The rare clades F1 (P91, P104) and F2 (M427, M428) have been identified among some of the Haplogroup F-M89 Y-chromosomes that formerly were classified as F*. The extent of the distribution of haplogroups F1 and F2 is not yet known for certain, but these two clades, like F*, seem to occur only at a very low frequency among modern human populations and primarily only among populations of India.

Subgroups
The subclades of Haplogroup F with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2006 ISOGG tree (abbreviated for clarity to a maximum of five steps away from the root of Haplogroup F):


 * F (P14, M89, M213)
 * F*
 * F1 (P91, P104)
 * F2 (M427, M428)
 * (M201) Most common today in some ; also found at a low frequency throughout, the , , and 
 * G*
 * G1 (M285, M342)
 * G1*
 * G1a (P20)
 * G2 (P15)
 * G2*
 * G2a (P16)
 * G2a*
 * G2a1 (P17, P18)
 * G2b (M286)
 * G3 (M287)
 * G4
 * (M377) Almost exclusively found in low numbers among 
 * (M69) Generally limited to ; typical of Central, East, and South population as well as the  of Europe
 * H*
 * H1 (M52)
 * H1*
 * H1a (M82)
 * H1a*
 * H1a1 (M36, M197)
 * H1a2 (M97)
 * H1a3 (M39, M138)
 * H1b (M370)
 * H2 (Apt)
 * IJ (S2, S22)
 * (M170, M258, P19)
 * I*
 * I1 (P38)
 * I1*
 * (M253, M307, P30, P40) Typical of populations of and, with a moderate distribution throughout Europe
 * I1a*
 * I1a1 (M227)
 * I1a2 (M21)
 * I1a3 (M72)
 * (S31)
 * I1b*
 * I1b1 (P37.2) Typical of populations of the and, with a moderate distribution throughout  and a very sparse distribution in 
 * I1b2 (S23, S30, S32, S33) Occurs at a moderate frequency among populations of Northwest Europe
 * (12f2.1, M304, S6, S34, S35)
 * J*
 * (M267) Typical of populations of the, , and -speaking populations of and , with a moderate distribution throughout 
 * J1*
 * J1a (M62)
 * J1b (M365)
 * J1c (M367, M368)
 * J1d (M369)
 * J1e (M390)
 * (M172) Typical of populations of, , northern , , and the , with a moderate distribution throughout , , , and 
 * J2*
 * J2a (M410)
 * J2a*
 * J2a1 (DYS413≤18)
 * J2a2 (M340)
 * J2b (M12, M314, M221)
 * J2b*
 * J2b1 (M102) Mainly found in the Balkans, Greece, and Italy (possibly from )
 * (M9) Typical of populations of northern Eurasia, eastern Eurasia,, and the Americas, with a moderate distribution throughout , northern Africa, and 
 * K*
 * K1 (M353, M387)
 * K1*
 * K1a (SRY9138 (M177))
 * K2 (M70, M184, M193, M272) Found in a significant minority of, , , and ; also present at low frequency throughout South Asia, Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Southern Europe
 * K2*
 * K2a (M320)
 * K3 (M147)
 * K4 (P60)
 * K5 (M230) Typical of populations of the highlands of ; also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of and 
 * K5*
 * K5a (M254)
 * K5a*
 * K5a1 (M226)
 * K6 (P79)
 * K7 (P117)
 * (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295) Typical of populations of 
 * L*
 * L1 (M27, M76) Typical of castes of  and, with a moderate distribution among  peoples of South Asia
 * L2 (M317) Found at low frequency among populations of Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe
 * L2*
 * L2a (M274)
 * L2b (M349)
 * L3 (M357) Frequently found among and, with a moderate distribution among the general  population
 * L3*
 * L3a (PK3) Found among 
 * (M4, M5, M106, M186, M189, P35) Typical of peoples
 * M*
 * M1 (P34)
 * M1*
 * M1a (P51)
 * M2 (P87)
 * M2*
 * M2a (M104 (P22))
 * M2a*
 * M2a1 (M16)
 * M2a2 (M83)
 * (M214)
 * NO*
 * (LLY22g, M231)
 * N*
 * N1 (M128) ''Found at a low frequency among, , , , and
 * N2 (P43) Typical of ; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other, , , , and 
 * N2*
 * N2a (P63)
 * N3 (Tat (M46)) Typical of the and, with a moderate distribution throughout 
 * N3*
 * N3a (M178)
 * (M175)
 * O*
 * (MSY2.2) Typical of, southern , and peoples
 * O1*
 * O1a (M119)
 * (P31, M268)
 * O2*
 * (M95) Typical of peoples,  peoples,, and 
 * (SRY465 (M176)) Typical of, , and 
 * (M122) Typical of populations of, , and populations of , with a moderate distribution in 
 * O3*
 * O3a (M324)
 * (92R7, M45, M74, (N12), P27)
 * P*
 * (M242, MEH2, P36)
 * Q*
 * Q1 (M120, N14 (M265))
 * Q1*
 * Q1a (M378)
 * Q2 (M25, M143)
 * (M3) Typical of 
 * Q3*
 * Q3a (M19)
 * Q3b (M194)
 * Q3c (M199)
 * Q4 (P48)
 * Q5 (M323)
 * Q6 (M346)
 * (M207 (UTY2), M306 (S1), S4, S8, S9)
 * R*
 * R1 (M173)
 * R1*
 * (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532)) Typical of populations of, , and , with a moderate distribution in , , and southern 
 * (M343) Typical of populations of, with a moderate distribution throughout and in parts of 
 * (M124) Typical of populations of, with a moderate distribution in and the