1264

War and politics

 * Before May -, a , begins.
 * to - The  of the Second Barons' War is fought between  and King  in .  By the end of the battle, de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his son, future King, making de Montfort the "uncrowned king of " for 15 months before Edward escapes captivity and recaptures the throne.
 * - The meets at  in, the first definitively known meeting of this.
 * In, King  the cities of  in  and  in  from the , ending over 500 years of ic rule.
 * The ends.
 * The state of gains its independence from  and becomes a free state of the.
 * In the, the title , the oldest continuously held peerage title in England, is created by.

Culture and religion

 * April - leads a massacre of the s at.
 * - riots in  (modern-day )
 * - formally completes the foundation of the House of Scholars of Merton (later ) to provide education in  and the.
 * King promulgates legal protection for his ish subjects, including protection from the kidnapping and forcible  of Jewish children.
 * In, a commission of censors portions of the  for the first time by ordering the cancellation of passages found reprehensible from a  point of view.
 * completes his work .
 * Pope creates festivity of

Mongol Empire

 * , supreme leader of the, moves the empire's capital from in  to the  city of  (now ).
 * Kublai Khan defeats his brother and to the title of, or Khan of Khans, , who surrendered to Kublai and was summarily imprisoned. He died a year later under mysterious circumstances, possibly by poisoning, but the cause of death is still uncertain.
 * Kublai Khan publicly reprimanded his own officers for executing two Chinese generals without trial or investigation. This act was one of many in order to enhance his reputation amongst the, to increase his legitimacy as a just ruler, and win over more defectors from the Southern Song.

Japan

 * The  ends, and the  era begins.

Births

 * -, Japanese shogun (died )
 * (died )

Deaths

 * , French encyclopedist (born )
 * , King of Galicia (born )
 * of China
 * of China