Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)

In, Haplogroup K (M9) is a.

It first appeared approximately 40,000 years ago in or southern. Today, haplogroup K and its descendant haplogroups are the patrilineal ancestors of most of the people living in the Northern Hemisphere, including most ans, ns, and. Other lineages derived from Haplogroup K are found among, indicating an ancient link between most ns and some populations of.

This haplogroup is a descendant of (M89). Its major descendant haplogroups are (M70),  (M20),  (M4),  (M214) (plus NO's descendants  and ), and  (M45) (plus P's descendants  and ). Haplogroups K1, K3, K4, K5, K6, and K7 are found only at low frequency among various populations of Eurasia, Oceania, and northern Africa.

Its subgroup (M70) is present at a low level throughout, , and , and at a much lower level in. A famous member of the K2 haplogroup is ; his Y-chromosomal complement received prominence through the controversy. Haplogroup K2-M70 has been detected in 7.2% of men (10 of 139 individuals) in a sample of modern is and 10.4% (21/201) of, which is much higher than its frequency in other populations.

According to an article by N. Al-Zahery et al., the potentially paraphyletic haplogroup K*-M9(xK2, O, P) occurs at a fairly high frequency among the modern population of. However, the loci of the downstream mutations that define and  were not tested in this study, and other studies have suggested that these two haplogroups might comprise a substantial minority of the Y-chromosome diversity among modern Anatolian populations, so it is possible that most or all of the reported K*-M9 Y-chromosomes might actually belong to Haplogroup L or Haplogroup N.

Subgroups
The s of Haplogroup K with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree (abbreviated for clarity to a maximum of five steps away from the root of Haplogroup K):


 * K (M9) Typical of populations of northern Eurasia, eastern Eurasia,, and the Americas, with a moderate distribution throughout , northern Africa, and 
 * K*
 * K1 (M353, M387) Found at a low frequency in the and 
 * K1*
 * K1a (SRY9138 (M177))
 * (M70, M184, M193, M272) Found in a significant minority of, , , and ; also found at low frequency throughout , , , and parts of 
 * K2*
 * K2a (M320)
 * K3 (M147)
 * K4 (P60)
 * K5 (M230) Typical of populations of the highlands of ; also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of and 
 * K5*
 * K5a (M254)
 * K5a*
 * K5a1 (M226)
 * K6 (P79) Found in 
 * K7 (P117) Found in 
 * (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295) Typical of populations of 
 * L*
 * L1 (M27, M76) Typical of castes of  and, with a moderate distribution among  populations of 
 * L2 (M317) Found at low frequency in, , and 
 * L2*
 * L2a (M274)
 * L2b (M349)
 * L3 (M357) Found frequently among and, with a moderate distribution among the general  population
 * L3*
 * L3a (PK3) Found among 
 * (M4, M5, M106, M186, M189, P35) Typical of peoples
 * M*
 * M1 (P34)
 * M1*
 * M1a (P51)
 * M2 (P87)
 * M2*
 * M2a (M104 (P22)) Typical of populations of the and 
 * M2a*
 * M2a1 (M16)
 * M2a2 (M83)
 * (M214)
 * NO*
 * (LLY22g, M231)
 * N*
 * N1 (M128) Found at a low frequency among, , n , , northern , , and some of 
 * N2 (P43) Typical of ; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other, , , , and s
 * N2*
 * N2a (P63)
 * N3 (Tat (M46)) Typical of the and, with a moderate distribution throughout 
 * N3*
 * N3a (M178)
 * N3a*
 * N3a1 (P21)
 * (M175)
 * O*
 * (MSY2.2) Typical of, southern , and peoples
 * O1*
 * O1a (M119)
 * O1a*
 * O1a1 (M101)
 * O1a2 (M50, M103, M110)
 * (P31, M268)
 * O2*
 * (M95) Typical of peoples,  peoples,, , and , with a moderate distribution throughout , , , and 
 * O2a*
 * O2a1 (M88, M111)
 * O2a2 (M297)
 * (SRY465 (M176)) Typical of, , and 
 * O2b*
 * O2b1 (P49)
 * (M122) Typical of populations of, , and populations of , with a moderate distribution in 
 * O3*
 * O3a (M324)
 * O3a*
 * O3a1 (M121, DYS257)
 * O3a2 (M164)
 * O3a3 (LINE1, M159) Typical of peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout  and 
 * O3a4 (M7)
 * O3a5 (M134) Typical of, with a moderate distribution throughout and 
 * O3a6 (M300)
 * O3a7 (M333)
 * (92R7, M45, M74, (N12), P27)
 * P*
 * (M242, MEH2, P36)
 * Q*
 * Q1 (M120, N14 (M265)) Found at low frequency among, , s, and 
 * Q1*
 * Q1a (M378) Found at low frequency among samples of and 
 * Q2 (M25, M143) Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of, , and 
 * (M3) Typical of 
 * Q3*
 * Q3a (M19) Found among some indigenous peoples of, such as the and the 
 * Q3b (M194)
 * Q3c (M199)
 * Q4 (P48)
 * Q5 (M323) Found in a significant minority of 
 * Q6 (M346) Found at low frequency in and 
 * (M207 (UTY2), M306 (S1), S4, S8, S9)
 * R*
 * R1 (M173)
 * R1*
 * (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532))
 * R1a*
 * (M17, M198) Typical of populations of, , and , with a moderate distribution throughout , , and southern 
 * (M343) Typical of populations of, with a moderate distribution throughout and in parts of northern 
 * R1b*
 * R1b1 (P25)
 * (M124) Typical of populations of, with a moderate distribution in and the