Battersea

Battersea is an area of the London Borough of Wandsworth, England. It is an inner-city district of South London in fare zone 2, situated on the south side of the River Thames, 2.9 miles (4.8 km) south-west of Charing Cross. Battersea spans from Fairfield in the west to Queenstown in the east. Although in modern times it is known mostly for its wealth, Battersea remains characterised by spates of inequality, with infamous and deprived council estates such as the Winstanley estate surrounding more prosperous areas. In 2001, Battersea had a population of 75,651 people.

History
Historically a part of Surrey, the area takes its name from the old village of Battersea, an island settlement established in the river delta of the Falconbrook; a river that rises in Tooting Bec Common and flows underground through south London to the River Thames. The site of the original settlement is marked by St. Mary's Church. William Blake was married, and Benedict Arnold and his wife and daughter are buried in the crypt of the church. Battersea is mentioned in Anglo-Saxon time as Badrices īeg = "Badric's Island" and later "Patrisey". As with many former Thames island settlements, Battersea was reclaimed by draining marshland and building culverts for streams.

The settlement appears in the Domesday Book as Patricesy. It was held by St Peter's Abbey, Westminster. Its Domesday Assets were: 18 hides; 7 mills worth £42 9s 8d, 17 ploughs, 82 acre of meadow, woodland worth 50 hogs. It rendered (in total): £75 9s 8d.

Agriculture
Before the Industrial Revolution, much of the area was farmland, providing food for the City of London and surrounding population centres; and with particular specialisms, such as growing lavender on Lavender Hill (nowadays denoted by the road of the same name), asparagus,sold as "Battersea Bundles" or pig breeding on Pig Hill (later the site of the Shaftesbury Park Estate). At the end of the 18th century, above 300 acre of land in the parish of Battersea were occupied by some 20 market gardeners, who rented from five to near 60 acre each. Villages in the wider area - Battersea, Wandsworth, Earlsfield (hamlet of Garratt), Tooting, Balham - were isolated one from another; and throughout the second half of the second millennium, the wealthy built their country retreats in Battersea and neighbouring areas.

Industry
Industry in the area was concentrated to the north west just outside the Battersea-Wandsworth boundary, at the confluence of the River Thames, and the River Wandle which gave rise to the village of Wandsworth. This was settled from the 16th century by Protestant craftsmen - Huguenots - fleeing religious persecution in Europe, who established a range of industries such as mills, breweries and dying, bleaching and calico printing. Industry developed eastwards along the bank of the Thames during the industrial revolution from 1750s onwards; the Thames provided water for transport, for steam engines and for water intensive industrial processes. Bridges erected across the Thames encouraged growth; Putney Bridge, a mile (1.6 km) to the west, was built in 1729, and Battersea Bridge in the centre of the north boundary in 1771. Inland from the river, the rural agricultural community persisted.

Along the Thames, a number of large and, in their field, pre-eminent firms grew; notably the Morgan Crucible Company, which survives to this day and is listed on the London Stock Exchange; Price's Candles, which also made cycle lamp oil; and Orlando Jones' Starch Factory. The 1874 Ordnance Survey map of the area shows the following factories, in order, from the site of the as yet unbuilt Wandsworth Bridge to Battersea Park: Starch manufacturer; Silk manufacturer; (St. John's College); (St. Mary's Church); Malt house; Corn mill; Oil and grease works (Prices Candles); Chemical works; Plumbago Crucible works (later the Morgan Crucible Company); Chemical works; Saltpetre works; Foundry. Between these were numerous wharfs for shipping.

In 1929, construction started on Battersea Power Station, being completed in 1939. From the late 18th century to comparatively recent times, Battersea, and certainly north Battersea, was established as an industrial area, with all of the issues associated with pollution and poor housing affecting it.

Industry declined and moved away from the area in the 1970s, and local government sought to address chronic post-war housing problems with large scale clearances and the establishment of planned housing. More recently, some decades after the end of large scale local industry, residential overspill from fashionable Chelsea, the area to the north across the Thames, has changed the character of much of Battersea. Factories have been demolished and replaced with apartment buildings. Some of the council owned properties have been sold off and several traditional working men's pubs have become more fashionable bistros, although much local authority housing (including estates of considerable notoriety such as the Winstanley and the Surrey Lane estates) and land in industrial use still remains.

Railway age
Battersea was radically altered by the coming of railways. The London and Southampton Railway Company was the first to drive a railway line from east to west through Battersea, in 1838, terminating at Nine Elms at the north west tip of the area. Over the next 22 years five other lines were built, across which all trains from Waterloo Station and Victoria Station ran. An interchange station was built in 1863 towards the north west of the area, at a junction of the railway. Taking the name of a fashionable village a mile and more away, the station was named Clapham Junction. A campaign to rename the station "Battersea Junction" fizzled out as late as the early twentieth century. During the latter decades of the nineteenth century Battersea had developed into a major town railway centre with two locomotive works at Nine Elms and Longhedge and three important motive power depots (Nine Elms, Stewarts Lane and Battersea) all situated within a relatively small area in the north of the district. The effect was precipitate: a population of 6,000 people in 1840 was increased to 168,000 by 1910; and save for the green spaces of Battersea Park, Clapham Common, Wandsworth Common and some smaller isolated pockets, all other farmland was built over, with, from north to south, industrial buildings and vast railway sheds and sidings (much of which remain), slum housing for workers, especially north of the main east–west railway, and gradually more genteel residential terraced housing further south.

The railway station encouraged the government to site its buildings - the town hall, library, police station, court and post office in the area surrounding Clapham Junction; the Arding and Hobbs department store, diagonally opposite the station, was the largest of its type at the time of its construction in 1885; and the area was served by a vast music hall - The Grand - opposite the station and nowadays serving as a nightclub and venue for smaller bands. All this building around the station marginalised Battersea High Street (the main street of the original village) into no more than an extension of Falcon Road.

Housing Estates
Battersea is dominated by 4 main housing estates. The Winstanley Estate, perhaps being the most renowned of them all, is popularly known as being the birthplace to the garage collective So Solid Crew. Winstanley is situated behind Clapham Junction railway station in the northern perimeter of Battersea. Further north toward Chelsea is the Surrey Lane Estate, and situated on Battersea Park Road is the Doddington and Rollo Estate. Going toward Stockwell off the Wandsworth Road is the Patmore Estate which is in close proximity to the Battersea Power Station. Other estates include York Road, Somerset, Savona, Badric Court, The Peabody estate and Carey Gardens - which is arguably on Battersea's peripheral boundary in spite of its closeness to Patmore.

Governance
The tradition of local government in England was based on the Parish. Population growth in London during the 19th century demanded new arrangements, and the Metropolitan Borough of Battersea was created in 1899, with the boundaries described above. It was in 1965 combined with the neighbouring Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth to form the London Borough of Wandsworth. The former Battersea Town Hall, opened in 1893, is now the Battersea Arts Centre.

In the period from 1880 onwards, Battersea was known as a centre of radical politics in the United Kingdom. John Burns founded a branch of the Social Democratic Federation, Britain's first organised socialist political party, in the borough and after the turmoil of dock strikes affecting the populace of north Battersea, was elected to represent the borough in the newly formed London County Council. In 1892, he expanded his role, being elected to Parliament for Battersea North as one of the first Independent Labour Party member of Parliament.

Battersea's radical reputation gave rise to the Brown Dog affair, when in 1904 the National Anti-Vivisection Society sought permission to erect a drinking fountain celebrating the life of a dog killed by vivisection. The fountain, forming a plinth for the statue of a brown dog, was installed near in the Latchmere Recreational Grounds, became a cause célèbre, fought over in riots and battles between medical students and the local populace until its removal in 1910.

The borough elected the first black mayor in 1913 when John Archer took office, and in 1922 elected the Bombay-born Communist Party member Shapurji Saklatvala as MP for Battersea; one of only two communist members or Parliament.

The Member of Parliament for the Battersea constituency since 6 May 2010 has been the Conservative's Jane Ellison.

In 2009, it was announced that a new US embassy would be constructed at Nine Elms. This development would also see the building of luxury apartments in the area.

Geography
Battersea is part of London on the south bank of the River Thames. Roughly triangular in shape, its northern boundary is the Thames, as it runs first north-east, and then east, before turning north again to pass Westminster. Its north eastern corner is one mile (1.6 km) due south of the Palace of Westminster; the north western corner is demarcated by Wandsworth Bridge and Battersea tapers south to a point roughly three miles (5 km) from the north eastern corner and two miles (3 km) from the north west. To the east is Lambeth; on the south are Camberwell and Streatham, on the south-east is Clapham and on the west Wandsworth.

Nearby places

 * Clapham
 * Wandsworth
 * Vauxhall
 * Chelsea
 * Stockwell
 * Earlsfield
 * Fulham
 * Knightsbridge
 * Balham
 * Brixton

Crime
Many parts of Battersea, particularly in the north, have been well known as hotspots for drug dealing. The Winstanley and York Road council estates have developed a reputation for drug related offences, and were made part of a zero-tolerance "drug exclusion zone" in 2007.

Landmarks
Within the bounds of modern Battersea are (from east to west):


 * New Covent Garden Market, a major fruit and vegetable wholesale market, resited from Covent Garden in 1974. (Also considered by many to be in Nine Elms).
 * Battersea Power Station an iconic edifice designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, built between 1929 and 1939 (featured, with flying pig, on the sleeve art of Pink Floyd's album Animals). There have been a number of failed regeneration projects since the late 1980s.  The current proposals are to convert the disused shell into a mass entertainments and commercial complex, with dedicated transport links (a proposed extension of the Northern Line from Kennington could be complete by 2015). It is planned that the renovations will be completed in 2012.  Following the site's 20 year history of failed regeneration projects, there is however scepticism locally that the latest plans will ever materialise, and there is opposition to them.
 * Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, formerly Battersea Dogs Home and prior to that the Temporary Home for Lost and Starving Dogs, established in Holloway in 1860 and moved to Battersea in 1871. It is the United Kingdom's most famous refuge for stray dogs.
 * Battersea Park, an 83 hectare green space laid out by Sir James Pennethorne between 1846 and 1864 and opened in 1858, and home to a zoo and the London Peace Pagoda.
 * Shaftesbury Park Estate, conservation area consisting of over a thousand Victorian houses preserved in their original style.
 * Battersea Arts Centre, in the former Battersea Town Hall
 * Northcote Road, a bustling and famous local shopping street with its own market at the centre of the so-called Nappy Valley.
 * Clapham Junction railway station, by at least one measure &mdash; passenger interchanges &mdash; the busiest station in the United Kingdom and named after the neighbouring town of Clapham although it lies in the geographic heart of Battersea, SW11.
 * St Mary's Church, Battersea. Benedict Arnold is buried here. Four stained glass windows celebrate Arnold, William Blake, William Curtis and J. M. W. Turner.
 * Sir Walter St John's School, now Thomas's day school, was founded in 1700. Parts of the present building date back to 1859.
 * Royal Academy of Dance, containing several studios and associated with the University of Surrey.
 * The London Heliport, London's busiest heliport, sited on the Thames a half mile north of Clapham Junction station.
 * Price's Candles on York Road, was the largest manufacturers of candles in the UK; now it has been converted into residential flats.
 * Newton Preparatory School, in an Edwardian building (with modern extension) formerly occupied by Clapham College, Notre Dame School and Raywood Street School.

Railway stations

 * Clapham Junction
 * Battersea Park
 * Queenstown Road
 * Wandsworth Road
 * Battersea North (a station on the proposed Northern line extension to Battersea). For more information visit the Northern line extension website
 * Battersea (a station on the proposed London Underground Chelsea-Hackney line)

The recently-opened London Overground station Imperial Wharf, although geographically close, cannot be reached directly on foot as it is on the opposite side of the River Thames, but via Wandsworth Bridge or Battersea Bridge.

Former railway stations

 * Battersea (closed 1940)
 * Battersea Park Road (closed 1916)

In popular culture
Battersea appears in Morrissey's song "You're the One for me Fatty" (he sings "all over Battersea, some hope and some despair"). Big Audio Dynamite also referenced it in their 1986 song "Sightsee M.C!" Battersea is a title of a Hooverphonic song, and also appears in a title of a Super Furry Animals' song - "Battersea Odyssey." The song "Battersea" is the opening track of Jimi Jamison's 2008 solo album Crossroads Moment. Babyshambles have a song titled "From Bollywood to Battersea". Battersea features in the books of Michael de Larrabeiti, who was brought up in the area: A Rose Beyond the Thames recounts the working-class Battersea of the 1940s and 1950s; The Borrible Trilogy presents a fictional Battersea, home to the Borribles. Battersea is also the setting for Penelope Fitzgerald's 1979 Booker Prize-winning novel, Offshore. Referenced many times in parliament in The Goon Show "The pong in Battersea." British rock group Pink Floyd featured an inflatable flying pig over the Battersea Power Station on the cover of their 1977 album Animals. Michael Flanders, half of the 60's comedy Flanders and Swann often made public fun at Donald Swann for living in Battersea. The musical 'Rockford's Rock Opera' is set here. The Battersea Power Station is the location of the "DC Compound", a compound used for several gymkhana missions in the game Dirt 3

Notable people
The following people have lived, or currently live, in Battersea:


 * George Shearing - Jazz pianist
 * Ronnie Biggs - thief who took part in the Great Train Robbery
 * Johnny Briggs - actor, best known as Mike Baldwin in Coronation Street
 * G. K. Chesterton - writer
 * Adrian Chiles - presenter
 * Howard Eastman - boxer
 * Craig Eastmond - footballer
 * Freddie Foreman - criminal and associate of the Kray Twins, born in Sheepcote Lane
 * Bob Geldof - singer and songwriter
 * Pixie Geldof - socialite and model
 * Rich Hall - comedian
 * Harry Hill - comedian
 * Dervla Kirwan - actress
 * Simon Le Bon - musician
 * Katie Leung - actress, best known as Cho Chang in Harry Potter films
 * Kate Maberly - actress
 * Terry Manning - music producer
 * Buster Merryfield - actor, best known as Uncle Albert in Only Fools and Horses
 * Dannii Minogue - musician
 * John O'Farrell - writer
 * Rick Parfitt - singer with Status Quo
 * William Page - historian and general editor of the Victoria County History
 * Polly Paulusma - musician
 * Mervyn Peake - author
 * Rupert Penry-Jones - actor
 * Gordon Ramsay - chef
 * Joely Richardson - actress
 * Greg Rusedski - tennis player
 * Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke
 * John Scott - sociologist and Fellow of the British Academy
 * So Solid Crew - musicians
 * Timothy Spall - actor
 * Shaker Aamer - held in Guantanamo without charge or trial
 * Donald Swann - musician - of Flanders and Swann
 * Gabriel Thomson - stars in My Family
 * Vivienne Westwood - fashion designer
 * William Wilberforce - prominent campaigner against the slave trade
 * Ben Adams - musician from the band a1
 * Nell Dunn - Playwright