1270s

The 1270s is the decade starting, , and ending ,.

In, power struggles within the escalated into civil war as the 23-year  without an emperor came to an end. Election of as  over  in 1273 led to open war in 1276 and Otakar's death in 1278 at the climactic. The resultant power structure in central Europe firmly established the dynasty's rule, one that would continue  and other reginal territories until the end of  in. On the, King returned from the  to take the throne and was able to subjugate  by the end of the decade; Scotland quelled an uprising on the , in doing so confirming the concession of that territory made in  by  in the. The established a series of individuals' rights in. Both the and  were brief efforts that quickly ended in failure, with King  dying during the former.

The continued its expansion to the east, conquering the  of  by the end of the decade and subjugating most of continental. The conquest of China witnessed the first use of s in war. moved his capital to present-day and renamed his empire the, reflecting the new eastward focus of the empire. The western established a capital at, in present-day. The Mongols were able to quell the in  and defeat the  and s, but failed an attempted invasion of  in 1274. reached Kublai Khan's summer court by 1275, and stayed with the court for over 20 years.

The sultanate of  continued to expand its territory and dodge two crusades -- the  never reached its intended target, and the  rapidly became a failure. The sultan was successful in expanding his territory as far north as the  in, east into , and south into n. After Baibars died in 1277, his successor continued expansionist policies.

European culture witnessed the arrival of several important scientific works in translation from centuries-old Arabic sources, including 's work on optics and 's medical works. The two major surveys of the  known as the  were conducted. completed his seminal work  late in 1273, and died in 1274. Leadership of the attempted to address the  of the church through the, but despite apparent success the effort was ultimately doomed to fail. In, continued to lead a life that would come to be revered in.

In, a severe 23-year drought began in the , which would eventually force the local people to emigrate from the region.

War and peace

 * 1271 - - Kings  and  sign the first, settling territorial claims following the failed invasion of  by Otakar II.
 * 1272 -, King of , occupies in  and establishes an Albanian kingdom.
 * 1272 - King eliminates the last  community in  at.
 * 1273 - -  is elected  over rival candidate King, ending the Interregnum; Otakar refuses to acknowledge Rudolph as the new king, leading to the outbreak of war in . Rudolph is the first of many s to hold the throne.
 * 1273 - King captures  from.
 * 1274 - November - The diet at orders that all crown estates seized since the death of  be restored to ; almost all European rulers agree, with the notable exception of King, who had benefited greatly by conquering or otherwise coming into possession of many of those lands.
 * 1275 - is captured by pirates in the employ of  to prevent her marriage to, prince of ; she is used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.
 * 1275 - forces defeat the Manx of the  in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.
 * 1276 - June - King declares war on King, a political rival; by November, Otakar II is forced to cede four important territories as demanded by the  of  in.
 * 1276 - Four different men are over the course of the year, as Popes, , and  all die in quick succession.
 * 1277 - is subdued by King  in the First Welsh War.
 * 1278 - -  Kings  and  defeat King  in the, a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of s in the .  The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central , and Rudolph's  family will continue to rule  and other captured territories until the end of  in.

Political entities

 * 1271 - The County of passes to the  crown via the.
 * 1272 - The city of becomes an  of the.
 * 1276 - -  becomes an .   also does in the same year.
 * 1278 - The independence, boundaries, and political structure of are agreed to by the   and the.

Political reform

 * 1271 - -  is elected pope by compromise between  and , ending a three-year , the longest ever.
 * 1274 - decrees that s (meetings during which the electors have no contact with the outside) should be used for s, reforming the electoral process which had taken over three years to elect him.
 * 1275 - - The first of the  are passed by the , establishing a series of laws in its 51 clauses, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of able and non-bailable offenses.
 * 1279 - The first of the are passed under king, which prevents land from passing into possession of the church.

Mongol Empire sphere of influence

 * 1270 - In, the begins against the , a  of the.
 * 1270 - The city of, in present-day , is made capital of the  empire (approximate date).
 * 1271 - Mongol raid against.
 * 1271 - -  renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuan2), officially marking the start of the  of.
 * 1271 - The kingdom of the northern n foothills is annexed by the 's.
 * 1273 - - The six-year long  ends as commander of the 's forces surrender to .  The battle is the first in which firearms are used in combat.
 * 1273 - In, the against the  (a  of the ) ends as rebel forces are defeated by combined Mongol and Goryeo forces.
 * 1274 - Mongol raid against Bulgaria.
 * 1274 - - The  attempts the first of several invasions of ; after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the  by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.  Credit for the storm &mdash; called a , or divine wind &mdash; is given by the Japanese to the god.
 * 1275 - Invading forces capture the  city of.
 * 1275 - purportedly visits, 's summer capital of the.
 * 1275 - The city of is made capital of the  province of the.
 * 1275 - Mongol raid against.
 * 1276 - February - The court of the of  and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from  to  and then  in an effort to escape an invasion by the.
 * 1277 - 's empire begins to disintegrate after being defeated by  at the, at  near the  border.
 * 1277 - Leaders and some 50,000 citizens of the of  become the first recorded inhabitants of, as they seek refuge from the invading.
 * 1277 - In, a 20 kilometer stone wall defending the coast of Hakata Bay in is completed; it is built in response to the attempted invasion by the  in 1274.
 * 1279 - - 's   defeats the  in the .  This completes the Mongol conquest of  and exterminates the Song Dynasty.
 * 1279 - A diplomatic party sent by  to  is killed by Japan's regent, leading to a second invasion attempt by the Mongols in.

Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt sphere of influence

 * 1270 - The :
 * 1270 - Before August - King launches the  in an attempt to recapture the  from the  sultan ; the opening engagement is a siege of.
 * 1270 - - King Louis IX of France dies while besieging the city of Tunis, possibly due to poor quality drinking water.
 * 1270 - - The siege of Tunis and the Eighth Crusade end by an agreement between  (Louis IX's brother) and the  of Tunis.
 * 1270 - The ancient city of is captured from the  and utterly destroyed by the  sultan, who goes so far as to fill in its important , leaving the site desolate and the city never to be rebuilt.
 * 1271 - -  sultan  continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle  from the  in present-day.
 * 1271 - conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of.
 * 1271 - and  arrive in, starting the  against ; however, they are unable to capture any territory and a peace is quickly negotiated.
 * 1272 - invades the weakening kingdom of  to the south.
 * 1276 - conquers, previously part of , and annexes it into.
 * 1277 - invades  and captures the emirates which once composed the.
 * 1277 - -  dies in ; his son  takes his place to become sultan of  and.
 * 1279 - sultan  and emir  of  invade ; a revolt in Egypt while they are away forces Baraka to abdicate and allows Qalawun to become sultan.

South Asia

 * 1270 - The independent state of is founded in present-day.
 * 1279 - The of  falls under attacks by the  and.

Africa

 * 1270 - overthrows the n, claims the throne and establishes the.

Americas

 * 1276 - A severe 23-year begins to affect the, eventually forcing the agriculture-dependent  culture to migrate out of the region.

Science, literature, and industry

 * 1270 - translates 's 200-year-old treatise on optics, Kitab al-Manazir, from  into, bringing the work to an academic circles for the first time.
 * 1270 - The fables known as the, dating from as early as 200 , are translated into  from a  version by.
 * 1271 - departs from  with his father and uncle on his famous journey to 's.
 * 1272 - The receives the right to regulate the  trade in,.
 * 1272 - In, the recording of the is completed.
 * 1274 - The first main survey of the, an  seen as a follow up to the  completed in , is begun; it lasts until.
 * 1275 - completes the   work of fiction, , with a second section; the first section was written by  in.
 * 1275 - discovers.
 * c. 1275 - The, a simple type of used in s, is invented.
 * 1279 - The second of two main surveys of the, an  seen as a follow up to the  completed in , is begun; it lasts until.
 * 1279 - 's important medical writings are translated into by  some 350 years after Al-Razi's death.
 * 1279 - The of  moves into the.

Art, architecture, and music

 * 1270 - The on the  in  is completed.
 * 1271 - The construction of, the largest in , is completed.
 * 1271 - Construction of the in  is begun.
 * 1273 - The "Holy Redeemer", believed to be one of the finest examples of the art form, is carved in , , by.
 * 1276 - The foundation stone of the in  is laid by King.

Christianity

 * 1270 - December - Crucial aspects of the philosophy of (itself based on 's works) are banned by the Catholic church in a  enacted by  authority at the . A second condemnation follows in 1277.
 * 1273 - - Saint  quits his writing of  &mdash; a work considered within the  to be the paramount expression of its  &mdash; leaving it unfinished after having a mystical experience during.
 * 1274 - - The, held by the leadership of the  convenes to consider the conquest of the  via s and address the  with the .  The Council eventually approves a  to support efforts to conquer the Holy Land from s, and reaches apparent resolution of the schism which ultimately proves unsuccessful.
 * 1275 - A purported is first burned to death by sentence of a judicial  in,.

Judaism

 * 1270 - Construction of the in  is completed.
 * 1274 - King enforces a decree requiring all  s to wear s.
 * 1278 - An edict by requires all s to attend conversion sermons.

Buddhism

 * 1271 - - According to the followers of, the sect's founder, , reaches a turning point known as hosshaku kempon as he discards his identity as a mortal priest and begins to reveal himself as a reincarnation of the.
 * 1274 - enters a voluntary exile on.
 * 1279 - - The , the supreme object of veneration of , is inscribed by.

Islam

 * 1273 - December - Followers of the recently deceased establish the  order of  in the city of  (in present-day ).
 * 1275 - establishes a school in  to teach  to Catholic preachers in an attempt to aid  to.

Zoroastrianism

 * 1278 - The earliest known written copy of the, a collection of ancient sacred  texts previously passed down orally, is produced.

Births

 * 1270 -,  and important religious author
 * c. 1270 -, famous  (very approximate date)
 * 1271 - Khan,  emperor of the
 * 1273 - November -, historian and geographer (d. )
 * 1274 - -, King of  (d. )
 * 1276 -, patriot (approximate date; d. )
 * 1276 -, of the  (d. )
 * 1278 -, Italian sculptor (b. c. )

Deaths

 * 1270 - -, King of , , and r
 * c. 1270 -, prominent ish and  (approximate date)
 * 1272 -, (b. )
 * 1273 - October - Emperor (b. )
 * 1274 - - Saint,  theologian (b. )
 * 1274 -, King of
 * 1276 -, founder of the  of  (b. )
 * 1277 - -,   of  (b. )
 * 1278 - - King  (b. c. )