Haplogroup D-M174



In, Haplogroup D (M174) is a.

D is believed to have originated in some 50,000 years before present. Along with, D contains the distinctive polymorphism, which indicates their common ancestry.

Both D and E also contain the change, which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except  and.

Like, D is believed to represent a great coastal migration along southern Asia, from to  and thence northward to populate East Asia. It is found today at high frequency among populations in, the , and the , though curiously not in. The of Japan and the  and  of the Andaman Islands are notable for possessing almost exclusively Haplogroup D chromosomes, although Haplogroup C chromosomes also occur among the Ainu at a frequency of approximately 10%, similar to the. Haplogroup D chromosomes are also found at low to moderate frequencies among all the populations of and  as well as the  and  peoples of  and among several minority populations of  that speak  languages and reside in close proximity to the Tibetans.

Unlike haplogroup C, it did not travel from Asia to the New World.

Haplogroup D is also remarkable for its rather extreme geographic differentiation, with a distinct subset of Haplogroup D chromosomes being found exclusively in each of the populations that contains a large percentage of individuals whose Y-chromosomes belong to Haplogroup D: among the  (as well as among the mainland  populations that display very low frequencies of Haplogroup D Y-chromosomes), Haplogroup D2 among the various populations of the, Haplogroup D3 among the inhabitants of  and other parts of mountainous southern , and Haplogroup D* (probably another monophyletic branch of Haplogroup D) among the. Another type (or types) of Haplogroup D* is found at a very low frequency among the and  populations of. This apparently ancient diversification of Haplogroup D suggests that it may perhaps be better characterized as a "super-haplogroup" or "macro-haplogroup."

The Haplogroup D Y-chromosomes that are found among populations of the are particularly distinctive, bearing a complex of at least five individual mutations along an internal branch of the Haplogroup D phylogeny, thus distinguishing them clearly from the Haplogroup D chromosomes that are found among the Tibetans and Andaman Islanders and providing evidence that Y-chromosome Haplogroup D2 was the modal haplogroup in the ancestral population that developed the prehistoric  culture in the Japanese islands.

Subgroups
The s of Haplogroup D with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree:


 * D (M174)
 * D*
 * (M15) Typical of the 
 * D2 (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P12, P37.1, P41.1 (M359.1), 12f2.2) Typical of the, , and 
 * D2*
 * D2a (M116.1)
 * D2a*
 * D2a1 (M125)
 * D2a1*
 * D2a1a (P42)
 * D2a1b (P53.2)
 * D2a2 (M151)
 * D3 (P47) Occurs at a moderately high frequency among populations of southern