Mizrahi Jews

Mizrahi Jews, Mizrahim, also referred to as Edot HaMizrach ("Communities of the East"; Mizrahi Hebrew: ʿEdot(h) Ha(m)Mizraḥ), Bene HaMizrah ("Sons of the East"), or Oriental Jews, are descendants of local Jewish communities in the Middle East from biblical times into the modern era. They include descendants of Babylonian Jews and Mountain Jews from modern Iraq, Syria, Bahrain, Kuwait, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Uzbekistan, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan. Yemenite Jews, as well as North African Jews are sometimes also included, but their histories are separate from Babylonian Jewry.

The use of the term Mizrahi can be somewhat controversial. The term Mizrahim is sometimes applied to descendants of Maghrebi and Sephardi Jews, who had lived in North Africa (Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco), the Sephardi-proper communities of Turkey, and the mixed Levantine communities of Lebanon, Israel, and Syria. Before the establishment of the state of Israel, Mizrahi Jews did not identify themselves as a separate Jewish subgroup. Instead, Mizrahi Jews generally characterized themselves as Sephardi, as they follow the traditions of Sephardi Judaism (but with some differences among the minhag "customs" of particular communities). That has resulted in a conflation of terms, particularly in Israel and in religious usage, with "Sephardi" being used in a broad sense and including Mizrahi Jews and North African Jews as well as Sephardim proper. From the point of view of the official Israeli rabbinate, any rabbis of Mizrahi origin in Israel are under the jurisdiction of the Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel.

As of 2005, 61% of Israeli Jews were of full or partial Mizrahi ancestry.

Usage
"Mizrahi" is literally translated as "Oriental", "Eastern", Mizraḥ, Hebrew for "east". In Arabic, "Misr" means Egypt; and that is also the term used for Egypt in the Bible. In the past the word "Mizrahim", corresponding to the Arabic word Mashriqiyyun (Easterners), referred to the natives of Kurdistan, Iraq and other Asian countries, as distinct from those of North Africa (Maghribiyyun). In medieval and early modern times, the corresponding Hebrew word ma'arav was used for North Africa. In Talmudic and Geonic times, however, this word "ma'arav" referred to the land of Israel, as contrasted with Babylonia. For this reason, many object to the use of "Mizrahi" to include Moroccan and other North African Jews.

The term Mizrahim or Edot Hamizraḥ, Oriental communities, grew in Israel under the circumstances of the meeting of waves of Jewish immigrants from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia, followers of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Temani (Yemenite) rites. In modern Israeli usage, it refers to all Jews from Central and West Asian countries, many of them Arabic-speaking Muslim-majority countries. The term came to be widely used more by Mizrahi activists in the early 1990s. Since then in Israel it has become an accepted semi-official and media designation.

Most of the "Mizrahi" activists actually originated from North African Jewish communities, traditionally called "Westerners" (Maghrebi), rather than "Easterners" (Mashreqi). Many Jews originated from Arab and Muslim countries today reject "Mizrahi" (or any) umbrella description, and prefer to identify themselves by their particular country of origin, or that of their immediate ancestors, e. g., "Moroccan Jew", or prefer to use the old term "Sephardi" in its broader meaning. Some modern Arab Muslims and Christians are probably descendants of biblical/ancient Jews who later converted to Christianity and Islam.

Religious rite designations
Today, many identify all non-Ashkenazi rite Jews as Sephardi - in modern Hebrew "Sfaradim", mixing ancestral origin and religious rite. This broader definition of "Sephardim" as including all, or most, Mizrahi Jews is also common in Jewish religious circles. During the past century, the Sephardi rite absorbed the unique rite of the Yemenite Jews, and lately, Beta Israel religious leaders in Israel have also joined Sefardi rite collectivities, especially following rejection of their Jewishness by some Ashkenazi circles. The reason for this classification of all Mizrahim under Sephardi rite is that most Mizrahi communities use much the same religious rituals as Sephardim proper due to historical reasons. The prevalence of the Sephardi rite among Mizrahim is partially a result of Sephardim proper joining some of Mizrahi communities following the 1492 Alhambra Decree, which expelled Jews from Sepharad (Spain and Portugal). Over the last few centuries, the previously distinctive rites of the Mizrahi communities were influenced, superimposed upon or altogether replaced by the rite of the Sephardim, perceived as more prestigious. Even before this assimilation, the original rite of many Jewish Oriental communities was already closer to the Sephardi rite than to the Ashkenazi one. For this reason, "Sephardim" has come to mean not only "Spanish Jews" proper but "Jews of the Spanish rite", just as "Ashkenazim" is used for "Jews of the German rite", whether or not their families originate in Germany.

Many of the Sephardi Jews exiled from Spain resettled in greater or lesser numbers in the Arab world, such as Syria and Morocco. In Syria, most eventually intermarried with, and assimilated into, the larger established communities of Musta'rabim and Mizrahim. In some North African countries, such as Morocco, Sephardi Jews came in greater numbers, and largely contributed to the Jewish settlements that the pre-existing Jews were assimilated by them. Either way, this assimilation, combined with the use of the Sephardi rite, led to the popular designation and conflation of most non-Ashkenazi Jewish communities from the Middle East and North Africa as "Sephardi rite", whether or not they were descended from Spanish Jews, which is what the terms "Sephardi Jews" and "Sfaradim" properly implied when used in the ethnic as opposed to the religious sense.

In some Arabic countries, such as Egypt and Syria, Sephardi Jews arrived via the Ottoman Empire would distinguish themselves from the already established Musta'rabim, while in others, such as Morocco and Algeria, the two communities largely intermarried, with the latter embracing Sephardi customs and thus forming a single community.

Arabic
In the Arab world (such as Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, and Syria), Mizrahim most often speak Arabic, although Arabic is now mainly used as a second language, especially by the older generation. Most of the many notable philosophical, religious and literary works of the Jews in Spain, North Africa and Asia were written in Arabic using a modified Hebrew alphabet.

Aramaic
Aramaic is a Semitic language subfamily. Specific varieties of Aramaic are identified as "Jewish languages" since they are the languages of major Jewish texts such as the Talmud and Zohar, and many ritual recitations such as the Kaddish. Traditionally, Aramaic has been a language of Talmudic debate in yeshivot, as many rabbinic texts are written in a mixture of Hebrew and Aramaic. The current Hebrew alphabet, known as "Assyrian lettering" or "the square script", was in fact borrowed from Aramaic.

In Kurdistan, the language of the Mizrahim is a variant of Aramaic. As spoken by the Kurdish Jews, Judeo-Aramaic languages are Neo-Aramaic languages descended from Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. They are related to the Christian Aramaic dialects spoken by Assyrian people.

In 2007, a book was published, authored by Mordechai Zaken, describing the unique relationship between Jews in urban and rural Kurdistan and the tribal society under whose patronage the Jews lived for hundreds of years. Tribal chieftains, or aghas, granted patronage to the Jews who needed protection in the wild tribal region of Kurdistan; the Jews gave their chieftains dues, gifts and services. The text provides numerous tales and examples about the skills, maneuvers and innovations used by Kurdistani Jews in their daily life to confront their abuse and extortion by greedy chieftains and tribesmen. The text also tells the stories of Kurdish chieftains who saved and protected the Jews unconditionally.

By the early 1950s, virtually the entire Jewish community of Kurdistan — a rugged, mostly mountainous region comprising parts of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and the Caucasus, where Jews had lived since antiquity — relocated to Israel. The vast majority of Kurdish Jews, who were primarily concentrated in northern Iraq, left Kurdistan in the mass aliyah of 1950-51. This ended thousands of years of Jewish history in what had been Assyria and Babylonia.

Persian and other languages
Among other languages associated with Mizrahim are Judeo-Iranian languages such as Judeo-Persian, the Bukhori dialect, Judeo-Tat, and Kurdish languages; Georgian; Marathi; and Judeo-Malayalam. Most Persian Jews speak standard Persian, as do many other Jews from Iran, Afghanistan, and Bukhara (Uzbekistan), Judeo-Tat, a form of Persian, is spoken by the Mountain Jews of Azerbaijan and Russian Dagestan, and in other Caucasian territories in Russia.

Migration
Some Mizrahim migrated to India, other parts of Central Asia, and China. In some Mizrahi Jewish communities (notably those of Yemen and Iran), polygyny has been practiced.

Post-1948 dispersal
After the establishment of the State of Israel and subsequent 1948 Arab–Israeli War, most Mizrahim were either expelled by their Arab rulers or chose to leave and emigrated to Israel. According to the 2009 Statistical Abstract of Israel, 50.2% of Israeli Jews are of Mizrahi or Sephardi origin.

Anti-Jewish actions by Arab governments in the 1950s and 1960s, in the context of the founding of the State of Israel, led to the departure of large numbers of Mizrahi Jews from the Middle East. The exodus of 25,000 Mizrahi Jews from Egypt after the 1956 Suez Crisis led to the overwhelming majority of Mizrahim leaving Arab countries. They became refugees. Most went to Israel. Many Moroccan and Algerian Jews went to France. Thousands of Lebanese, Syrian and Egyptian Jews emigrated to the United States and to Brazil.

Today, as many as 40,000 Mizrahim still remain in communities scattered throughout the non-Arab Muslim world, primarily in Iran, but also Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. There are few Maghrebim remaining in the Arab world. About 5,000 remain in Morocco and fewer than 2,000 in Tunisia. Other countries with remnants of ancient Jewish communities with official recognition, such as Lebanon, have 100 or fewer Jews. A trickle of emigration continues, mainly to Israel and the United States.

Absorption into Israeli society
Refuge in Israel was not without its tragedies: "In a generation or two, millennia of rooted Oriental civilization, unified even in its diversity", had been wiped out, writes Mizrahi scholar Ella Shohat. The trauma of rupture from their countries of origin was further complicated by the difficulty of the transition upon arrival in Israel; Mizrahi immigrants and refugees were placed in rudimentary and hastily erected tent cities (Ma'abarot) often in development towns on the peripheries of Israel. Settlement in Moshavim (cooperative farming villages) was only partially successful, because Mizrahim had historically filled a niche as craftsmen and merchants and most did not traditionally engage in farmwork. As the majority left their property behind in their home countries as they journeyed to Israel, many suffered a severe decrease in their socio-economic status aggravated by their cultural and political differences with the dominant Ashkenazi community. Furthermore, a policy of austerity was enforced at that time due to economic hardships.

Mizrahi immigrants arrived with many mother tongues: Mizrahim from elsewhere brought Georgian, Judaeo-Georgian and various other languages with them. Hebrew had historically been a language only of prayer for most Jews not living in Israel, including the Mizrahim. Thus, with their arrival in Israel, the Mizrahim retained culture, customs and language distinct from their Ashkenazi counterparts.
 * many, especially those from North Africa and the fertile crescent, spoke Arabic dialects;
 * those from Iran spoke Persian;
 * Mountain Jews from Azerbaijan arrived with Judeo-Tat;
 * Baghdadi Jews from India arrived with English;
 * Bukharan Jews from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan arrived with the Bukhori dialect;
 * the Bene Israel from Maharashtra, India, arrived with Marathi.

Disparities and integration
The cultural differences between Mizrahi and Ashkenazi Jews impacted the degree and rate of assimilation into Israeli society, and sometimes the divide between Eastern European and Middle Eastern Jews was quite sharp. Segregation, especially in the area of housing, limited integration possibilities over the years. Intermarriage between Ashkenazim and Mizrahim is increasingly common in Israel and by the late 1990s 28% of all Israeli children had multi-ethnic parents (up from 14% in the 1950s). It has been claimed that intermarriage does not tend to decrease ethnic differences in socio-economic status, however that does not apply to the children of inter-ethnic marriages.

Although social integration is constantly improving, disparities persist. A study conducted by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS), Mizrahi Jews are less likely to pursue academic studies than Ashkenazi Jews. Israeli-born Ashkenazim are up to twice more likely to study in a university than Israeli-born Mizrahim. Furthermore, the percentage of Mizrahim who seek a university education remains low compared to second-generation immigrant groups of Ashkenazi origin, such as Russians. According to a survey by the Adva Center, the average income of Ashkenazim was 36 percent higher than that of Mizrahim in 2004.

Business people

 * David Alliance, Baron Alliance GBE – Iranian born British businessman and Liberal Democrat politician
 * Jacob Arabo – Bukharian-American jeweler and founder of Jacob & Company
 * J. Darius Bikoff
 * Jack Dellal
 * Henry Elghanayan - Real Estate Developer
 * Habib Elghanian – Prominent businessman executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran
 * Shlomo Eliyahu – Israeli businessman
 * Ghermezian family – Billionaire shopping mall developers
 * David Hindawi Iraqi-born, American software entrepreneur and billionaire co-founder of Tanium.
 * Orion Hindawi is an American software entrepreneur and billionaire co-founder of Tanium. Son of David Hindawi.
 * Neil Kadisha – Billionaire businessman
 * Michael Kadoorie – Businessman from Hong-Kong, coming from Iraqi Jewish descent
 * Nasser David Khalili – Billionaire property developer and art collector
 * Isaac Larian – Chief Executive Officer of MGA Entertainment
 * Lev Avnerovich Leviev – Israeli businessman of Bukharian descent
 * Isaac Mizrahi – fashion designer (Syrian Jew from Brooklyn)
 * Sam Mizrahi – Canadian luxury real estate developer
 * David Merage and Paul Merage – Co-founders of Hot Pockets snack food company
 * Shlomo Moussaieff – Jewellery Designer/ Judaic Collector and Expert (Bukharian)
 * David Nahmad – Billionaire Syrian art dealer
 * Ebrahim Daoud Nonoo – Bahraini businessman and former member of the Bahraini National Assembly
 * Joseph Parnes – Investment Advisor
 * David and Simon Reuben – British businessmen born in India, from a family of Baghdadi Jews
 * Nouriel Roubini – Economist
 * Charles Saatchi – Advertising executive and art collector born in Iraq
 * Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi – advertising executive and former chairman of the British Conservative Party
 * Edmond Safra – Swiss-Lebanese-Brazilian Banker
 * Sassoon family – from the 18th century onwards becoming one of the wealthiest families in the world.
 * Robert and Vincent Tchenguiz – Property developers

Entertainers

 * Paula Abdul, American singer and choreographer (Father was of Syrian Jewish descent)
 * Sylvain Sylvain American rock guitarist, member of the New York Dolls. Migrated from Egypt as a child.
 * Etti Ankri, Israeli pop singer
 * Zohar Argov, Israeli popular singer, called "the King" of the "Mizrahi" music (Yemenite)
 * Gali Atari, Israeli singer and actress, won the Eurovision Song Contest (from a Yemenite family)
 * Ehud Banai, Israeli singer and composer
 * Evyatar Banai, Israeli singer and composer
 * Yuval Banai, Israeli singer and composer
 * Yossi Banai, Israeli singer and actor (from a Persian Jewish family settled in Jerusalem)
 * Meir Banai, Israeli singer
 * Shlomo Bar, Israeli singer and composer
 * Bea Benaderet, U.S. actor (Father was of Turkish Jewish descent)
 * Sonia Benezra, French Canadian radio and TV personality
 * David Blumberg, music producer, clarinetist (Father was of Bukharian descent)
 * Patrick Bruel, French pop singer
 * Yizhar Cohen, Israeli singer, won the Eurovision Song Contest (Yemenite family)
 * Emmanuelle Chriqui, Canadian actress
 * Yair Dalal, Israeli musician of Iraqi-Jewish descent.
 * Shoshana Damari, Israeli singer (Yemen born)
 * Dana International, (Cohen) Israeli pop singer, won the Eurovision Song Contest (Yemenite family)
 * Yehoram Gaon, Israeli singer and actor.
 * Eyal Golan, Israeli singer (Moroccan and Yemenite descent)
 * Zion Golan, Israeli singer (Yemenite descent)
 * Sarit Hadad, Israeli singer (Israeli born from mixed Tunisian and Mountain Jews family)
 * Ofra Haza, Israeli pop and oriental singer (Yemenite family)
 * Moshe Ivgy, Israeli cinema and theatre actor
 * Malika Kalantarova, Tajik-Bukharian dancer (People's Artist of USSR)
 * Chris Kattan, U.S actor (son of a Jewish-Iraqi origin father)
 * Fatima Kuinova, Soviet-Bukharian singer (Merited Artist of USSR)
 * Saleh and Daoud Al-Kuwaity, Kuwaiti-born Iraqi musicians
 * Mélanie Laurent, French actress and director
 * Yehezkel Lazarov, Israeli actor
 * Haim Moshe, Israeli-born "Mizrahi" and pop singer (Yemenite)
 * Shoista Mullojonova, Bukharian legendary Shashmakom folk singer (People's Artist of Tajikistan)
 * Farhat Ezekiel Nadira (Nadira), Bollywood actress of the 1940s and 1950s (Baghdadi Jew from India)
 * Achinoam Nini ("Noa"), Israeli born, Yemenite pop singer
 * Rita, Iranian born, Israeli pop singer
 * Salima Pasha, Iraqi singer
 * Berry Sakharof, Israeli singer and composer
 * Jerry Seinfeld, American comedian and actor (his mother is of Syrian Jewish descent)
 * Boaz Sharabi, Israeli singer (born Yemenite, Tunisian, & Moroccan ancestry)
 * Harel Skaat, Singer and "Kokhav Nolad" ("Israeli Idol") contestant (Yemenite descent)
 * Bahar Soomekh, Persian Jewish-American actress
 * Subliminal, Israeli rapper of Persian/Tunisian descent
 * Pe'er Tasi, Israeli singer
 * Shimi Tavori, Israeli singer
 * Elliott Yamin, American singer (Jewish Iraqi father)
 * Idan Yaniv, Israeli singer of Bukharian descent (Israeli Artist of 2007)
 * Yaffa Yarkoni, Israeli singer (from a Caucasian Jewish family)
 * Ariel Zilber, Israeli singer and composer (son of a Yemenite Jewish-origin mother)
 * Boaz Mauda, Israeli singer (Jewish Yemenite descent)
 * Bahar Soomekh, Iranian-American actress
 * A-WA, Israeli female band

Scientists and Nobel prize laureates

 * Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist, Nobel prize laureate in Physics.
 * Baruj Benacerraf, American immunologist, Nobel prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine.
 * Serge Haroche, French physicist, Nobel prize laureate in Physics.
 * Avshalom Elitzur, Israeli physicist, noted for the Elitzur–Vaidman bomb-testing problem in quantum mechanics.

Inventors

 * Gavriil Ilizarov, Soviet physician of Mountain Jewish descent, known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for his eponymous surgery

Politicians and military

 * Yekutiel Adam, Israeli general (from a Caucasian Jewish family)
 * Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Israeli general, current Israeli minister of Infrastructure, former minister of Defense and Israel Labor Party chairman, (Iraqi Jew), commonly called by his Arabic name "Fuad"
 * Yisrael Yeshayahu Sharabi, Minister of Post and Speaker of Knesset 1970s and 80s, ethnicity/country of origin: Yemen
 * Houda Ezra served as the Bahraini Ambassador to the United States from 2008 to 2013.
 * Les Gara, Democratic member of the Alaska State Legislature, former deputy state attorney general (Iraqi parents)
 * Dalia Itzik, former Knesset speaker
 * J F R Jacob, Indian Army war hero, retired general also sometimes called the 'Liberator of Dhaka'
 * Avigdor Kahalani, former minister of Internal Security and decorated IDF tank commander (Yemenite descent)
 * Moshe Katsav, former President of the State of Israel and minister of Transportation, ethnicity/country of origin: Iran
 * Shaul Mofaz, former Israeli Minister of Defense and chief of the IDF General Staff, Iranian Jew
 * David Alliance, Baron Alliance GBE – Iranian born British businessman and Liberal Democrat politician.
 * Yitzhak Mordechai, retired IDF general, former minister of Defense and minister of Transportation, ethnicity/country of origin: Iraq
 * Gabi Ashkenazi - IDF Chief of Staff - of Syrian Jewish descent
 * Dorrit Moussaieff, First Lady of Iceland (Bukharian Jew)
 * Abie Nathan, Israeli peace activist
 * Shlomo Hillel, was speaker of the Knesset, minister
 * Moshe Levi, Israeli general, chief of the Idf General Staff
 * Dan Halutz, Israeli air pilot and general, chief of the IDF General Staff
 * Moshe Shahal, minister and lawyer
 * Moshe Nissim, was Israeli finance and justice minister
 * Eli Cohen, Israeli spy in Syria
 * Ran Cohen, politician from the left liberal party Meretz, former MK (Iraqi Jewish descent)
 * Shalom Simhon, Israeli politician, from Labor party, minister of agriculture
 * Tamir Pardo, Director of the Mossad

Religious figures

 * Rabbi Shimon Agassi, Iraqi Hakham and kabbalist
 * Rabbi Shlomo Amar, the current Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel, of Moroccan Jewish descent.
 * Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron, former Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel, of Persian Jewish descent.
 * Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu, former Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel
 * Rabbi Abraham Hillel, Chief Rabbi of Baghdad
 * Rabbi Yitzhak Kaduri, renowned Mizrahi Haredi rabbi and kabbalist devoted life to Torah from Baghdad, lived to be 108
 * Rabbi Shlomo Moussaieff, Co-founder of Bukharian Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem
 * Rabbi Amnon Yitzhak, Orthodox rabbi of Yemenite origin
 * Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, former Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel and spiritual leader of Shas (Iraqi Jewish descent)

Sportspeople

 * Doron Jamchi, Israeli basketball player
 * Oded Kattash, Israeli basketball player
 * Robert Mizrachi, poker player, Iraqi Jew
 * Michael Mizrachi, poker player, Iraqi Jew
 * Victor Perez, boxer, Tunisian Jew
 * Yossi Benayoun, Israeli soccer player for Chelsea, Liverpool and Arsenal, of Moroccan Jewish descent
 * Shahar Tzuberi, Israeli Olympic medalist in Windsurfing, Yemenite Jew
 * Omri Casspi, The first Israeli-born player to the NBA, of Moroccan Jewish descent

Visual arts

 * Adi Ness - photographer of Iranian descent
 * Israel Tsvaygenbaum, Russian-American painter of mixed Polish and Mountain Jewish descent
 * Anish Kapoor, British-Indian sculptor, born in Mumbai to a Hindu father and Baghdadi Jewish mother

Writers and academics

 * Sami Michael, Israeli Hebrew writer (born in Iraq)
 * Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, psychotherapist
 * Samir Naqqash, Israeli Jewish writer in Arab language (born in Iraq)
 * Yehouda Shenhav, Israeli sociologist (born in an Iraqi Jewish family, Shahrabani)
 * Saba Soomekh, professor/writer
 * Avi Shlaim, Oxford University scholar; author specialising on the Israel-Palestine conflict and Zionism. Shlaim is originally from Iraq.
 * Ella Habiba Shohat, cultural studies scholar and author from a Baghdadi Jewish family, lives in NY
 * Eli Amir, Israeli Hebrew writer
 * Smadar Lavie, Israeli anthropologist
 * Jacques Attali, French thinker and author
 * Shimon Adaf, Israeli Hebrew poet and writer
 * Orly Castel Bloom, Israeli Hebrew writer (from an Egyptian Jewish family)
 * Haim Sabato, Israeli rabbi and Hebrew writer
 * Rachel Shabi, British/Israeli journalist and author of We Look Like the Enemy: Israel's Jews from Arab Lands, about Mizrahi Jews in Israel
 * Sasson Somekh, Israeli Arabologist
 * Nissim Ezekiel, Indian poet and art critic
 * Andre Chouraqui, French-Israeli thinker and writer
 * Gina B. Nahai, Iranian-American Writer, Columnist, Professor
 * Jacques Derrida, French philosopher
 * Eva Illouz, French-Israeli sociologist

Organizations

 * World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries
 * Sephardic Pizmonim Project Music of Mizrahi Jews.
 * JIMENA Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa
 * Multiculturalism Project - Middle Eastern and North African Jews
 * Hakeshet Hademocratit Hamizrachit - An organization of Mizrahi Jews in Israel
 * Harif: Association of Jews from the Middle East and North Africa (British-based)
 * Ha' Yisrayli Torah Brith Yahad, Mizrahi Jewish Int'l Medical Humanitarian NGO recognized by the United Nations Civil Society and Economic Development Division (USA Based)

Articles

 * Ella Shohat, Israeli Cinema: East/West and the Politics of Representation, (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989; New Edition, London: I. B. Tauris, 2010).
 * Ella Shohat, Le sionisme du point de vue de ses victimes juives: les juifs orientaux en Israel (first published in 1988, with a new introduction, La fabrique editions, Paris, 2006).
 * Ella Shohat, Taboo Memories, Diasporic Voices (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006).
 * Ella Shohat, "Rupture and Return: Zionist Discourse and the Study of Arab Jews", Social Text, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 49–74
 * Ella Shohat, "The Invention of the Mizrahim", Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Autumn 1999), pp. 5–20
 * Ella Shohat, "The Narrative of the Nation and the Discourse of Modernization: The Case of the Mizrahim", Critique, (Spring, 1997), pp. 3–18
 * Ella Shohat, "Rethinking Jews and Muslims: Quincentennial Reflections", Middle East Report, No. 178 (Sep.–Oct. 1992), pp. 25–29
 * Ella Shohat, "Staging the Quincentenary: The Middle East and the Americas", Third Text (London) (Special issue on "The Wake of Utopia"), 21 (Winter 1992 93), pp. 95, 105
 * Ella Shohat, "Dislocated Identities: Reflections of an Arab Jew", Movement Research: Performance Journal #5 (Fall-Winter 1992), p. 8
 * Ella Shohat, "Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Jewish Victims", Social Text, No. 19/20 (Autumn 1988), pp. 1–35
 * Mizrahi Wanderings - Nancy Hawker on Samir Naqqash, one of Israel's foremost Arab-language Mizrahi novelists
 * The Middle East's Forgotten Refugees A chronicle of Mizrahi refugees by Semha Alwaya
 * The Forgotten Refugees
 * Moshe Levy The story of an Iraqi Jew in the Israeli Navy and his survival on the war-ship Eilat
 * My Life in Iraq Yeheskel Kojaman describes his life as a Mizrahi Jew in Iraq in the 50s and 60s
 * Audio interview with Ammiel Alcalay discussing Mizrahi literature
 * Excerpt from The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times by Norman Stillman
 * Etan Bloom, The Reproduction of the Model "Oriental" in the Israeli Social Space; the 50s and the speedy immigration. Tel-Aviv Univ. M.A. in the Unit for Culture Research, 2003. (Hebrew, with summary in English.)
 * Saul Silas Fathi Full Circle: Escape From Baghdad and the Return by Saul Silas Fathi, A prominent Iraqi Jewish family's escape from persecution.
 * Road From Damascus,Tablet Magazine
 * The Way!, The Prophetic Messianic Voice to the Path of the Edenic Kingdom Redemption, by Rabbi Shalomim Y. Halahawi MD(AM), I-NMD, PsyD., 464 pages [Lulu Press, 2007]

Communities

 * Bukharian Jews Bukharian Jewish community (English and Russian)
 * PersianRabbi.com Persian Jewish community
 * Kurdish Jewry (Hebrew)
 * The Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center Disseminating the 3000-year-old heritage of Babylonian Jewry (English and Hebrew)
 * Iraqi Jews Iraqi American Jewish Community in New York. Perpetuating the history, heritage, culture and traditions of Babylonian Jewry.
 * Sha'ar Binyamin Damascus Jewry (Hebrew and Spanish)
 * Jews of Lebanon
 * Historical Society of Jews from Egypt
 * Harissa.com Tunisian Jewish site (French)
 * Jewish Djerba Djerbian Jewish site (French)
 * Zlabia.com Algerian Jewish site (French)
 * Dafina.net Moroccan Jewish site (French)
 * The Nash Didan Community Persian Azerbaijany, Aramaic speaking community (Hebrew, some English and Aramaic)