Warrington

Warrington  is a large town, borough and unitary authority area of Cheshire, England. It stands on the banks of the River Mersey, which is tidal to the west of the weir at Howley. It lies 16 Miles east of Liverpool, 19 miles west of Manchester and 8 miles south of St Helens. The population of the town is 80,661, and the Borough of Warrington, including its 18 civil parishes, is around 194,000. Its population has more than doubled since its designation as a New Town in 1968.

Historically a part of Lancashire, Warrington was founded by the Romans at an important crossing place on the River Mersey. A new settlement was established by the Saxons and by the Middle Ages, Warrington had emerged as a market town at a bridging point of the river. A local tradition of textile and tool production dates from this time.

The expansion and urbanisation of Warrington largely coincided with the Industrial Revolution, particularly after the Mersey was made navigable in the 18th century. The West Coast Mainline runs north to south through the town, and the Liverpool to Manchester railway (the Cheshire Lines route) west to east. The Manchester Ship Canal cuts through the south of the borough (west to east). The M6, M56 and M62 motorways form a partial box around the town.

People born (or living) in Warrington are known as Warringtonians. The modern Borough of Warrington was formed in 1974 with the amalgamation of the former County Borough of Warrington, part of the Golborne Urban District, the Lymm Urban District, part of the Runcorn Rural District, the Warrington Rural District and part of the Whiston Rural District.

History
Warrington has been a major crossing point on the River Mersey since ancient times and there was a Roman settlement at Wilderspool. In medieval times Warrington's importance was as a bridging point of the River Mersey, and it was a fulcrum in the English Civil War. The armies of Oliver Cromwell and the Earl of Derby both stayed near the old town centre (the parish church area). Popular legend has it that Cromwell lodged near the building which survives on Church Street as The Cottage Restaurant. The Marquis of Granby public house bears a plaque stating that the Earl of Derby 'had his quarters near this site'. Dents in the walls of the parish church are rumoured to have been caused by the cannons from the time of the Civil War.

Industrial history
The expansion and urbanisation of Warrington largely coincided with the Industrial Revolution, particularly after the Mersey was made navigable in the 18th Century. As Britain became industrialised, Warrington embraced the industrial revolution becoming a manufacturing town and a centre of steel (particularly wire), textiles, brewing, tanning and chemical industries. The navigational properties of the river Mersey were improved, canals were built, and the town grew yet more prosperous and popular. When the age of steam came, Warrington naturally welcomed it, both as a means of transport and as a source of power for its mills.

Heavy industry declined in the 1970s and 1980s but the growth of the new town around Warrington led to a great increase in employment in light industry, distribution and technology.

IRA bombing
On 20 March 1993, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated two bombs in Warrington town centre. The blasts killed two children: three-year-old Jonathan Ball died instantly, and twelve-year-old Tim Parry died five days later in hospital. Around 56 other people were injured, four seriously. Their deaths provoked widespread condemnation of the organisation responsible. The blast followed a bomb attack a few weeks earlier on a gas-storage plant in Warrington.

Tim Parry's father Colin Parry founded The Peace Centre (formerly the Tim Parry Jonathan Ball Peace Centre) as part of a campaign to reconcile communities in conflict. The centre opened on the seventh anniversary of the bombing in 2000. He and his family still live in the town.

Other history
Warrington is notable in political history for being the first place to field a candidate for the then newly-formed Social Democratic Party; former Home Secretary Roy Jenkins stood for Parliament in 1981 but lost to Labour Party candidate Doug Hoyle by a small number of votes.

However, many people, particularly Americans, will remember Warrington best as the location of Burtonwood RAF base, one of (if not the) largest Royal Air Force (RAF) bases in England and the largest US Air Force base outside the United States. During World War II, Burtonwood was visited by major celebrities like Humphrey Bogart and Bob Hope who entertained the G.I.s. The base was closed in 1993.

There was a further RAF training camp at Padgate, a Royal Naval air base at Appleton Thorn (RNAS Stretton) and an army base at the Peninsula Barracks in O'Leary Street, now used by the Territorial Army.

Governance
Historically part of Lancashire, Warrington was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1847 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Warrington acquired county borough status upon reaching a population of 50,000 in 1900 and until 1974 was known as the County Borough of Warrington. As part of proposed local government reforms of England, in 1969 the Redcliffe-Maud Report suggested merging Warrington with either Merseyside or Greater Manchester metropolitan counties. Lobbying by the borough council averted this. But, since these County boundary changes were to make Warrington non-contiguous with Lancashire, under the local government reforms of 1974, Warrington, incorporating Lymm Urban District and part of Runcorn Rural District from Cheshire, and part of Warrington Rural District, was made a borough within Cheshire County Council.

On April 1, 1998 Warrington became an independent unitary authority, though it is still served by Cheshire Police and Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service, and forms part of Cheshire for ceremonial purposes, such as the Lord Lieutenancy. The current borders of Warrington Borough cover the former County Borough of Warrington, Lymm Urban District, Warrington Rural District and part of Golborne Urban District, part of Runcorn Rural District and part of Whiston Rural District.

Warrington has applied unsuccessfully for city status, the most recent attempt being after the opening of the Peace Centre as a "City for Peace".

The political makeup of the borough council is as follows:
 * 6 Liberal Democrat Wards: Appleton, Grappenhall and Thelwall, Great Sankey North, Latchford West, Stockton Heath, Whittle Hall.
 * 8 Labour Wards: Birchwood, Burtonwood and Winwick, Fairfield & Howley, Latchford East, Orford, Poplars & Hulme, Poulton South, and Rixton & Woolston.
 * 2 Conservative wards: Culcheth, Glazebury & Croft, and Hatton, Stretton & Walton
 * 6 "split" wards: Bewsey and Whitecross (2 Liberal Democrat, 1 Labour), Great Sankey South (2 Liberal Democrat, 1 Labour), Lymm (2 Liberal Democrat, 1 Conservative), Penketh & Cuerdley (2 Labour, 1 Conservative), Poulton North (2 Liberal Democrat, 1 Labour), Westbrook (1 Labour, 1 Liberal Democrat)

Current councillor party composition:

By consequence, there is no overall control (NOC) in Warrington but the Liberal Democrats, in alliance with the Conservatives, run the Council.

At Westminster, Warrington is represented by two MPs. Helen Jones (Labour) represents Warrington North, and David Mowat (Conservative) represents Warrington South.

Geography
The Borough of Warrington is bordered by Halton, Cheshire West and Chester, and Cheshire East boroughs in the Ceremonial County of Cheshire and by the metropolitan boroughs of Trafford, the Salford, Wigan in Greater Manchester and St. Helens in Merseyside.

Subdivisions, suburbs, and civil parishes of Warrington
The Borough of Warrington is subdivided into 18 civil parishes and various suburbs of the central town of Warrington, which is an unparished area:

Civil parishes
Appleton, Birchwood, Burtonwood and Westbrook, Croft, Cuerdley, Culcheth and Glazebury, Grappenhall and Thelwall, Great Sankey, Hatton, Lymm, Penketh, Poulton-with-Fearnhead, Rixton-with-Glazebrook, Stockton Heath, Stretton, Walton, Winwick, Woolston

Other areas
Appleton Thorn, Bewsey, Blackbrook, Bruche, Callands, Cinnamon Brow, Cobbs, Dallam, Fairfield, Gemini, Gorse Covert, Grange, Hermitage Green, Hollins Green, Howley, Hulme, Kenyon, Latchford, Locking Stumps, Martinscroft, Old Hall, Omega, Longford, Orford, Paddington, Padgate, Risley, Sankey Bridges, Statham, Thelwall, Westbrook, Westy, Wilderspool, Woolston, Wright's Green

Demography
Based on ONS statistics

Population and ethnicity
Warrington has a total population of around 200,000, of which 49.1% are male and 50.9% are female. The average age of the population is 38.06 years, which is slightly below the regional and national averages. In the borough, the majority of people are of white ethnicity (97.9%). The key minorities are mixed race (0.6%), black ethnicity (0.2%), and Asian origin (0.8%), other racial origins account for 0.5% of the population.

Housing and social situation
As at the 2001 census (the last available data), the borough of Warrington had 80,593 households. Of this 80,593 households, 76% are owner occupied, 17.6% are rented from the council, 4.8% are rented from other sources and 1.6% of houses have residents who live rent free. Warrington has a population density of 10.7 residents per hectare, and 31.9% of residents describe the borough is a comfortably well off area, 4.3% of households are deemed overcrowded. Of the total population, 5.8% of residents are on some form of benefits.

Employment and education
At 2005, the borough of Warrington had 63.6% employment, with only 2.9% of all economically active people unemployed - although a substantial rise began in 2008 due to the recession. 2.3% of the population are students in full-time higher education. 31.1% of the total population are economically inactive (due to retirement, ill health, or full-time carer status). According to borough statistics, of the population (in the Borough of Warrington in 2005). 26.9% are unqualified (either due to leaving school early or failing the end of school examinations). 46.4% have level 1 or 2 qualifications (level 1 being 1+ GCSE (A*-G)or "O" Level or equivalent, level 2 being 5+ GCSEs (grades A-C), 1+'A' levels/ AS levels (A-E) or equivalent). 19.7% have received level 3+ qualifications (meaning 2+ A-levels (A-E), 4+ AS-levels (A-E) or equivalent minimum).

Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Halton and Warrington at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

In spite of its proximity to significant retail areas in Manchester, Liverpool, Chester and the out-of-town Trafford Centre, Warrington continues to have one of the larger shopping centres in North West England. Despite the competition, Warrington has seen an increase in its customer trade, due in part to the modernisation of the town centre. It has a shopping mall (Golden Square) first opened in 1974, which has been extended to include a Debenhams store, and a new bus station. The old Cockhedge Textile Mill was demolished and replaced by another shopping mall. The main shopping streets are Buttermarket Street, Horsemarket Street, Sankey Street and Bridge Street. Where these four streets intersect at Market Gate, there is an award-winning redevelopment with a large fountain and "guardians" (known locally as "the skittles") designed by Howard Ben Tré. The town also has a large indoor market, and several other small shopping malls, such as Hatters Row. In the surrounding modern suburbs, there are several shopping areas, from small groups of shops to malls such as Birchwood Mall. IKEA chose Warrington as the location for their first store when they came to the UK; the store is located in the large out-of-town shopping area of Gemini, which has a large Marks and Spencer (the biggest outside London), Toys "R" Us, and Next outlets.

Developments
Warrington is home to one of the most important strategic development projects in Europe in the Omega Development Site close to the M62. It will be a vibrant, active and sustainable business community which is to be developed in stages over the next 30 years. The site for this is the 575 acre of space on the former Burtonwood Airbase. The cost of this is set to reach £1billion.

Other developments in Warrington include the Wire Works on Winwick Street which is set to transform the gateway into the town centre with a mixture of retail, cafes, bars, apartments, and an 8-screen cinema.

These are other developments have been delayed by the economic climate.

Transport


The town has two main railway stations. Bank Quay is on the main West Coast Main Line between London Euston and Glasgow Central and the Manchester Piccadilly to North Wales via Chester line. Central is on the Liverpool to Manchester (via Widnes and Warrington) line with through services to the North East and to East Anglia. Bank Quay is much altered, but Central (built 1873) is of some architectural merit, featuring polychromatic brickwork. Both have undergone some refurbishment. There are also railway stations in the suburbs at Padgate, Sankey,Glazebrook and Birchwood.

The town lies close to the M62, M6 and M56 motorways and midway between Liverpool and Manchester airports. It also has four Primary A roads A49, A50, A56 and A57. The A580 (East Lancs) runs along the north of the town.

Warrington Borough Transport, one of the few municipal bus companies to survive in public ownership, runs most bus services within the town. First Group and Arriva Northwestern provide bus links to surrounding towns and cities such as Manchester, the Trafford Centre, Liverpool, St Helens, Runcorn, Widnes and Chester. A real-time passenger information system is installed but is not entirely reliable. A new bus station known as Warrington Interchange opened in 2006 at the Golden Square Shopping Centre.

The River Mersey runs through the heart of the town dividing it in two. There are only two main thoroughfares crossing the Mersey in Warrington: at Bridge Foot and at the Kingsway Bridge. Before the M6 was built, these routes were very busy with through traffic.

The Manchester Ship Canal runs through the south of the town; three swing bridges and a high-level cantilever bridge provide crossing points, and another high-level crossing is planned downstream nearer to Runcorn. Although shipping movements on the ship canal are far less frequent than in years past, they can cause severe delay to local road traffic. The picturesque Bridgewater Canal runs through the borough from the scenic village of Lymm to Walton Hall and Gardens, a local park/leisure area.

Culture
Warrington has a concert hall (the Parr Hall), an arts centre (the Pyramid), a museum (Warrington Museum & Art Gallery), and various public libraries throughout the borough. Warrington Central Library was the first rate-supported library in the UK. The Victorian swimming baths closed in July 2003. There is a cinema at Westbrook, and another is being considered as part of a town centre redevelopment. There are several parks (see also Parks in Warrington) and designated nature reserves at Woolston Eyes, Risley Moss, Rixton Claypits, and Paddington Meadows. There is also ten-pin bowling located at Winwick Quay, and indoor paintball. An indoor karting centre is located near to Bank Quay. Alongside the karting centre is a golf driving range, with an American golf shop attached. Pitch and putt and crazy golf are available at Walton Hall and Gardens. A Laser Quest arena and a snooker club can also be found in Warrington, both located close to the town centre. Gulliver's World Theme Park is located in Old Hall, Apple Jacks Farm Theme Park is situated in Stretton.

A number of festivals, carnivals, and walking days are held annually in the Warrington area. Warrington Walking Day - originally a Sunday School festival - is held on the closest Friday to the last day of June, and the town centre is closed to traffic as churches walk together through the streets.

Other festivals, besides the many walking days, include:
 * Appleton Thorn Bawming of the Thorn
 * Croft Carnival
 * Culcheth Community Day
 * Glazebury Gala
 * Grappenhall Welly Wanging Competition
 * Howley Carnival
 * Lymm May Queen
 * Lymm Dickensian Festival
 * Penketh Carnival
 * St George's Day Parade
 * Thelwall Rose Queen
 * Winwick Carnival
 * Westy Carnival

Warrington also has many musical groups, including Warrington Male Voice Choir, Warrington Youth Orchestra, North Cheshire Wind Orchestra, Centenary Theatre Company (Centenary website link) and the Bridgewater Players Drama Group.

The first MMR vaccine to be administered in the UK was given by Dr Benjamin Paterson at Warrington General Hospital in 1971.

Sports
Rugby league is the town's premier sports in the form of Warrington Wolves who are nicknamed "The Wire" because of Warrington's history of wire making. The club moved in 2003 to the Halliwell Jones Stadium, leaving its home for over a century, Wilderspool Stadium. Warrington Wolves are the only team to have played every season in the top flight of rugby league. The town is also home to Warrington Wizards who also play their home matches at Wilderspool Stadium. The Wizards are currently in the Rugby League Conference. Warrington is represented in the BARLA leagues by Crosfields ARLFC, Bank Quay Bulls ARLFC, Rylands ARFLC, Woolston Rovers ARLFC, Latchford Albion ARLFC, Burtonwood Bulldogs ARLFC and Westbrook Tigers ARLFC.

Football is represented by Warrington Town at Cantilever Park, next to the Manchester Ship Canal. The club has several nicknames including Town, Yellows, Wire and Warriors. Warrington Town are currently in the Northern Premier League Division One North.

Rowing in Warrington may well have been taking place for nearly 200 years. It is known that Warrington Regatta is well over 150 years old, often attracting large crowds on the riverbank. The modern Warrington rowing club started in the mid 80’s and is based near Kingsway Bridge. Warrington is home to both recreational and competitive rowers with some of these athletes now winning National Standard events and will be pulling on international vests, Olivia Whitlam along with Richard Egington, were the first rowers from Warrington at the Olympics. The club is now bigger than ever with a large number of juniors, seniors and veterans and is just about to embark on its next project - a new boathouse with state of the art facilities for both the club and local community. Warrington Rowing Club is an accredited Explore Rowing club, which is part of a national strategy led by British Rowing. The purpose of this scheme is to introduce rowing to as many people as possible irrespective of whether they want to take up the sport competitively or on a recreational basis.

Warrington Athletic Club is based at Victoria Park, where a new eight-lane synthetic track was built in 1998, after the original track was destroyed in a fire the previous year.

Speedway racing, formerly known as Dirt Track racing was staged in Warrington in its pioneering era between 1928 and 1930. The track entered a team in the 1929 English Dirt Track League and the 1930 Northern League. Efforts to revive the venue in 1947 failed to materialise.

Warrington Wolves Basketball team was set up in 2009 and will compete in the English Basketball League Division Two.

Warrington has four predominant Rugby Union teams; Warrington RUFC, Lymm RFC, Gentlemen of Moore RUFC and Eagle RUFC, who are based at Thornton Road.

Warrington Thai Boxing Club was established in 1986 and is situated in one of the towns oldest industrial buildings Evans House on Norman Street and has a history of producing top class fighters that compete throughout the World.

Education
Warrington is home to two colleges: Priestley Sixth Form and Community College and Warrington Collegiate. The University of Chester has a campus at Padgate that was formerly part of Warrington Collegiate. Most of the high schools have their own post-16 provision (sixth-form).

The high schools throughout the borough are located at: Birchwood, Culcheth, Appleton (known as Bridgewater High School Warrington), two in Latchford (Sir Thomas Boteler Church of England High School and Cardinal Newman Roman Catholic High School), Sankey, Lymm (Lymm High School), Padgate (Lysander Community High School), Penketh, Westbrook (St Gregory's Catholic High School), Orford (William Beamont High School), and Woolston. Woolston High School is to be closed in 2012.

There are also 74 primary schools in the borough, all of which feed into at least one of the above.

Landmarks


Sites of interest in Warrington include:
 * The Town Hall (and its golden gates), formerly Bank Hall (built 1750), the home of the Philips family and their scion the artist Nathaniel George Philips.
 * The Academy, a dissenters' institute where Joseph Priestley once taught. After being moved from their original location, the building now houses the offices of the local newspaper "The Warrington Guardian". A statue of Oliver Cromwell stands in front.
 * "Cromwell's Cottage" (17th century), which Cromwell is said to have visited.
 * The 14th century Parish Church of St Elphin, largely a Victorian rebuild with a 281 ft spire, the sixth tallest in the UK.
 * St Wilfrid's Church, Grappenhall, Grade I listed medieval church.
 * St Oswald's Church, Winwick, Grade I listed medieval church.
 * Holy Trinity Church, 1758, Grade II* listed Georgian church at Market Gate.
 * St Ann's Church, 1869, Grade II* church designed by John Douglas, now a rock climbing centre.
 * St Mary's Church, Grade II church designed by E. W. Pugin and Peter Paul Pugin in Buttermarket.
 * Warrington Museum & Art Gallery, Grade II listed building and one of the oldest municipal museums in the UK.
 * The row of late Victorian terracotta shops on Bridge Street.
 * The former Woolworth's Building in Sankey Street (at least the upper storeys).
 * The Art Deco style Halo nightclub (formerly the ABC cinema and before this The Ritz), although the nightclub has now closed.
 * The industrial modernist Unilever Soapworks.
 * The Cheshire Lines railway warehouse, now redeveloped as apartments.
 * The Warrington Transporter Bridge, a listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument.
 * The Barley Mow, established in 1561, the oldest pub in Warrington.
 * The Parr Hall, home to one of the few remaining Cavaillé-Coll organs.
 * Fiddlers Ferry Power Station
 * The Halliwell Jones Stadium home of Warrington Wolves
 * Bewsey Old Hall, a rebuilt medieval manor house.
 * IKEA store which is located near the Gemini retail park. The first of the IKEA chain to be built in the UK.

Notable residents

 * 18th century free-thinker and scientist Joseph Priestley lived and taught in Warrington, at the Academy.
 * William Beamont was a Victorian solicitor and local philanthropist who founded several churches and the municipal library, the first rate-aided library in the UK.
 * Artist Luke Fildes (1843–1927) studied at Warrington School of Art
 * Entertainer George Formby (Junior) lived for many years in Warrington and is buried in Warrington Cemetery, with his father George Formby (Senior), also an entertainer.
 * First class cricketer George Duckworth was born in Warrington and played Test cricket for England. He played first class cricket for Lancashire between 1923 and 1947.
 * First class cricketer Neil Fairbrother was born in Warrington and played Test cricket for England.
 * William Norman, VC (1832–1896), a local war hero, was born in Warrington.
 * George Sampson, dancer and winner of Britain's Got Talent in 2008.
 * DJ and TV presenter Chris Evans was born and grew up in Warrington.
 * Fashion designer Ossie Clark (1942–1996) grew up in Warrington where he attended William Beamont Secondary Technical School.
 * Actor Pete Postlethwaite is from Padgate in Warrington.
 * Author Pete McCarthy was born in Warrington and there is a rememberance plaque on the wall of the Pyramid ats centre bearing his name.
 * Tim Curry (actor/singer/composer) was born in Warrington and lived in Grappenhall.
 * Chris Braide (songwriter/record producer) was born in Warrington and lived in Padgate.
 * Ian Brown (rock musician) was born in Warrington and lived in Forster Street. He now lives in Lymm.
 * Sue Johnston (actress) star of Brookside and The Royle Family.
 * Darren Jeffries (actor) best known for his role as OB in Hollyoaks.
 * Steven Arnold (actor) best known for his role as Ashley Peacock in Coronation Street, was born in Warrington
 * Pete Waterman, record producer, lives in Warrington, in the village of Winwick.
 * Warren Brown (actor) Regular BBC actor, born and lives in Warrington
 * Kerry Katona (singer/actress) lives in Warrington
 * Jan Linton (singer/songwriter) was born in Warrington, but re-located to Japan.
 * Barnsley F.C. defender and captain Stephen Foster was born here.
 * Garry Newlove, victim of high profile murder committed in August 2007, died after being attacked outside his house in the Fearnhead area of the town.

Twin towns

 * 🇨🇿 Náchod, Czech Republic
 * 🇩🇪 Hilden, Rhineland, Germany
 * 🇺🇸 Lake County, Illinois, United States