1960s

The 1960s refers to the years from  to. The term also refers to an era more often called The Sixties, denoting the complex of inter-related cultural and political trends which occurred roughly during the years 1958-1974 in the west, particularly, , the , , and. Social and political upheaval was not limited to these countries, but included such nations as, , , and others. The term is used descriptively by historians, journalists, and others documenting our collective past; nostalgically by those who participated in the counter-culture and social revolution; and pejoratively by those who perceive the era as one of irresponsible excess. The decade was also labelled the because of the libertine attitudes that emerged during this decade. Rampant drug use has become a for the counter-culture of the era, as exemplified by   co-founder : "If you can remember anything about the sixties, you weren't really there."

The Sixties was a time of immense change in all areas of public and private life, and often referred to as a social revolution global in scale. In the United States, for example, social change was created by the, the rise of and , invention of the microchip and formulation of , and even the rise of. The Sixties has become ous with all the new, exciting, radical, subversive and/or dangerous (depending on one's viewpoint) events and trends of the period, which continued to develop in the, and beyond. In the 1960s was a period of radical political change as countries gained independence from their European colonial rulers, only for this rule to be replaced in many cases by civil war or corrupt dictatorships.

Government
Several Western governments turned to the in the early 1960s. In the United States President was elected in 1960. Italy formed its first left-of-centre government in March 1962 with a coalition of Christian Democrats, Social Democrats, and moderate Republicans. Socialists joined the ruling bloc in December 1963. In Britain, the Labour Party gained power in 1964.

Liberal Programs
President promoted the space program, math and science education, tax cuts and the. It continued with President 's projects of the Great Society, the and the  of 1965.

Assassinations
The 1960s were marked by several notable assassinations.
 * First, Prime Minister of the, , is assassinated by Belgian/Congolese firing squad on ,
 * , a field secretary, is assassinated by a  member on,.
 * Vietnamese president (Ngô Ðình Diệm) is assassinated in the back of an APC,.
 * US President is assassinated on,  in his car during a parade
 * is assassinated on ,
 * The assassination of leader  on,.
 * The assassination of presidential candidate Senator on,.
 * The assassination of social activist and deputy chairman of the chapter of the  (BPP),  on,  while he was asleep.

Counterculture/social revolution
Younger generations soon began to rebel against the conservative norms of the time. This created a counter-culture that eventually turned into a social revolution throughout much of the western world. It began in the United States as a reaction against the conservative social norms of the 1950s, the political conservatism (and perceived social repression) of the Cold War period, and the US government's extensive military intervention in Vietnam. The main group from the movement were called. Together they created a new liberated stance for society, including the, questioning authority and government, and demanding more freedoms and rights for women, gays, and minorities. The movement was marked by drug use (, and ), and music.

Anti-war movement
A mass movement began rising in opposition to the, ending in the massive  protests in , and also the movement of resistance to  (“the Draft”) for the war. The was initially based on the older 1950s  heavily influenced by the , but by the mid-1960s it outgrew this and became a broad-based mass movement centered on the universities and churches: one kind of protest was called a "." Other terms included ', ', ', and '. age-limits were challenged by the phrase: "If you're old enough to die for your country, you're old enough to vote."

Civil rights
Stimulated by this movement, but growing beyond it, were large numbers of student-age youth, beginning with the at the  in, peaking in the riots at the  in  and reaching a climax with the shootings at  in , which some claimed as proof that "police brutality" was rampant. The terms were: "" referring to traditional management/government, and "pigs" referring to police using excessive force. This became the start of something new.

New left
The rapid rise of a "" applied the class perspective of to postwar America, but had little organizational connection with older Marxist organizations such as the, and even went as far as to reject organized labor as the basis of a unified left-wing movement. The New Left consisted of ephemeral campus-based, and  groups, some of which by the end of the 1960s had turned to.

Technology
The and the  were involved in the. This led to an increase in spending on science and technology during this period. The space race heated up when Soviet   orbited the Earth and President Kennedy announced  in 1961. The Soviets and Americans were then involved in a race to put a man on the Moon before the decade was over. America won the race when it placed the first men on the Moon: and, in July 1969.

American automobiles evolved through the stream-lined, -inspired designs for sports cars such as the and the, , and the.


 * 1960 - The first working was demonstrated in May by  at.
 * 1961 - First human spaceflight to orbit the Earth:,.
 * 1962 - First trans-Atlantic satellite broadcast via the satellite.
 * 1962 - The first computer video game,, is invented.
 * 1963 - The first,  is launched.
 * 1963 - telephones introduced.
 * 1964 - The first successful, ’s 12-bit , is marketed.
 * 1965 - markets the, the first home video tape recorder.
 * 1966 - The launches , which later becomes the first  to enter orbit around the.
 * 1967 - First operation.
 * 1967 - and  broadcast color TV systems start publicly transmitting in Europe.
 * 1968 - First humans to leave Earth's gravity influence and orbit another world:.
 * 1968 - The of the,  the  , , , , and.
 * 1969 -, the research-oriented prototype of the , was introduced.
 * 1969 - First humans to walk on the Moon:.
 * 1969 - invented at  AT&T, used as the electronic imager in still and video cameras.

Popular culture
The overlapping, but somewhat different, movement of youth cultural radicalism was manifested by the and the, whose emblematic moments were the  in  in  and the  Festival in. The sub-culture, associated with this movement, spread the recreational use of and other drugs, particularly new semi-synthetic drugs such as. The era heralded the rejection and a reformation by of traditional Christian notions on spirituality, leading to the widespread introduction of Eastern and ethnic  religious thinking to western values and concepts concerning one's religious and  development. , especially, were popularly used medicinally, spiritually and recreationally throughout the 1960s. influenced the music, artwork and movies of the decade.

Music
Popular music entered an era of "all hits" as numerous singers released recordings, beginning in the, as "singles" (with another on the ), and s tended to play only the most popular of the wide variety of records being made. Also, bands tended to record only the best of their songs as a chance to become a hit record. The developments of the ', "" and the ' of bands from the, are major examples of American listeners expanding from the ,  and  sounds of the  and evolving to include  music.

The rise of an among affluent youth, creating a huge market for  and  music produced by drug-culture, influenced bands such as, , , , ,  and , and also for radical music in the  tradition pioneered by , , and  in the United States, and in England,  was helping to create folk rock.

Significant events in music in the 1960s:
 * founded in 1960. It's first  hit was "" by the Miracles in .  "Shop Around" peaked at number-two on the, and was Motown's first million-selling record.
 * scored Motown Record Corporation's first US #1 pop hit, "" in 1961.   Motown would score 110 Billboard Top-Ten hits between 1961 and 1971.
 * The went to  in 1964, spearheading the first.
 * goes at the 1965.
 * release  in 1966, ushering in the era of album-orientated rock.
 * is called "Judas" by an audience member during the legendary, the start of the  industry follows, with recordings of this concert circulating for 30 years – wrongly labeled as – The Royal Albert Hall Concert before a legitimate release in 1998 as .
 * In 1966,  was the first album by a female group to reach the top position of the  in the United States.
 * release the influential in 1967.
 * release their influential self-titled debut album in 1967.
 * release their self-tilted debut album  an early progenitor of the  and  genres.
 * release two successful albums during 1967 ' and ' that innovate both guitar, trio and recording techniques.
 * release the seminal  in June 1967.
 * releases their debut record.
 * releases the album  in December 1967, making the genre acceptable.
 * The in 1967 was the apex of the so-called.
 * releases the album  in 1968.
 * , with as lead singer, becomes an overnight sensation after their performance at Monterey Pop in 1967 and release their massively successful second album  in 1968.
 * film the TV special  in December 1968 which was never broadcast during its contemporary time. Considered for decades as a fabled 'lost' performance until released in North America on  and  in 1995.  Features performances from ;  featuring,  and ;  and.
 * release and tour the first rock opera  in 1969.
 * release the album  in 1969.
 * The, and four months later, the in.

Film
Popular American movies of the 1960s include ', ', ,, , ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;  .

The Counterculture Revolution had a big effect on. Movies began to break social taboos such as and  causing both controversy and fascination. They turned increasingly dramatic, unbalanced, and hectic as the cultural revolution was starting. This was the beginning of the era that dominated the next decade in theatres and revolutionized the movie industry. Films such as 's ' ('), 's ' ('), and 's ' (') are examples of this new, edgy direction. Films of this time also focused on the changes happening in the world. 's ' (') focused on the drug culture of the time. Movies also became more sexually explicit, such as 's' (') as the progressed.

In Europe, gains wider distribution and sees movements like  (The French New Wave);  documentary movement in Canada, France and the United States; and the high-point of Italian filmmaking with,  and  making some of their most known films during this period. Notable films from this period include: '; '; '; '; '; '; '; '; ';'; '; '; '; '; '; '; '; ';';'; '; '; '; '; '; '

The sixties were about experimentation. With the explosion of light-weight and affordable cameras, the underground movement thrived. Canada's, Americans. ,, and. Notable films in this genre are: '; '; '; ';'; '; .

Significant events in the film industry in the 1960s:
 * Removal of the 's in.
 * The decline and end of the.
 * The rise of '' films and theaters.
 * The beginning of the Era due to the counterculture.
 * The rise of independent producers that worked outside of the Studio System.
 * Move to all-color production in Hollywood movies.
 * The invention of the 1/4", sync-sound, portable open-reel tape deck.
 * where new film formats like were invented and new ways of displaying film were tested.
 * Flat-bed film editing tables appear, like the, they eventually replace the editing platform.
 * The.
 * and documentaries.

In the United States

 * President and Vice President  take office in ; Kennedy establishes the.
 * Substantial American forces first arrive in in.
 * 1963 - After Kennedy's assassination, becomes president, and presses  legislation; college attendance soars.
 * U.S. President is inaugurated in January ; promises "peace with honor" to end the ; price  soars; Nixon imposes.

In Canada

 * celebrated its 100th anniversary of in 1967 by hosting, the World's Fair, in ,.
 * The in  modernized the province into a more secular society.   The   government created a  (État-Providence) and fermented the rise of active  among.
 * On, , Canada got the new , after much acrimonious debate known as the.
 * In 1960, The becomes law, and Universal Suffrage, the right for any Canadian citizen to vote, is finally adopted  by 's  government.  The new election act allows  people to vote for the first time.

In the UK

 * delivers his in.

In Europe

 * calls the of the, continued by , which met from Oct. 11, 1962 until Dec. 8, 1965.
 * The student and worker uprisings in France.
 * Mass socialist or Communist movement in most European countries (particularly France and Italy), with which the student-based new left was able to forge a connection. The most spectacular manifestation of this was the student revolt of  in Paris that linked up with a general strike of ten million workers called by the trade unions;and for a few days seemed capable of overthrowing the government of . De Gaulle went off to visit French troops in Germany to check on their loyalty. Major concessions were won for trade union rights, higher minimum wages and better working conditions.
 * University students protested in their hundreds of thousands in, , and  with the huge crowds that protested against the.

In Mexico
The peak of the student and protests in  coincided with political upheavals in a number of other countries. Although these events often sprung from completely different causes, they were influenced by reports and images of what was happening in the United States and France. Students in protested against the authoritarian regime of : in the resulting  in which hundreds were killed.
 * The,  in , of student protesters and uninvolved bystanders, by the Mexican military and police.

In the Commonwealth
and committed troops to the Vietnam war with controversy and war protests. celebrated its 100th anniversary of confederation in 1967 by hosting, the World's Fair, in ,.

In Eastern Europe
In Eastern Europe students also drew inspiration from the protests in the West. In and  they protested against restrictions on free speech by  regimes.

In  was the year of ’s, a source of inspiration to many Western leftists who admired Dubček's "socialism with a human face". The invasion of Czechoslovakia in August ended these hopes and also fatally damaged the chances of the orthodox  drawing many recruits from the student protest movement.
 * The popular uprising in, known as , which was ended by a invasion

In Africa
The transformation of from  to  dramatically accelerated during the decade.

In China
In the the mid-1960s were also a time of massive upheaval and the  rampages of 's  had some superficial resemblances to the student protests in the West. The groups that briefly flourished in the West in this period saw in Chinese Communism a more revolutionary, less bureaucratic, model of. Most of them were rapidly disillusioned when Mao welcomed to China in. People in China, however, saw the as a victory in that they believed the United States would concede that  was superior to  (this was the Party stance on the visit in late 1971 and early 1972).

In South America
The revolutionary  travelled to  and then  in his campaigning to spread worldwide revolution. He was killed in 1967 by Bolivian government forces, but in the process became an iconic figure for the student left.

Sport
There were six held during the decade. These were:

XVII Summer Olympics — 🇮🇹 , VIII Winter Olympics — 🇺🇸 , XVIII Summer Olympics — 🇯🇵 , IX Winter Olympics — 🇦🇹 , XIX Summer Olympics — 🇲🇽 , X Winter Olympics — 🇫🇷 ,

There were two s during the decade:

— 🇨🇱 (winner 🇧🇷 ) — 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 (winner 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 )

The ten winners during the decade were:

First British club to win the European Cup, Celtic triumphed over Internazionale 2-1 in a stunning victory. See or.

The ten World Championship Winners were:

— 🇦🇺 — 🇺🇸 — 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 — 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 — 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 — 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 — 🇦🇺 — 🇳🇿 — 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 — 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿

In baseball, the champions during the decade were:

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The champions during the decade were:

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The champions during the decade were:

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The 's champions of the decade were:

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The champions of the decade were:

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The 's champions of the decade were:

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