Principality of Dmitrov

Principality of Dmitrov- Russian principality with the center in the city of Dmitrov, formed as an independent state entity between 1280 and 1334. From 1360 - 1364 the inheritance of the Principality of Moscow. It was liquidated in 1569 by one of the last in Russia.

Formation of the principality == Around 1247, the Grand Duke Vladimirsky Sviatoslav III Vsevolodovich assigned reigns to his nephews, then, obviously, the Galician-Dmitrov principality , given to Konstantin Yaroslavich ( 1255 ) appeared. It was an artificial formation with centers separated by long distances, which soon disintegrated. His last known prince was Davyd Konstantinovich, the grandson of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich who died in 1280.

Whether someone else ruled after David Dmitrov and Galicia together, and when the division of the principality took place, it is not known for certain. However, under the year 1334, the death of Prince Boris Dmitrovsky was mentioned, and in 1335 - Theodore of Galich. That is, the collapse occurred between 1280 and 1334. Boris, therefore, is the first known prince of Dmitrov. Usually he is considered the son of Davyd Konstantinovich.

At the beginning of the XIV century, when Mikhail Yaroslavich (in 1304 - 1318, Prince Vladimir) Dmitrov and Galician principality on the assumption Kuchkin were some depending on the Vladimir principality , with Boris and 1313 , he was appointed governor of Pskov , Prince which was son of Fyodor Galitsky Ivan.

The second prince himself in Dmitrov after 1334 became the son of Boris Dmitry (died ca. 1363 g).

Territory Reliable data on villages and volosts belong to the XV century, while the territory of the Dmitrov principality in the period of its independence can only be reconstructed from the data on neighboring lands. This reconstruction gives approximately the same borders with the Moscow principality: in the south-west along the upper reaches of the Maglushy and Istra rivers, in the south they approached the sources of Klyazma and Uchi , in the east and southeast in the upper Yakhroma , Vori and Taritsa. However, it is also possible that Moscow then owned more northern lands, closer approached Dmitrov.

In the west, the Dmitrov lands included all the current of Yakhroma, Lutosny and the upper reaches of the Sister, where the spiritual charter of Dmitry Donskoy in 1389 mentions the Dmitrov volost of Lutosna with the departure. In the north, Dmitrov owned the left bank of Veli and Dubna. Here the borders of Dmitrovsky with Kashinsky and Pereyaslavsky principalities passed.

Thus, the land of Dmitrov that was formed as a result of the successive decays of the ancient Russian principalities was quite small. A number of testimonies compels one to consider it also not fully mastered. All this had a negative impact on the influence of the Dmitri princes, prevented the formation of independence and ultimately led to a loss of independence of the principality.

The Principality of Moscow Rus The entry of Dmitrov into the Moscow principality

Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy In the last spiritual great Prince Ivan II of the Red ( 1359 ), Dmitrov was not yet mentioned as part of the Moscow possessions, and in 1368 Moscow, Dmitrov and Kolomna ratification under the command of Dmitry Ivanovich came out against Olgerd, that is, Dmitrov was already part of Moscow principality, having lost between these dates their independence. Usually, 1360 or 1364 are called as the date of inclusion of Dmitrov in the Moscow lands.

In 1360 in Galicia, with the help of the Horde, Dmitry Borisovich became the prince. Often his patronymic is considered a mistake by the chroniclers, and the correct one is Ivanovich. However, according to V. A. Kuchkin, this was precisely Prince Dmitrovsky: one of his grandchildren owned an estate in Dmitrov. These facts may illustrate that the connection between Dmitrov and Galich was maintained even after the collapse of a single principality. The reason why Dmitry Borisovich turned out to be on the Galich table is explained by Kuchkin by the fact that Moscow lost power over Vladimir in 1360 expanded its holdings at the expense of Dmitrov, and the Horde’s attempt to redistribute labels on the reign to weaken Moscow’s influence, including found the former Prince of Dmitrov new ownership.

In 1363 Galich also loses independence and moves to Moscow.

The entry into the Moscow principality at first led to negative consequences for Dmitrov, since he was involved in Moscow’s conflicts with other powerful forces of that time. First, in 1372 Prince Mikhail Aleksandrovich, who was at enmity with Tverskaya of Tver, ruined the neighborhood (Dmitrov himself paid for it), and then in 1382 the Tatar khan Tokhtamysh burned the city.

Economy Soon, however, the positive aspects of the all-Russian unity associated with the development of trade also appeared. Dmitrov became the northern port of Moscow, where goods were delivered by land, where they were loaded onto light vessels and carried along Yakhroma and Sister to the upper reaches of the Volga. Further the road branched - it was possible to move both to the north and to the east. Herberstein, who visited Muscovy just at the time of the maximum flourishing of the Dmitrov trade, noted that “local merchants have great wealth, as they easily import goods from the Caspian Sea along the Volga in various directions and even into Moscow itself”. The sale of salt, furs and birds of prey with the Russian North was carried out, where the bread was exported.

The second most important city of the principality was the now vanished Vyshgorod-on-Yakhroma. It was a large fortress city of about 10 hectares by the standards of the Middle Ages, located on Baran-gore (a spur of the Klin-Dmitrov ridge ), at the confluence of the Komarikhi river into the Yakhroma river. The city was one of the residences of the Dmitrov princes. Finally, Vyshgorod-on-Yakhroma was plundered and burned during the Time of Troubles by Polish-Lithuanian invaders.

In addition to Dmitrov and Vyshgorod-on-Yakhroma, the important shopping centers of the principality were the monasteries located in Yakhroma ( Medvedeva Pustyn, Nikolo-Peshnoshsky ), some large villages ( Rogachevo ).

The growing importance of the Dmitrov principality is clearly visible by the position of its princes. One of the first was Peter Dmitrievich - the fourth son of Dmitry Donskoy. Vasily II Dark and Ivan III had already transferred the city to their second sons, Yuri Vasilyevich and Yuri Ivanovich. Given that land was given to sons according to seniority, Dmitrov in the 15th century became a very enviable destiny.

Princes In 1372 - 1389 years in Dmitrov and Galich Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave. In 1389, disagreements arose between him and Dmitry Donskoy, since he took away these lands from Vladimir. The issue was resolved peacefully in March, and in May, Dmitry died. From 1389 to 1428 in Dmitrov reigned the fourth (according to other data the sixth) son of Dmitry Peter ( 1385 - 1428 ). Then Vasily II the Dark in 1447 gives Dmitrov to Vasily Yaroslavich Serpukhov-Borovsky, but in 1454 he changes it to Zvenigorod, and Dmitrov in 1462bequeathed to his son Yuri (George) Vasilyevich.

After the death of Yuri Vasilyevich in 1473, Ivan III gave the principality to Andrei Borisovich Mikulinsky , and in 1505 bequeathed to his son Yuri Ivanovich ( 1480 - 1536 ), who reigned in Dmitrov until 1533 , when Vasily III died and Ivan IV entered the throne.

At that time, only two specific principalities remained in the Grand Duchy of Moscow: Dmitrovskoe (with Zvenigorod ) and Staritskoye (c Vereyya ). Yuri was a year younger than his brother Vasily III, and it was difficult for him to accept the fact that the throne was transferred to a three-year-old child Ivan. Therefore, Elena Glinskaya did not allow him to leave after the funeral of his brother in Dmitrov, imprisoned in a dungeon. There he died in 1536.

After his death, the only specific prince in Russia was the younger brother of Yuri and Vasily Andrei Ivanovich, Prince Staritsky. In 1537, however, he fled to Novgorod , where he tried to revolt, was captured and deprived of all possessions. In 1541 the Staritsky reign returned to his son Vladimir, and in 1566 Ivan the Terrible changed the Staritsa to Dmitrov. In 1569, the king summoned Vladimir to his Alexander settlement and killed.

Vladimir Andreevich was the last specific prince in Dmitrov and at that time in general in Russia.