Newbury, Berkshire

Newbury is a civil parish and the principal town in the west of the county of Berkshire in England. It is situated on the River Kennet and the Kennet and Avon Canal, and has a town centre containing many 17th-century buildings. Newbury is best known for its racecourse. The adjoining countryside is notable for agriculture, racehorse training, Highclere Castle, ruined Donnington Castle and has the former USAF airbase at Greenham Common.

History
There was a Mesolithic settlement at Newbury. Artefacts were recovered from the Greenham Dairy Farm in 1963, and the Faraday Road site in 2002. Additional material was found in excavations along the route of the Newbury Bypass.

Newbury was founded late in the eleventh century following the Norman invasion as a new borough, hence its name. Although there are references to the borough that predate the Domesday Survey it is not mentioned by name in the survey. However, its existence within the manor of Ulvritone is evident from the massive rise in value of that manor at a time when most manors were worth less than in Saxon times. In 1086 the Domesday Book assesses the borough as having land for 12 ploughs, 2 mills, woodland for 25 pigs, 11 villeins (resident farmhands, unfree peasant who owed his lord labour services), 11 bordars (unfree peasants with less land than villans/villeins), and 51 enclosures (private parks) rendering 70s 7d.

Doubt has been cast over the existence of 'Newbury Castle', but the town did have Royal connections and was visited a number of times by King John and Henry III while hunting in the area.

Historically, the town's economic foundation was the cloth trade. This is reflected in the person of the 16th century cloth magnate, Jack of Newbury, the proprietor of what may well have been the first factory in England, and the later tale of the Newbury Coat. The latter was the outcome of a bet as to whether a gentleman's suit could be produced by the end of the day from wool taken from a sheep's back at the beginning.

Newbury was the site of two Civil War battles, the First Battle of Newbury (at Wash Common) in 1643 and the Second Battle of Newbury (at Speen) in 1644. The nearby Donnington Castle was reduced to a ruin in the aftermath of the second battle.

The disruption of trade during the Civil War followed a major collapse of the local cloth trade in the late 16th century leaving Newbury impoverished. The local economy was boosted in the 18th century by the rise of Bath as a popular destination for the wealthy escaping London's summer heat and associated stench. Newbury was roughly half way between London and Bath and an obvious stopping point in the two-day journey. Soon Newbury, in particular Speenhamland, was filled with coaching inns of ever increasing grandeur and size. One inn, the George & Pelican, was reputed to have stabling for 300 horses, and this was not the largest of the inns. A theatre was built to provide the travellers with entertainment featuring the major stars of the age.

In 1795 local magistrates, meeting at the George and Pelican Inn in Speenhamland, introduced the Speenhamland System which tied parish poor relief (welfare payments) to the cost of bread.

The opening of the Great Western Railway to the north killed the coaching trade. From being approximately midway on the Bath Road from London, Newbury became something of a backwater market town with an economy based on agriculture until the arrival of the high tech industries that provide so much employment in the town today. When, in the 1980s, established telecommunications firm Racal decided to locate their newly formed Racal Vodafone division in the town it was a decision that increased this return to general economic prosperity, becoming Vodafone.

Greenham Common
A large Royal Air Force station was established during the Second World War at Greenham Common on the edge of the town. In the 1950s, it became home to US Air Force bombers and tankers, for which it was equipped with the longest military runway in the United Kingdom. In the 1980s, it became one of only two USAF bases in the UK equipped with ground-launched nuclear-armed cruise missiles, causing it to become the site of protests by up to 40,000 protesters and the establishment of the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp. With the end of the Cold War, the base was closed, the runway was broken up for use as fill material in building the Newbury bypass, and much of the area was restored to heathland.

Government
Newbury is part of, and the administrative centre of, the district administered by the unitary authority of West Berkshire which has a 2011 population of 153,822, an approximately straight-line increase of 15,022 since 1991.

Newbury is also a civil parish, with parish council responsibilities undertaken by Newbury Town Council since 1997. Newbury Town Council currently has 23 councillors, representing seven wards of the town, currently: Brummel Grove, Clay Hill, Falkland, Northcroft, Pyle Hill, Victoria and St Johns. As of 2007, 12 of the councillors represent the Liberal Democrats and 11 represent the Conservative Party.

In Parliament, the town is in the Newbury constituency. Since the election of May 2005 this constituency has been represented by Richard Benyon, a Conservative.

Newbury is twinned with Braunfels in Germany (1963), Bagnols-sur-Cèze in France (1970), Eeklo in Belgium (1974) and Feltre in Italy (2003).

For European Parliament elections, from 1979 to 1984 Newbury was part of the Upper Thames constituency, from 1984 to 1994 it was part of the Wiltshire constituency and from 1994 to 1999 it was part of the Hampshire North and Oxford constituency. Since 1999 Newbury has formed part of the South East England constituency elected by a form of proportional representation.

Geography
The Civil Parish of Newbury consists of the town and the suburbs of Wash Common, the City, West Fields, East Fields and Speenhamland. The modern conurbation of Newbury, however, with close bus and road links and almost contiguous development, may be taken to include the surrounding villages of Speen, Donnington, Shaw and Greenham.

Elevations vary from a minimum of 72m above mean sea level to 122m at Wash Common. Elevations reach 150-200m in the directly adjoining hills.

The River Kennet and the Kennet and Avon Canal flow east through the centre of the town to reach the Thames at Reading, while the River Lambourn (beside which is the country's largest horse-training paddocks in the Valley of the Lambourn Downs) partly forms its northern boundary, ending in the town. A tributary that is smaller still, the River Enborne, forms the southern boundary (and also the county boundary with Hampshire). Adjoining the town's south-eastern border is Greenham Common and the famous Newbury Racecourse. Newbury is surrounded on three sides (north, west and south) by the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The downland to the south rises steeply out of the river valley providing scenic views, including Watership Down (made famous by the novel of the same name), Beacon Hill, the southeast's highest point Walbury Hill, and Combe Gibbet.

Demography
Newbury town has a population of about 32,000. With adjacent towns such as Thatcham, Newbury is the centre of an almost contiguous built up area with an overall population of more than 70,000. Newbury serves as the major commercial and retail centre of West Berkshire.

Economy
Newbury has the UK headquarters of the mobile network operator Vodafone, which is the town's largest employer with over 6,000 people. Before moving to their £129 million headquarters in the outskirts of the town in 2002, Vodafone used 64 buildings spread across the town centre.

As well as Vodafone, Newbury is also home to the UK headquarters of the pharmaceutical company Bayer AG, National Instruments, Micro Focus, NTS Express Road Haulage, Jokers' Masquerade, Newbury Parcels, Swift Group, Stryker Corporation and Quantel and Newbury Building Society.

Transport
Newbury is situated on the River Kennet, the valley of which has for millennia formed an important east–west transport route, served by the Kennet and Avon Canal, and the Berks and Hants Railway from London to the West Country.

Rail
Today, Newbury is served by two railway stations, Newbury and Newbury Racecourse, which both lie on the Reading to Plymouth Line. It was also served by the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway until this closed in the 1960s.

Road
Following a similar east–west route is the A4 road from London to Bristol, historically the main route west from London. This road has been superseded as a long distance route by the M4 motorway which runs almost parallel and can be accessed 3 mi to the north – its "Newbury junction" is the Chieveley interchange at Junction 13.

At Newbury this east–west route is crossed by a dual-carriageway Highways Agency north–south trunk road, from the major south coast port of Southampton to the industrial centres of the Midlands. Although this route was once served by the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton railway line, today it is only served by the A34 road, which now bypasses Newbury to the west on an alignment partially using the old rail route (see also 'Newbury Bypass' below).

Until the completion of the bypass, the A34 and A4 met in the town centre at Robin Hood Roundabout, a complicated gyratory system encompassing 6 approaching roads, a fire station, ambulance station and an exit on the inside of the roundabout, which has a north-south flyover across the roundabout. In 2007, the sculpture Couple in Conversation was unveiled on the roundabout, providing a new landmark for one of the major gateways into the town.

Other significant roads radiating from Newbury include the A339 which now includes the renumbered part of the old A34 through the town centre and then heads towards Basingstoke and the M3 motorway, the A343 to Andover, the B4000 to Lambourn, the B4494 to Wantage and the B4009 to Streatley.

Bus services
Most local bus services were provided by Newbury Buses, a division of Reading Transport before August 2011, but are now provided by private companies. The main operator is Newbury & District.

Newbury bypass
The town's location at the intersection of the routes from London to Bristol and from Southampton to Birmingham made it, for many years, a transport bottleneck. In 1963 a Dual Carriageway was built east of the town centre to ease congestion and the opening of the M4 in 1971 moved the intersection of these major trunk routes 5 km north of the town, to Chieveley. The ring road around the town still suffered serious congestion and the Newbury bypass was proposed in 1981. The plans were approved in 1990. However they were extremely controversial and this led to a major environmentalist campaign (by national media occasionally then dubbed the Third Battle of Newbury) opposing the road development. In spite of this, the road was built and finally opened in 1998. Within two months the road surface began to break up and the entire length of the bypass was eventually resurfaced over two weekends using an improved low-noise water-absorbent surface.

In August 2004, the improved A34-M4 junction 13 was re-opened which allowed north–south traffic on the A34 to completely bypass the earlier roundabout at the M4. This junction continued to be improved, with new road markings and traffic signals completed in 2008.

Education
Newbury has three main secondary schools:
 * St. Bartholomew's School – one of the oldest schools in Berkshire, founded in 1466.
 * Park House School
 * Trinity School, formed after the closure of Shaw House School and Turnpike School.

There are also Newbury College, a further and higher education college funded by private finance initiative and Mary Hare School, a residential co-educational community special school for deaf pupils.

Independent schools nearby include:
 * Horris Hill
 * Downe House School
 * Cheam School
 * St Gabriel's School, an all-girls school (from the ages 3 to 18)
 * Thorngrove School, a day co-ed school in nearby Highclere (only up to year 8)
 * Newbury Hall School, an international high school
 * St Michael's School, an all-boys Catholic school in Burghclere

Sports and leisure
Newbury is home to one of England's major racecourses Newbury Racecourse, which celebrated its centenary in 2005. The most prestigious race in the calendar is the Hennessy Gold Cup which normally takes place in late November.

Newbury has one of the last remaining lidos in the UK. It was originally built in the 1890s, although the structure we see today was erected in the 1930s. The pool is still in use today and is capable of receiving more than 1000 visitors a day during peak times. It is owned and subsidised by West Berkshire District Council but managed by an external contractor Parkwood Leisure.

Newbury was home to A.F.C. Newbury, which was sponsored by locally-based Vodafone. In May 2006 Vodafone ended its sponsorship of the club, following which the club collapsed. A local pub team from the Old London Apprentice took over the ground temporarily and now compete in the Reading League as Newbury F.C. Their future at the ground is uncertain as the owner (West Berkshire District Council) plans to turn it into a car park.

Newbury's rugby union club, Newbury R.F.C. (also sponsored by Vodafone), is based in the town. In the 2004/05 season, the club finished second in the National Two division earning promotion to National One and is now in the top 26 clubs nationally. Newbury had previously won National Four South (now renamed as National Three South) in 1996/97 with a 100% win record. The club was founded in 1928 and in 1996 moved to a new purpose-built ground at Monks Lane, which has since hosted England U21 fixtures.

Major cricket clubs in the town include Falkland C.C. and Newbury C.C.. Newbury also has two athletics clubs: Team Kennet and Newbury Athletics Club. Newbury District Leagues exist in many other sports such as badminton, table tennis, squash and darts.

Victoria Park, near the centre of the town, is used for several events during the year such as the Newbury Waterways Festival, the Keep Off The Grass (KOTG) dance music event and Crafty Craft, a raft race along the canal.

As well as lending out books, Newbury Library, which moved to a new building in July 2000, provides internet access and other services to its users and members.

The Corn Exchange providing a venue for both professional and amateur live performances. Other theatres near the town are the Watermill Theatre, and New Greenham Arts on the former Greenham Common air force base.

Annually the Newbury Spring Festival of classical music brings internationally renowned soloists and ensembles to a variety of venues in and around the town. The Newbury Comedy Festival which started in 2004 has become a feature in the town's cultural calendar.

Newbury is also home to Donnington Grove, where a golf course was opened in 1993. Donnington Grove is also a historic landmark for Newbury as its mansion was built between 1763 and 1772.

Media
There are three main local radio stations broadcasting in the Newbury area – a publicly funded radio service from the BBC, BBC Radio Berkshire – and two Independent Local Radio stations  – The Breeze (formerly 'Newbury Sound' and 'Kick FM') which broadcasts from Newbury, and Heart Berkshire (formerly 210FM) which broadcasts into the area from nearby Reading. International Radio Station – [Reach OnAir] has its International Head Quarters in Newbury.

The main film and media production company in Newbury is MWS Media, based at Greenham Business Park (formerly Greenham Common Air Base). Other media production companies in the area include: 822 Productions, Preview Productions and Dudleigh Films

In October 2013, Two Cocks farm, Enborne, was on Grand Designs after the farmhouse was rebuilt.

The following local newspapers are distributed in Newbury (circulation ):
 * Newbury Weekly News (24,300)
 * Newbury & Thatcham Chronicle (21,500)
 * Newbury Advertiser & News (33,400)

Places of interest

 * West Berkshire Museum
 * Corn Exchange – now used as a theatre and cinema
 * Kennet & Avon Canal Shop & Tearooms
 * Jack of Newbury’s House
 * St Nicolas' Church (CofE), completed in 1532. This is a fine example of a parish church built entirely in the Perpendicular style.
 * St Bartholomew's Hospital (almshouses)
 * The Litten Chapel
 * The Falkland Memorial
 * Donnington Castle
 * Nearby places of interest include Bucklebury Farm Park, Combe Gibbet, Highclere Castle, the Sandham Memorial Chapel, The Nature Discovery Centre, the Watermill Theatre and Watership Down.
 * New Greenham Arts – an ex-US military building on Greenham Common airbase, now used to house artist studios, and a thriving performing arts centre.
 * Disused GAMA and control tower at Greenham Common.

Notable people
A number of notable people have originated from, worked, lived or died in Newbury:
 * Richard Adams – author
 * Roger Attfield – thoroughbred horse trainer
 * Francis Baily – (1774–1844) – astronomer
 * Captain Collet Barker (1784–1831) – early Australian explorer
 * Michael Bond – creator of Paddington Bear
 * Harry Bowl – (1914–?) footballer
 * Bruno Brookes – radio and television presenter
 * Keith Chegwin – television presenter
 * Miles or Myles Coverdale (1488–1569) – bishop, co-author of the 1st English Bible
 * Emma Crosby – television presenter
 * George Dangerfield – (1904–1986) – journalist and author
 * Sebastian Faulks – author
 * Gerald Finzi – (1901–1956) – composer and founder of the Newbury String Players
 * Jill Fraser – (1946–2006) – Watermill Theatre owner and director
 * Christopher Hall – artist and former Mayor of Newbury
 * James Hanson, Lord Hanson (1922–2004) – haulier, later venture capitalist
 * Alec Hopkins – actor who played the young Severus Snape in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
 * Sir Michael Hordern – (1911–1995) – actor
 * Tom Hynes – bass guitarist of metal band Malefice
 * John Kendrick – (1573–1624) – philanthropic patron of the town and of Reading
 * William Marshal "The Marshal" seen as first Lord Marshal – (1147–1219) medieval knight who served four Kings, in early life given up as a hostage at 'Newbury Castle'
 * George Melly – (1926–2007) jazz musician and writer
 * Jack O'Newbury – (1489–1557) – cloth merchant & patron
 * William of Newbury – 12th century Abbot of Abingdon
 * James Palumbo, Lord Palumbo – property developer, art collector, ex-chairman of the Arts Council of Great Britain
 * Jacqueline du Pré – (1945–1987) – one of the best twentieth-century Cello players
 * "Lord" George Sanger – (1825–1911) – circus owner born in Newbury who gave the Queen Victoria statue to the town in 1902
 * John Septimus Roe – (1797–1878) – the first Surveyor-General of Western Australia
 * Hannah Snell – (1723–1792) – female soldier
 * Edward C. ('Ted') Titchmarsh (1899–1963) – leading 20th-century theoretical mathematician
 * Theo Walcott – footballer, originally for A.F.C. Newbury
 * Sir Frank Williams – grand prix motor racing manager, founded the WilliamsF1 team
 * Simon Channing-Williams – (1945–2009)- film producer
 * Rt Hon Andrew Lloyd Webber, Lord Lloyd Webber – composer
 * Nobles killed at the First Battle of Newbury
 * Earl of Carnarvon – killed at the 1st battle of Newbury. Not related to the current Earl of Carnarvon, owner of Highclere Castle in 2012 famed for Downton Abbey in the Hampshire part of the post town
 * Earl of Sunderland – killed at the 1st battle of Newbury
 * Lord Falkland – killed at the 1st battle of Newbury