13th century

As a means of recording the passage of, the 13th century was that which lasted from  to. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the, and after its conquests in Asia the stretched from Korea to Eastern Europe.

Events

 * —  writes to, inviting him to unite the  with the.
 * — sacks   and creates the.
 * — :  with his army crushed the (otherwise unbeaten) 's  and the soldiers of Emperor  who was attacking n lands with the goal to conquer them.
 * — united under Temüjin, who is proclaimed "".
 * — The in  sees the beginning of a rapid   of the southern half of the, with the defeat of  forces.
 * — King forced to sign  at.
 * — signs the  which afferms the privileges of  nobility.
 * — Genghis Khan dies during the prolonged siege of the capital (located in northwestern China), while the  Western Xia Dynasty falls soon after.
 * — the of northeastern China is conquered by the forces of the Mongol ruler.
 * — The Kingdom of  is established, with   as the state religion. Later in the century it vassalises significant parts of modern, , , and.
 * — End of the  against the, when King  reconquers the.
 * - — the Arab or Persian born Muslim Kuwabara (: Pu Shou-geng) was appointed by the Chinese government as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for . He published a detailed monograph of the shipping industry and maritime economy of China's s during his tenure there.
 * — (Iraq), seat of the Muslim  dynasty, is besieged and burnt to the ground by the forces of the Mongol commander . The last Abbasid ruler  is executed by means of trampling horses.
 * — the Mongol ruler is killed in battle by a Chinese  blast at, , located in southwestern China.
 * — the Mongols are defeated by the Egyptian in the.
 * — Restoration of in, deposing the.
 * , the marks the fall of the Chinese  and the rise of the Mongol  led by.
 * — acquires, after the.
 * — founded by Hugo de Balsham, the.
 * — The is formed by, , and.
 * -speaking peoples arrive in modern, partially displacing the original inhabitants.
 * historian records eleven Buddhist texts circulating in  translation.
 * of takes control of  and.
 * and his family reach.
 * cedes the to, following the signing of the.
 * establishes a Mongolian dynasty in . Some Mongol leaders convert from to.
 * begin activity in Eastern Europe.
 * overtakes as the dominant form of  in.
 * A period of civil unrest, , leads to becoming part of the.
 * End of dynasty at the . The  goes to French  house.
 * Fall of the.
 * Fall of the dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors.  and  are acquired by the French count.
 * Fifth through eighth s of western European kingdoms against.
 * gets its first city,.
 * First an universities founded.
 * Most of Asia and Eastern Europe is conquered and incorporated into the.
 * The ends.
 * The  state on the  vanishes from history.
 * The Chinese become familiar with the story of the.
 * The Chinese become familiar with the story of the.

Significant people

 * , German philosopher and theologian
 * , philosopher and theologian
 * , Grand Prince of and
 * , Mamluk sultan
 * rebuilder of after the devastating Mongol invasion
 * , Swedish statesman, earl, and founder of
 * , Franciscan theologian
 * , Chinese mathematician
 * , Italian writer
 * , founder of the
 * , emperor of the
 * , founder of
 * Italian painter
 * , famous, Scholar of Islam
 * , Emperor of
 * , Emperor of Bulgaria
 * , Christian Mongol commander
 * , Khan ruler, founder of in China
 * , Estonian ruler
 * , St. Louis, French king and crusader
 * , ruler of China
 * , scientist
 * , Mamluk sultan
 * , Majorcan philosopher
 * , English statesman, theologian, and scientist
 * , Franciscan, philosopher, and scientist
 * Persian poet
 * , historian and saga-writer
 * semi-historical founder of the
 * , theologian
 * , Chinese Prime Minister
 * , national leader
 * , and statesman
 * , Chinese mathematician
 * , Chinese painter

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

 * The form originates out of the  tradition of.
 * develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
 * of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the in the middle of the century.
 * Wooden printing invented by the Chinese governmental minister  in.
 * The earliest known s, s, and are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
 * The Chinese adopt the from the.
 * The Chinese adopt the from the.