1265

War and politics

 * - In, the first    conducts its first meeting in the , now also known as the Houses of Parliament.
 * : Future King escapes captivity in the hands of.
 * - The of the  is fought in, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort and killing de Montfort and many of his allies.  This is sometimes considered the death of  in.
 * King captures the city of,  from the  during the.
 * The comes under  rule.
 * raid against, led by.
 * In the first major battle in five years since the  pushed the forces of  back across the  after 's failed invasion in, Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in  province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory and war booty of 146 captured Song Dynasty naval ships.

Culture

 * The, a  of , is penned.
 * The of   begins in  (now part of the ); Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.
 * Correspondence from contains the first known mention of the, an item of papal  then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope and later for s.
 * - succeeds  as the 183rd.

Africa and Asia

 * The  of  captures several cities and towns from s in the, including the cities of , , and ; these events eventually precipitate the  in.
 * sends a delegation to, which loots islands along the way.
 * Fire destroys parts of.

Births

 * - of  (died )
 * c. -  (died )
 * King

Deaths

 * - of the Mongol Empire (born )
 * -, English politician (born )
 * - Killed in the Battle Of Evesham:
 * (b. )
 * (born )
 * (born )
 * -, Italian jurist
 * , Persian philosopher and mathematician (born )
 * -, Italian jurist
 * , Persian philosopher and mathematician (born )