Whitehall



Whitehall is a road in Westminster in London, England. It is the main artery running north from Parliament Square, towards traditional Charing Cross, now at the southern end of Trafalgar Square and marked by the statue of Charles I, which is often regarded as the heart of London. Recognised as the centre of HM Government, the road is lined with government departments/ministries; "Whitehall" is therefore also frequently used as a metonym for overall UK governmental administration, as well as being a geographic name for the surrounding district.

The name is taken from the vast Palace of Whitehall that used to occupy the area but which was largely destroyed by fire in 1698. Whitehall was originally a wide road that ran up to the front of the palace. Trafalgar Square was built at its northern extremity in the early 19th century. The southernmost part by Parliament Square is Parliament Street, but there is no longer any obvious distinction between the two on the ground. Combined, the streets cover a total distance of about 0.6 mile (1 kilometre).

History
Parliament Street was a small side road alongside the palace leading to the Palace of Westminster. When the palace was destroyed and its ruins demolished, Parliament Street was widened to match Whitehall's width. The present appearance of the street is largely the result of 19th century redevelopment.

The Banqueting House, built in 1622 by Inigo Jones, is the only surviving portion of the former palace. Charles I was executed on 30 January 1649 on a scaffold erected outside the building, stepping onto it from a first-floor window. Royalists still commemorate the regicide annually on the anniversary of the execution.

The name Whitehall is often used as a metonym to refer that part of the civil service which is involved in the government of the United Kingdom, in a way which can be compared to the use of Kremlin to refer to the Russian/Soviet governments, or White House to refer to the executive branch of the government of the United States.

The Cenotaph, the principal war memorial of Britain, is in the centre of the road, and is the site of the annual memorial ceremonies on Remembrance Sunday. In 2005 a Monument to the Women of World War II was placed just a short distance northwards from the Cenotaph. The central portion of the street is dominated by military buildings, including the Ministry of Defence, with the former headquarters of the British Army and Royal Navy, the Royal United Services Institute, the Horse Guards building and the Admiralty, on the opposite side. The road also hosts equestrian statues of George, Duke of Cambridge, a former Army Commander-in-Chief and Earl Haig, Commander in Chief of the British Armies in France 1915-1918.

Scotland Yard, the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police, was originally located in Great Scotland Yard off the north-eastern end of the street, but relocated to New Scotland Yard on the Victoria Embankment in 1890.

Downing Street leads off the south-west end of Whitehall, just above Parliament Street. It is closed to the public at both ends by security gates erected in 1989. These have since been supplemented by a further gated barrier around three metres outside the main gates.

During recent years, significant security measures have been put in place along Whitehall for the protection of the government buildings that line the street. This is partly due to a £25 million 'streetscape' scheme undertaken by the Westminster City Council, which was agreed just months before the 2005 London bombings. This has caused significant disruption along Whitehall, but the building programme appears to be coming to an end, with wider pavements, better lighting and hundreds of concrete and steel security barriers now in place.

Government buildings in Whitehall (north to south)

 * Admiralty
 * Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
 * Old War Office
 * Horse Guards
 * Ministry of Defence
 * Scotland Office (Dover House)
 * Wales Office (Gwydyr House)
 * Cabinet Office
 * 10 Downing Street
 * Department of Health
 * Department for Work and Pensions
 * Foreign and Commonwealth Office
 * HM Treasury and HM Revenue and Customs

Other notable buildings in Whitehall

 * Banqueting House
 * Cenotaph
 * Monument to the Women of World War II
 * Trafalgar Studios (formerly the Whitehall Theatre)