Haplogroup N-M231

In, Haplogroup N (LLY22G, M231) is a.

This haplogroup appears in, and throughout both the European and Asian parts of.

Haplogroup N is a descendant haplogroup of, and is believed to have first appeared in , , or approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. It is believed to have been transported across Eurasia by large-scale human migrations of peoples who, according to some theories, were speakers of.

In regards to the geographic origin of Haplogroup N, it is important to note that Y-chromosomes belonging to Haplogroup N as well as undifferentiated or paraphyletic  both occur at low frequencies among populations of East Asia, including the relatively isolated, and that , which is the "brother" to Haplogroup N in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree, is found almost exclusively in East Asia, where it is the modal haplogroup. This may be taken to suggest a prehistoric relationship between the proto-Uralians and most of the ancestors of various peoples who are archaeologically and historically associated with the region of. However, some commentators have noted that, which is the modal haplogroup among  populations, as well as , which is the modal haplogroup among  populations, and even , which is ancestral to both Haplogroup Q and Haplogroup R, are found at low to moderate frequency throughout most of East Asia. Thus, the detection of Y-chromosomes that belong to Haplogroup N among populations as geographically and, otherwise, genetically distant as the and the  may not necessarily be indicative of a recent common ancestry of the two peoples.

Haplogroup N is the ancestral group for N1, N2, and N3. Y-chromosomes that display the LLY22g and M231 mutations that define Haplogroup N but do not display any of the downstream mutations that define the subclades N1, N2, and N3 are said to belong to Haplogroup N. Haplogroup N* is rarely found among modern human populations, although it is relatively common among populations of southwestern.

Subgroups
The s of Haplogroup N with their defining mutation, according to the 2006 ISOGG tree:


 * N (LLY22g, M231)
 * N*
 * N1 (M128) Found at a low frequency among, , n , , northern , , and some of 
 * N2 (P43) Typical of ; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other, , , , and s
 * N2*
 * N2a (P63)
 * N3 (Tat (M46)) Typical of the and, with a moderate distribution throughout 
 * N3*
 * N3a (M178)
 * N3a*
 * N3a1 (P21)