Clan Douglas

Clan Douglas, also referred to as the House of Douglas, is an ancient family from the taking its name from, and thence spreading through the , ,  and beyond. The clan does not currently have a chief, therefore it is considered an.

The Douglases were once the most powerful family in. The chiefs held the titles of the, and following their forfeiture the chieftancy devolved upon the (see also: ). The held the chieftaincy during the 16th century, the Earldom of Morton was then a subsidiary title of the  after the 4th Earl's forfeiture and death in 1581.

The family's original seat was in, but they spread to many properties throughout Southern and North-Eastern Scotland.

Origins of the clan
From dubhghlais meaning 'black water'. In Gaelic, dubh means black, and glas means grey. These are the main shades used in the Douglas tartan.

The name is territorial, deriving from the lands around the in. The earliest recorded person to use the name Douglas, and the undisputed ancestor of the family, was William of Douglas, whose name appears as a witness to charters between 1175 and 1211 around Lanarkshire, including a charter by the to the monks of.

Two of the greatest of the families to immigrate to Scotland were Murray and Douglas. The founder of Murray was a Fleming named Freskin, who was granted land in and  by. Although they were first recorded in the 1170s, the Douglas family names consisted of Arkenbald and Freskin, and were undoubtedly related to the Murrays, and to be of Flemish origin. Though the Flemish origin of the Douglases is not undisputed. It is often claimed that he was descended from a knight who was granted lands on the Douglas Water by the Abbot of Kelso. However this is disputed, it has been claimed that the lands which were granted to this knight were not the lands which the Douglas family came from.

Sir William de Douglas, believed to have been the third head of the family, was the father of two sons who fought at the in  where the Norwegians were defeated by the Scots.

Wars of Scottish Independence
During the, , Lord of Douglas was governor of when the town and  were besieged by the forces of. Douglas was captured and was released only after he had agreed to accept the claim of the English king to be overlord of Scotland. He subsequently joined in fighting for Scottish independence, but was captured and taken to, where he died in , a prisoner in the.

The Good Sir James (or "Black Douglas")
William the Hardy's son,, "The Good Sir James", was the first to take the epithet "Black". Douglas was set to share in Bruce's early misfortunes, being present at the defeats at and. But for both men these setbacks were to provide a valuable lesson in tactics: limitations in both resources and equipment meant that the Scots would always be a disadvantage in conventional Medieval warfare. By the time the war was renewed in the spring of 1307 they had learnt the value of guerrilla warfare – known at the time as 'secret war' – using fast moving, lightly equipped and agile forces to maximum effect against an enemy often locked in to static defensive positions. His actions for most of 1307 and early 1308 were local rather than national in nature, confined for the most part to his native Douglasdale.

Nevertheless, he was soon to create a formidable reputation for himself as a soldier and a tactician. While Bruce was campaigning in the north against his domestic enemies, Douglas used the cover of Forest to mount highly effective mobile attacks against the enemy. He also showed himself to be utterly ruthless, particularly in his relentless attacks on the English garrison in his own Douglas Castle, the most famous of which quickly passed into popular history. Barbour dates this incident to 1307, which fell on 19 March. This would seem to be far too early, as Bruce and his small army were not yet properly established in south-west Scotland, suggesting Palm Sunday 1308 – 17 April – as a more accurate date.

With the help of a local farmer, a former vassal of his father, Douglas and his small troop were hidden until the morning of Palm Sunday, when the garrison left the battlements to attend the local church. Gathering local support he entered the church and the war-cry 'Douglas!' 'Douglas!' went up for the first time. Some of the English soldiers were killed and others taken prisoner. The prisoners were taken to the castle, now largely empty. All the stores were piled together in the cellar; the wine casks burst open and the wood used for fuel. The prisoners were then beheaded and placed on top of the pile, which was set alight. Before departing the wells were poisoned with salt and the carcases of dead horses. The local people soon gave the whole gruesome episode the name of the 'Douglas Larder.' As an example of frightfulness in war it was meant to leave a lasting impression, not least upon the men who came to replace their dead colleagues. Further attacks followed by a man now known to the English as 'The Black Douglas', a sinister and murderous force "mair fell than wes ony devill in hell." It would seem in this that Douglas was an early practitioner of psychological warfare – as well as guerrilla warfare – in his knowledge that fear alone could do much of the work of a successful commander.

In the years before 1314 the English presence in Scotland was reduced to a few significant strongholds. There were both strengths and weaknesses in this. The Scots had no heavy equipment or the means of attacking castles by conventional means. However, this inevitably produced a degree of complacency in garrisons provisioned enough to withstand a blockade. In dealing with this problem the Scots responded in the manner of foxes; and among the more cunning of their exploits was Douglas' capture of the powerful fortress at Roxburgh. His tactic, though simple, was brilliantly effective. On the night of 19/20 February 1314 – Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday – several dark shapes were seen beneath the battlements and mistakenly assumed to be cattle. Douglas had ordered his men to cover themselves with their cloaks and crawl towards the castle on their hands and knees. With most of the garrison celebrating just prior to the fast of Lent, scaling hooks with rope ladders attached were thrown up the walls. Taken by complete surprise the defenders were overwhelmed in a short space of time. , among the best in the land, was in accordance with Bruce's policy of denying strongpoints to the enemy. Douglas was knighted on the field and fought at the in 1314.

Crusader
had requested that Douglas, latterly his most esteemed companion in arms, should carry his heart to the, as atonement for the murder of. Douglas and his knights had been invited to join the forces of, Edward of England's cousin by Queen Isabella, mother of King  to fight a  against the  in  at the Castle of the Stars at Teba. Douglas was killed as he led a cavalry charge against the enemy while outnumbered and cut off from the main force; Alfonso kept his army back from the attack; likely in some arrangement with his cousin Edward who could never beat the Douglas in combat. The casket containing the heart of the Bruce was recovered and returned to Scotland, to be interred at. Douglas' bones were boiled and returned to Scotland; his embalmed heart was recently recovered in the Douglas vaults at the Kirk of St Bride but his bones are not in the stone vault lying under his effigy; they have yet to be located.

"The Black Douglas"
James was called "The Black Douglas" by the English for his dark deeds in English eyes, becoming the Bogeyman of a Northern English lullaby "Hush ye, hush ye, little pet ye. Hush ye, hush ye, do not fret ye. The Black Douglas shall not get ye."  There are also unbsubstantiated theories that this was because of his colouring and complexion, this is  tenuous, Douglas only appears in English record as "The Black", in Scots' chronicles he is almost always referred to as "The Guid" or "The Good". Later Douglas Lords took the moniker of their revered forebear in the same way that they attached Bruce's Heart to their, to strike fear into the hearts of their enemies and exhibit the prowess of their race.

Sir Archibald Douglas, Guardian of the Realm
The Scottish army that fought and lost the in 1333 was led by James’ youngest brother who had been elected Regent of Scotland in late March of 1333. has been badly treated by some historians; frequently misidentifying this Douglas warrior as the Tyneman or loser when the moniker was intended for a later less fortunate but equally warlike Archibald. He was mentioned in Barbour's The Brus for his great victory during the Weardale Campaign; leading the Scottish army further south into County Durham he devastated the lands and took much booty from Darlington and other nearby towns and villages. He was elected by the Estates to the position of Regent when his cousin Andrew de Moray, then Regent of Scotland, was captured and taken to Durham to surrender to King. The earls and barons of the kingdom recognized his prowess as a warrior; leading the successful rout at Annan earlier in the year; bringing fire and sword to Cumbria to chase Edward and his vassals further south and out of Scotland. He had brought the Scottish army to Tweedsmouth; relieving the garrison at Berwick Castle with Sir William Keith and others; all in response to a treat of peace initiated by the constantly wavering Earl of March; then proceeded south burning his way through Northumbria as his brother James would have done; finally arriving at the mighty fortress of where Edward’s queen Phillipa was secretly hiding from the Scots. He was found there laying siege to that castle when the representations of Sir William Keith and the Earl of March appeared to the Regent; they announced the sad tidings that the Governor of Berwick and the Garrison Commander had both entered into a second treaty; with express covenants to surrender the castle and the town of Berwick on Tweed should the Regent not return by St. Margaret’s Day and either relieve the garrison in full view of the English and only during the daylight hours or risk battle with Edward’s army. The Regent reluctantly raised the siege at Bamburgh and returned to Law where he called a muster; likely at the demand of the estates as it was well known Sir Archibald was of the party of Brus and would not break his solemn word to never again engage the English in battle when he could burn the countryside instead. On the Eve of St. Margaret, Sir Archibald of Douglas was mortally wounded at the foot of Halidon Hill; taken prisoner and held until he died; reportedly one hour after his nephew William, Lord Douglas passed from his wounds; the son and heir to James, Lord Douglas, Chief of the Douglas Clan. At nearby Bondington stood Halyston, St. Leonard's; a Cistercian nunnery and hospital where the Regent likely spent his last hours. Archeologists found lead shot at Bondington and records indicate that the English brought with them a large artillery train. During earlier encounters with Edward III in 1326-1327 the English had used gunpowder as a weapon against the Scots. It appears that they may have perfected the weaponry with the amount of devastation that was caused to both the Scottish army on the field and to nunnery which was destroyed and burned. Later Edward awarded the nuns some payments for the damages sustained to their buildings during the fight and dedicated an altar to St. Margaret there after the battle.

The inheritance
Sir James Douglas' natural son William fined for his lands in 1332 but likely was underage and died at with his uncle,. James' younger brother,, a Canon serving the See of Glasgow and held a Prebendary at became Lord Douglas in 1342; Hugh of Douglas resigned his title to his nephew, the youngest surviving son of the Regent Archibald,  who was to become the first Earl. The First Earl's legitimate son succeeded him, and started the line of the es; his  son by the,  was the progenitor of the.

The prestige of the family was greatly increased when James Douglas's great nephew, married a  princess. In at the  he was instrumental to the Scots' victory, but was killed during the fighting. Leaving no legitimate heir, his titles passed to the illegitimate son of his great uncle.

In the late 14th century which belonged to the  was taken by the Earls of Douglas (the Black Douglases) of the Clan Douglas who began a project to restore and expand the castle, and by 1424 they had constructed the Great Hall and adjacent chapel with towers at the north east and south east corners and curtain walls connecting to the Donjon, enclosing the courtyard.

15th century wars against England
Defence of Edinburgh Castle 1400, did much to consolidate the family's power and influence. He successfully defended against  in  but died the following year.

His son,, married the daughter of. The fourth Earl fought against King at the  in 1403, where he was taken prisoner. He became a general in 's army and continued the fight against the English. He was rewarded for his efforts with the.

In, with the death of the king, the 4th Earl of Douglas became one of the council of regents to rule Scotland during the childhood of. In 1412 the 4th Earl had visited, when he entered into a personal alliance with , and in 1423 he commanded a contingent of 10,000 Scots sent to the aid of against the English. He was made in the French army, and received the title, with remainder to his heirs-male, on 19 April 1424. The newly created French duke was defeated and slain at on 17 August 1424, along with his second son, James, and son-in-law.

Murder of the Douglases

The Douglases became so powerful that by the early they were seen as a threat to the stability of the nation. In the young  and his brother were invited to dine with the ten year-old King. The dinner was organised by Sir William Crichton of. Known as the Black Dinner', a black bull's head, the symbol of death, was brought in. After the dinner the Douglases were dragged out to Castle Hill, given a mock trial and beheaded.(There is also a story that they were killed with a murderous blow from a large axe and then pushed out of a second story window from the dining chamber. Douglas garden now stands there to commemorate this.) The Douglases then laid siege to. Crichton perceiving the danger surrendered the castle to the King and was raised to the title of Lord Crichton. It is still unclear exactly who else was ultimately responsible, though it is thought Crichton, Livingstone and Buchan as likely candidates.

In 1448 held command along with John Wallace of  when he led a Scottish force to victory against an English army at the  in 1448.

Huntly Castle 1449, The king gave the 's confiscated lands of Strathbogie to. The castle there became known as Huntly, a reminder of the Gordons’ Berwickshire lands. Sir Alexander Gordon was created in 1449. At this time the king was at enmity with the powerful Clan Douglas. The Gordons stood on the king’s side, and with their men involved in the south of the country. The was a relation and ally of the Douglases. He and the Douglases took the opportunity to sack the Gordon lands, setting Huntly Castle ablaze. However the Gordons returned and quickly destroyed their enemies. Although the castle was burned to the ground, a grander castle was built in its place.

The Douglases had a long feud with. Sir Richard Colville had killed the Laird of Auchinleck who was an ally of the Douglases. To avenge this murder the Douglases attacked the Colvilles in their castle, where many were killed. The Douglases levelled the Colville's castle and put their men to the sword. The head of the House, personally executed Richard Colville. The young king was horrifed, when he invited to  in  under the promise of safe conduct, it was the king himself who stabbed the Earl to death.

In 1455 the supporters of were defeated at the  bringing an end to the Black Douglases. After the battle an act of parliament gave the the lordship of Douglas with the original possessions of his ancestors in Douglasdale. The 9th earl was later defeated by the forces of King at the  in 1484.

16th century conflicts & the Anglo-Scottish Wars
A dispute occurred in 1530, when Sir Robert Charteris, the eighth Laird and chief of fought a duel with Sir James Douglas of Drumlanrig in what was said to have been one of the last great chivalric contests. It was fought with all the observance of a medieval tournament with heralds and the king himself watching from the castle walls. The joust was apparently fought with such fury that Charteris’ sword was broken and the king had to send his men-at-arms to part the combatants.

His grandson,, similarly held the post of Lord Chancellor and became guardian of by marrying his widowed mother,  with whom he had a daughter,  who was the mother of.

In 1545 led his forces to victory at the  where they defeate the English army during the.

, nephew of the 6th Earl of Angus was a bitter enemy of. He was one of the murderers of the queen's secretary and was heavily implicated in the murder of her second husband Lord Darnley. As regent, he was brutal in crushing factions still loyal to Mary, however, he was accused of complicity in the murder of Darnley and was executed in.

17th century & the Civil War
During the Civil War, William Douglas the 11th, a was a supporter of. In he was created Marquess of Douglas. Following the in  he joined James  the  and was present when  forces fought  cavalry at the  where he barely escaped with his life. Following 's victory, he was able to make peace and was fined £1,000.

In 1660,, the brother of the second Marquess of Douglas became, through marriage, the. Eventually the titles of Marquess of Douglas, Earl of Angus, and several others devolved to the Dukes of Hamilton and the heir of that house is always styled 'Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale'. The Douglas and Hamilton lines became Douglas-Hamilton and under Scots law, are barred from inheriting the title of chief of Clan Douglas due to the hyphenated surname. This similarly applies to the Douglas-Home family who joined their surnames in the eighteenth century.

In 1689 many Douglases formed part of the (Earl of Angus's regiment) who although greatly outnumbered managed to defeat a larger Jacobite force at the. The Douglases were victorious under the command of Captain.

18th century & the Jacobite risings
Later in the 18th century during the Jacobite Uprisings the Clan Douglas continued their support for the British government.

Douglas castles

 * , Fife, held by the Earls of Morton (partially preserved).
 * , Moray, held by James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas (ruined).
 * , Northumberland. Governed by .(ruined, now forms part of Berwick-upon-Tweed train station)
 * , South Lanarkshire (ruins).
 * , Selkirkshire. Home of the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry (preserved).
 * , Mid-Lothian. (heavily converted)
 * in South Lanarkshire (now only minimal ruins remain).
 * , Dumfries and Galloway. 17th century mansion house of the Dukes of Buccleuch and Queensberry (preserved).
 * , Moray
 * , Roxburghshire, 13th century Douglas stronghold (restored ruin).
 * , Berwickshire. ancient links with Douglas, home of Sir Alexander Douglas.
 * , East Lothian. Home to the Douglases of Kilspindie, (scant ruins)
 * , East Lothian. Home of the, (also the , etc.) (preserved).
 * , Kinross. First home of the Earl of Morton (ruins).
 * , Strathspey
 * , Nithsdale, Dumfries and Galloway. ruined former home of the Douglas Earls of Morton.
 * , captured by Sir James Douglas.
 * , Fife (ruins).
 * , South Lanarkshire
 * , East Lothian. Stronghold of the Red Douglases (partially ruined).
 * , Dumfries and Galloway (ruins).
 * , Roxburghshire (ruins).
 * , Dumfries and Galloway (ruins).
 * , Roxburghshire (ruins).

Clan profile

 * Patron Saint:
 * Motto: Jamais arrière (Never behind)
 * Crest: A salamander Vert encircled with flames of fire Proper

Clan septs

 * Agnew
 * Alexander
 * Blackett
 * Blalock
 * Breckinridge
 * Brown
 * Brownlee
 * Cavin
 * Cavers
 * Dickey
 * Dickle
 * Dickle


 * Dick
 * Drysdale
 * Glenn
 * Glendinning
 * Glenndinning
 * Henry
 * Inglis
 * Kidston
 * Kilgore
 * Kirkland
 * Kirk
 * Kilpatrick
 * Kilpatrick


 * Lockerbie
 * Lockerby
 * Lockery
 * Lochrie
 * MacGuffey
 * McKittrick
 * Morton
 * Sandlin
 * Sandiland
 * Soule
 * Sterrett
 * Symington
 * Young